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以某污水厂好氧污泥为接种污泥,半软性纤维填料为载体,采用逐步提高盐度和有机负荷的方法对生物膜进行耐盐性和高有机负荷驯化。结果表明:经过一段时间驯化所得异养生物膜能够适应高盐度和高有机负荷的环境;生物膜对环境盐度变化的适应性有一定的波动;生物膜对有机物的降解能力随系统有机负荷增大而降低,连续进水、出水不回流且流量为0.292L/h,HRT为24h条件下,COD去除率最后保持在65%左右;COD去除率达到65%的时间与系统有机负荷呈线性正相关,相关系数为0.9112;驯化后耐盐微生物对温度和酸碱度不敏感,最佳生长温度为23℃,pH值为7~8。 相似文献
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污泥热解残渣制备聚合氯化铝的实验研究* 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
含铝污泥热解或焚烧残渣制备聚合氯化铝的研究,有利于实现污水处理过程投加的铝盐絮凝药剂的回收与高效循环利用,减少污染物排放和资源消耗。针对辽河油田欢三联稠油污水处理污泥的热解残渣具有较高铝含量的特点,开展采用盐酸进行铝溶出及制备聚合氯化铝的实验研究。结果表明:焙烧温度为700~750℃,焙烧时间控制在1h即可。将经过焙烧活化的残渣在常温下进行酸溶,酸溶时间为2~5h,选用25%~30%盐酸,氧化铝与盐酸的摩尔比为1∶1.0~1∶1.2为宜。将溶出的铝溶液制备聚合氯化铝,在常温下采用CaO粉末来调节pH值为3.5,聚合反应时间为1d,即可得聚合氯化铝溶液。 相似文献
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水解(酸化)-好氧工艺处理混合工业废水试验研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
水解(酸化)+好氧工艺可以有效地用于城市污水与工业废水处理,试验研究了不同工况条件下,水解(酸化)+好氧工艺处理混合工业废水的效果,通过投加悬浮填料对水工艺过程进行优化,使其处理系统更为有效。在总的水力停留时间分别为11.5h、14.5h、19.0h,CODCr总的平均除率分别为72.1%、76.7%、77.6%,BOD5的去除率为89.6%、90.7%、91.5%,废水经水解(酸化)处理后,BOD5/CODCr有上升趋势,水解时间3.5h、4.5h、6h对应的BOD5/CODCr比值分别提高了3%、11%、17%,表明水解(酸化)提高了混合工业废水的可生化性。针对上海市某工业区混合废水建议水解(酸化)时间控制在6h以上、好氧反应控制在10.0h。 相似文献
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以污泥厂剩余活性污泥作为原料,采用KOH为活化剂制备污泥活性炭,探讨了活化温度及时间、热解温度、洗涤温度及方式在污泥活性炭制备过程中的最佳工艺条件。以品红吸附量及产率作为污泥活性炭的考察指标,采用单因素实验筛选出了制备污泥活性炭的最佳工艺条件,并对污泥活性炭脱硫剂的脱硫性能进行了实验研究。实验研究结果显示,烟气中O2、水蒸气含量的多少及脱硫温度的高低会影响污泥活性炭脱硫剂的脱硫性能。 相似文献
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污水污泥低温催化热解实验研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
在实验室研究了不同热解温度下,经污泥低温热解残留物催化作用,污泥低温催化热解产物的产率及特性。结果表明,与无催化剂相比,污泥低温热解所得的液体产率、油品产率、气体产率等明显增加。油品最大产率所需温度从440℃降低至400℃,油品最大产率从20.5%增加到24.5%,油品的品质有一定的提高。 相似文献
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活性炭纤维(ACF)脱硫动力学研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
本文在消除内外扩散的条件下对SO2-O2-N2-H2O(g)体系下,自制ACF脱除气相中二氧公硫的过程进行了动力学研究。认为在F>400ml/min时可消除外扩散的影响。在空速为5000Nm3/tACF*h~24000Nm3/tACF*h,SO2浓度为0.1%~0.5%,氧浓度为1%~14%,反应温度为323K~403K,增湿温度在313K~363K之间探讨了温度、水、SO2及O2对ACF脱硫性能的影响,求出了反应动力学方程为rD=0.006exp(-8852.8/RT)Cso20.4936Co20.7381CH2O0.7021。 相似文献
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Donald L. Chery Calvin G. Clyde Roger E. Smith 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1979,15(4):1126-1145
ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m2) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft3/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m3/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes. 相似文献
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A. U. Mallik 《Environmental management》1995,19(5):675-684
Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into
heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil
acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed
habitats.
If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged
unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest
vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation
shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation. 相似文献
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Carl J. Sindermann 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(5):931-939
ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities. 相似文献
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Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Christopher Carrier Ajay Kalra Sajjad Ahmad 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2013,49(6):1351-1366
In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management. 相似文献
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Pickett ST Cadenasso ML Grove JM Boone CG Groffman PM Irwin E Kaushal SS Marshall V McGrath BP Nilon CH Pouyat RV Szlavecz K Troy A Warren P 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(3):331-362
Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs. 相似文献
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All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by
outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various
media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few
studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural
journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover
agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial
copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being
in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy.
Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work,
and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who
cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel
study. 相似文献
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Justin D. Burdine 《Local Environment》2018,23(2):198-219
Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered. 相似文献
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Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences
in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental
classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic
regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages,
water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by
analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables
and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a
given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a
posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions.
The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly
better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using
different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and
that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained
variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental
classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations. 相似文献
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Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions. 相似文献
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Kathryn Paxton George 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1988,1(3):175-192
The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987. 相似文献