当前环境管理体系下环保NGO角色定位及生存环境探讨

环保NGO的明确的角色定位有利于提高其行为效率。对中国环保NGO的行为过程进行研究后指出其应以合作者、监督者、环保决策的参与者和环保理念的宣传者的角色规范自己以提高自己的行为能力。同时从经济、法规政策和国际环境三个方面对其生存环境进行了分析,指出改善其生存环境的重要手段就是不断完善相关的法律法规和政策。     

大都市郊区工业用地减量化适宜性评价方法与实证

工业用地减量化是节约集约用地管理制度下大都市用地转型的必然,也是地方实践在土地整治领域的创新尝试。论文建立大都市郊区工业用地减量化适宜性评价方法,以上海市浦东新区大团镇为例,客观评价其减量化的适宜等级。研究结果表明：1）工业用地减量化的5个影响因素中,污染与能耗因素值差异最大,布局合理性因素值差异最小,主体意愿性因素的空间分布差异最明显;2）218个工业地块划分成5个适宜度等级,随着适宜度提高,相应工业地块零星程度加剧,地块平均规模由适宜度一级的9 507 m²逐渐下降至五级的3 300 m²;3）一级适宜占24.06%,二级适宜占21.51%,三级适宜占29.45%,四级适宜占12.63%,五级适宜占12.35%。适宜等级所占面积的分布接近于正态 分布特征。研究结论：论文所建立方法可作为大都市郊区工业用地退出的评估工具,有助于提高工业用地减量化的统筹协调性。     

Millennium development goals and clean development: synergies in the Pacific

This paper addresses synergies between the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and considers how the CDM can facilitate the MDGs in Pacific Island Countries (PICs). To date, only 6 CDM projects have been registered in PICs, highlighting the ‘lose-lose’ business case that applies to this type of project development. This paper identifies constraints on and opportunities for CDM project development in PICs, and proposes a range of specific policy reform measures that could alter existing negative investment profiles. Key findings are that small-scale agricultural projects providing renewable energy from existing sources of biomass (currently seen as waste) are ideal candidates for CDM investment in PICs, and that the single most important reform to facilitate CDM activity and contribute to achieving the MDGs would be the implementation of a regional approach to CDM administration, in which a regional body became the designated CDM Authority for all states in the region. This would offset investment risk, improve governance transparency, and facilitate a targeted approach to sustainable development activities in the Pacific region.     

四川雅安市干溪沟泥石流特征及综合治理研究

从干溪沟泥石流的基本条件出发,对该区泥石流的活动特征进行了分析,从预防、预警预报和治理三个方面着手对泥石流进行综合治理,详细讨论了防治措施、工程布置的依据以及排导槽、拦挡坝、停淤场等工程措施的结构设计,为该区泥石流的综合治理提出了科学的建议。     

傣族传统民居技术更新的可持续性研究——以西双版纳城子寨的新民居更新为例

以往的民居改建、更新理论和原则或是从美学的角度出发，或是从功能的角度探讨问题，本文旨在可持续发展思想的指导下，在保留和继承部分民居传统技术的同时，融入现代技术的思想和方法，从技术角度实现对西双版纳城子寨傣族传统民居的积极保护与有序更新，走出技术适宜更新的可持续发展之路。     

甘肃黄土丘陵地区农户取暖用能需求的评价

甘肃黄土丘陵地区冬季温度多处于0 ℃以下,农户取暖水平低。论文通过实地观测记录获取数据,建立趋势面模型,核算采暖期累计温差和实际用能消耗,提出以16 ℃的室内温度为小康取暖标准。参考国家相关标准,比较实际用能和应用节能技术下用能的热效率。结果表明,陇东长官村和陇中河畔村农户采暖期累计温差分别为23 002 h·℃和36 390 h·℃,实际取暖能耗分别为926 kgce/a和1 199 kgce/a。农户取暖用能数量虽不少,但目前只解决了小康水平下39.6%和46.6%的取暖需求。取暖用能的综合热效率只有17%左右。如果应用节能技术,能耗会大幅降低,提高综合热效率的潜力巨大。因此,通过住房的节能改造和用能设施的改善来提高房屋的保暖性、降低单位面积的热损耗是今后解决取暖用能问题的主要方向。     

西方环保民间组织的发展及借鉴研究

在西方,环保民间组织作为环境保护的一支新兴力量发展已日趋成熟。文章简要阐述了西方环保民间组织的发展演化过程及概况,重点分析了与政府合作、与企业科研机构合作、与其他组织合作、与媒体合作等四种运行模式,总结了网络化、多样化、专业化、经济独立及名人效应等众多特点。最后在借鉴国外的经验基础上,中国应立足实际,充分发挥环保NGO这一组织的作用,开辟解决环境问题的新途径。     

Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions Scenarios: Sensitivity to Social and Technological Factors in Three Regions

Carbon dioxide emissions from 1990 to 2100 AD are decomposed into the product of four factors: population size, affluence (measured here as GDP per capita), energy intensity (energy use per unit GDP) and carbon intensity (carbon dioxide emissions per unit energy). These emissions factors are further subdivided into three regions: more developed countries (MDCs), China, and the remaining less developed countries (LDCs). Departures from a baseline scenario (based on IPCC, 1992a — the so-called ‘business-as-usual’ scenario) are calculated for a variety of alternative assumptions concerning the four emissions factors in the three regions. Although the IPCC scenario is called a ‘non-intervention’ scenario, it is shown, for example, that large decreases in energy intensity in China or carbon intensity in MDCs are built into the ‘business as usual’ case — and such large changes vary considerably from region to region. We show what CO₂ emissions would look like if each of these four emissions factors projected in the baseline case somehow remained constant at 1990 levels. Certain factors like energy intensity improvements and long-term population growth in LDCs, or GDP growth and carbon intensity improvements in MDCs, are shown to have a big contribution to cumulative global emissions to 2100 AD, and consequently, changes in these projected factors will lead to significant deviations from baseline emissions. None of the scenarios examined in this analysis seems to indicate that any one global factor is clearly dominant, but cultural, economic, and political costs or opportunities of altering each factor may differ greatly from country to country.     

生态脆弱区耕地集约利用水平分析

以米脂县高西沟村为例,通过构建耕地集约利用评价指标体系,利用主成分分析方法进行分析,探讨高西沟在实施有效的水土治理措施后,耕地集约利用情况,得出结论：1997—2006年米脂县高西沟村耕地集约利用情况呈波动上升趋势,1999～2001年出现下降趋势,这与当年的自然灾害有关;高西沟村非农指数、单位化肥投入、复种指数和人均纯收入,极大地影响到耕地的集约利用水平,说明农户的经济情况影响高西沟耕地集约利用程度。     

生物质转化能源技术的发展现状及趋势探讨

能源短缺问题已成为制约经济社会发展的瓶颈,研究开发新的能源代替传统不可再生能源成为急需要解决的焦点问题。生物质能是由植物的光合作用固定于地球上的太阳能,通过生物质能转换技术可以高效地利用生物质能源,生产各种清洁燃料,替代煤炭、石油和天然气等燃料。对近些年生物质能源技术的发展现状进行了简要讨论,指出了生物质能的利用具有广阔的发展前景,在不久的将来,生物质能源必将成为能源结构中重要一部分,实现能源结构良好可持续发展。     

Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions Scenarios: Sensitivity to Social and Technological Factors in Three Regions

Carbon dioxide emissions from 1990 to 2100 AD are decomposed into the product of four factors: population size, affluence (measured here as GDP per capita), energy intensity (energy use per unit GDP) and carbon intensity (carbon dioxide emissions per unit energy). These emissions factors are further subdivided into three regions: more developed countries (MDCs), China, and the remaining less developed countries (LDCs). Departures from a baseline scenario (based on IPCC, 1992a — the so-called ‘business-as-usual’ scenario) are calculated for a variety of alternative assumptions concerning the four emissions factors in the three regions. Although the IPCC scenario is called a ‘non-intervention’ scenario, it is shown, for example, that large decreases in energy intensity in China or carbon intensity in MDCs are built into the ‘business as usual’ case — and such large changes vary considerably from region to region. We show what CO₂ emissions would look like if each of these four emissions factors projected in the baseline case somehow remained constant at 1990 levels. Certain factors like energy intensity improvements and long-term population growth in LDCs, or GDP growth and carbon intensity improvements in MDCs, are shown to have a big contribution to cumulative global emissions to 2100 AD, and consequently, changes in these projected factors will lead to significant deviations from baseline emissions. None of the scenarios examined in this analysis seems to indicate that any one global factor is clearly dominant, but cultural, economic, and political costs or opportunities of altering each factor may differ greatly from country to country.     

A strategic decision framework for green supply chain management

The number of organizations contemplating the integration of environmental practices into their strategic plans and daily operations is continuously increasing. Numerous initiatives have provided incentives for organizations to become more environmentally benign. Some of these regulation driven programs are mandatory, but increasingly numerous voluntary environmental programs are also introduced by organizations. Organizations view many of these environmental programs, which may include technological and organizational development projects, as possible alternatives for gaining or maintaining a competitive advantage. One environmental program area that continues to gain in importance is one that focuses on the external relationships among organizations. To help evaluate alternatives that will effect this relationship we present a strategic decision framework that will aid managerial decision-making. This decision framework is based on literature and practice in the area of environmentally conscious business practices. The focus of this paper will be on the components and elements of green supply chain management and how they serve as a foundation for the decision framework. We shall explore the applicability of a dynamic non-linear multiattribute decision model, defined as the analytical network process, for decision making within the green supply chain. Issues facing the modeling approach are also discussed.     

污水生物处理单元平衡分析方法研究(Ⅱ)

按照平衡分析模型对某城市污水处理厂的二级处理系统进行了研究,结合效率指标考察了其能量质的变化和损耗.通过这种分析,可以从根本上明确损耗发生的位置和途径.文章认为,应致力于降低不必要的、过大的推动力或改变运行方式以减少外部损失.该研究的结论可用于指导污水处理厂进行系统的节能工作.     

沂蒙山区农户生计变迁及其住宅形态的响应研究

以山东省沂水县3个村（核桃园、高桥、唐家庄子）为例,运用参与式农村评估法（PRA）、对比分析法,剖析沂蒙山区农户生计变迁与其住宅形态功能转型的关系,为农村居民点整治中的新村建设提供决策指导。研究结果表明：1）改革开放前,研究区农户以农业生计为主,修建“平房+庭院”形态住宅,利用庭院种植蔬菜;2）改革开放后,农户生计逐渐多样化和非农化。禽畜养殖成为农户重要的生计来源,农户在住宅内搭建猪圈养猪,在庭院内饲养家禽。高桥农户就地发展非农经济,修建两层楼房,将一层的空间用于非农经营;3）21世纪以来,农户生计进一步非农化和分化。核桃园农户以粮食种植和外出务工为主,将庭院硬化晾晒粮食,改造猪圈为储物间储存粮食和农机具;高桥农户为了扩大非农经营空间修（改）建三层楼房,将一二层用于非农经营;唐家庄子农户到县城非农就业,为改善居住环境修建两层楼房,住宅中用于生产的空间消失。可见：农村住宅形态和功能转型是与农户生计方式变迁相适应的,农村居民点整治中新村建设模式应充分考虑农户生计的实际需求。     

我国北方干早地区资源合理化开发的探讨

我国北方干旱地区,是经济落后、生态环境脆弱区域。文章在分析该区资源优势和经济发展制约因素基础上,应用自然资源转换开发模式,提出该区自然资源合理开发的意见:认为应从6个方面建设配套的协调发展的资源-经济发展体系及建立8个资源-经济开发区,以达到发展经济的目的。     

环境NGO及其制度机理

环境NGO是政府和企业之外参预环境治理的＂第三力量＂,其活动涵盖了环境治理的各个方面。环境NGO的非政府性、非营利性和自发性等特征,使其在环境治理中发挥了不可替代的作用。作为一种具有创新性的制度安排,环境NGO突破了政府主导环境治理的局限,实现了环境治理制度的多样化。其作用机理在于环境利益的诉求主体明确,交易成本较低,治理结构合理等。中国环境NGO制度尚不完善,整体水平较低,亟需加以改进。     

Towards an efficient and low carbon economy post-2012: opportunities and barriers for foreign companies in the Russian energy market

Russia is one of the most energy- and carbon-intensive countries in the world. The high level of technical abrasion and a low level of investments into modernization of the Russian energy industry cause huge energy wastage and carbon emissions. This situation is regarded by countries relying on energy imports from Russia as an increasing threat to security of supply and as a major barrier to global climate change policy. This paper provides an overview of the current and future Russian energy efficiency and greenhouse gas mitigation policies. The focus is laid on the detailed investigation of the progress and future potential of the market-oriented mechanisms Joint Implementation (JI) and Green Investment Scheme (GIS), being considered as two possible channels for FDI in transnational energy efficiency and carbon mitigation projects. The analysis was conducted by reviewing the relevant scientific and non-scientific literature including a variety of theoretical and practice-oriented arguments. Based on this assessment, we conclude that JI and GIS are confronted with numerous barriers in the Russian energy market. We further scrutinize the ability of Energy Service Companies (ESCOs), as one of the market intermediary models, to overcome some of these barriers in the process of effectively integrating JI and GIS in their long-term business strategies. Due to the compatibility of the main features of JI and GIS with the working procedures under the ESCO model we conclude that numerous synergy effects can be generated and that the majority of transaction barriers specific for the Russian energy market can be overcome. Such an integrative framework for international energy efficiency and carbon mitigation projects would contribute to the modernization of the Russian energy industry and enable a “win-win” situation for foreign companies seeking to invest in a sustainable manner.     

Towards sustainable development in Austria: renewable energy contributions

Besides energy conservation, theexploration of renewable energy sources, inparticular biomass and solar energy, arecentral aspects of the Austrian energypolicy, regarded as an optimal option forachieving CO₂-emission reductionobjectives.The market penetration of RenewableEnergy Technologies in the last twentyyears was supported by the AustrianEnergy Research Programme. The result ofsuccessful developments of biomass heating,solar thermal, solar electrical and windenergy technologies is the key for themarket development of these renewableenergy technologies.With the market penetration of renewableenergy technologies new business areas wereestablished and employment created.Today, some renewable energy technologiesin Austria have reached economiccompetitiveness. Some technologies notreached commercialisation, and need moredevelopment to improve efficiency,reliability and cost to become commercial.This would include material and systemdevelopment, pilot plants or fieldexperiments to clarify technical problems,and demonstration plants to illustrateperformance capabilities and to clarifyproblems for commercialisation.     

Carbon capture and storage deployment rates: needs and feasibility

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) may become a key technology to limit human-induced global warming, but many uncertainties prevail, including the necessary technological development, costs, legal ramifications, and siting. As such, an important question is the scale of carbon dioxide abatement we require from CCS to meet future climate targets, and whether they appear reasonable. For a number of energy technology and efficiency improvement scenarios, we use a simple climate model to assess the necessary contribution from CCS to ‘fill the gap’ between scenarios’ carbon dioxide emissions levels and the levels needed to meet alternative climate targets. The need for CCS depends on early or delayed action to curb emissions and the characteristics of the assumed energy scenario. To meet a 2.5°C target a large contribution and fast deployment rates for CCS are required. The required deployment rates are much faster than those seen in the deployment of renewable energy technologies as well as nuclear power the last decades, and may not be feasible. This indicates that more contributions are needed from other low-carbon energy technologies and improved energy efficiency, or substitution of coal for gas in the first half of the century. In addition the limited availability of coal and gas by end of the century and resulting limited scope for CCS implies that meeting the 2.5°C target would require significant contributions from one or more of the following options: CCS linked to oil use, biomass energy based CCS (BECCS), and CCS linked to industrial processes.     

试论城乡开发自然生态补偿的植被还原原理

针对城乡土地开发带来的植被破坏建立一种作为生态补偿的植被还原机制。本文列举国外的若干实例,说明在我国实行这一机制在技术和经济上的可行性。并提出植被还原的“绿当量”概念和针对开发项目造成的植被减少实行种植补偿的计算方法。