表面活性剂在环境中的生物降解

简述表面活性剂对环境的影响,讨论了表面活性剂生物降解性的测试方法、降解过程动力学及其影响因素,并对各类表面活性剂结构与降解能力之间的关系作了评价。     

单一及复合表面活性剂对菌株降解柴油的影响

研究了单一表面活性剂SDS、TW80和鼠李糖脂对菌株SD10降解柴油的影响,同时探讨了不同比例配制的复合表面活性剂SDS—TW80以及SDS－鼠李糖脂的CMC值变化,及对菌株SD10降解柴油的影响。实验主要结论如下：（1）SDS、TW80和鼠李糖脂,都能提高菌株SD10对柴油的降解率,鼠李糖脂能力最强,其次为TW80,SDS能力最弱。SDS和TW80浓度过高,会抑制菌株生长及活性,导致降解率下降,不过这种抑制或毒害作用可能是短时间的,超过一定时间后,菌株SD10活性又能恢复;（2）TW80或鼠李糖脂,与SDS复配,都能显著降低复合体系的CMC值,且SDS－鼠李糖脂复合体系的CMC值更低;（3）复合表面活性剂SDS—TW80以及SDS－鼠李糖脂比单一表面活性剂性能更强,能有效提高菌株对柴油的降解率,特别是鼠李糖脂和SDS配制复合表面活性剂效果更佳。复合表面活性剂的研究也将为表面活性剂增溶促降解研究和应用提供新的思路和理论基础。     

堆肥过程中产生生物表面活性剂的细菌的筛选

从不同温度的堆肥过程中 ( 45℃和 5 5℃ ) ,筛选了产生生物表面活性剂的菌种 ,对产生的生物表面活性剂进行了定性和定量的检验 .实验结果表明 ,Bacillussubtilis是堆肥过程中产生生物表面活性剂的主要菌种之一 ,并验证了其产生的生物表面活性剂为莎梵婷等脂肽类物质 .还对筛选出的优势菌种BacillussubtilisB产剂条件进行了优化 ,强化了它的产剂能力 ,结果表明碳源和氮源对产剂影响较大 ,而Fe2 浓度影响较小 .最后对筛选的菌种及其产生的生物表面活性剂在城市生活垃圾堆肥中的应用作了展望     

发酵培养法筛选堆肥中产表面活性物质的菌种

微生物在城市生活垃圾堆肥中起着重要的作用 ,而某些微生物在一定条件下产生的生物表面活性剂有望改善堆肥的微环境 ,提高堆肥的效率。从不同温度的堆肥过程中 (45℃和 55℃ )筛选产生物表面活性剂的细菌 ,生物表面活性剂的产生通过测定其发酵液的张力值来判断。实验结果表明 ,堆肥过程中的确存在产生物表面活性剂的细菌 ,枯草芽孢杆菌是其主要菌之一。实验通过一系列培养条件的优化 ,使所筛选到的细菌产生活性较强、浓度较高的生物表面活性剂     

水中阴离子表面活性剂的偶氮红滴定法测定

采用偶氮红两相滴定法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂,有效地消除了环境水体中硬度、蛋白质、淀粉及非离子表面活性剂的干扰。其平均回收率为100.6％,相对标准偏差为1.0％。     

鼓泡—絮凝法处理含阴离子表面活性剂废水

从阴离子表面活性剂的危害出发,在比较了其它治理方案的同时,着重分析介绍了用鼓泡—絮凝法这一国内首例处理阴离子表面活性剂废水的生产性装置,并且根据大量的实际操作,分析了提高阴离子表面活性剂去除率的主要参数.     

生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选及其对土壤重金属铅的活化作用

结合油平板和血平板方法从重金属8处复合污染的土壤样品中筛选出15株能产生物表面活性剂的细菌菌株,其中J119菌株不仅具有良好的产生物表面活性剂的性能,而且能在含铅、镉浓度分别为100～200 mg·L-1、25～100 mg·L-1的平板中生长.同时对J119菌株所产的生物表面活性剂与3种不同类型化学合成表面活性剂活化土壤中铅的效能进行了比较.结果表明,在400 mg·kg-1铅污染土壤中,J119菌株发酵液与化学合成表面活性剂活化土壤中铅的效果相当;与对照相比,在800 mg·kg-1铅污染土壤中,J119菌株发酵液处理使土壤中有效性铅的浓度增加51.1%,而3种化学合成表面活性剂CTAB、SDS、Tween-80处理土壤中有效态铅浓度仅比对照增加28.7%、26.2%和16.0%.另外,J119菌株产生的生物表面活性剂与供试3种化学合成表面活性剂对土壤中铅的活化作用之间存在显著差异.     

表面活性剂对土壤中多氯联苯的洗脱研究

采用实验室配置的PCBs污染土壤,以曲拉通X-100、吐温-80、SDS、SDBS 4种表面活性剂进行洗脱试验研究。结果表明:对于单一表面活性剂,SDS对污染土壤中多氯联苯的洗脱效果最好;采用1:20的固液比,进行2~3次洗脱,洗脱率可达50%以上;洗脱时间对洗脱效果影响不大;SDS—吐温-80混合表面活性剂对多氯联苯有协同增溶作用,且在土壤上的吸附损失较小,SDS和吐温-80的最佳质量比为5:5,在此条件下,浓度为7 000 mg/L的混合表面活性剂对多氯联苯污染土壤进行3次洗脱,洗脱率可高达97.89%。     

Sorption and transport studies of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and Triton X-100 in clayey soil

Surfactants are soil washing agents and facilitators for subsurface remediation of hydrocarbon spills.It is important to understand the sorption and transport behavior of surfactants for enhanced soil remediation.The adsorption and desorption isotherms of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and Triton X-100 with sand and kaolinite have been quantified.Kaolinite clay had the highest sorption capacity compared to blasting sand.Transport parameters such as diffusion coefficient (D) and retardation factor (R) of the above mentioned surfactant solutions were determined in clayey soils (82.5% sand and 17.5% kaolinite mixture) with near zero and 0.1 g/L ionic strength.NaCl was used as the electrolyte solution.Convection-Diffusion equation was used to model the breakthrough curves of the surfactants.Bromide ion was chosen as the tracer material in order to characterize the column.CTAB and Triton X-100 were used to flush the perchloroethylene (PCE) contaminated soil.The effectiveness of CTAB and Triton X-100 in flushing the PCE from the contaminated soil was quantified.     

Water solubility enhancements of pyrene by single and mixed surfactant solutions

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Effects of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 on the laccase-catalyzed conversion of bisphenol A

The laccase-catalyzed conversion of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous solutions was studied in the absence and presence of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. It was found that the addition of Triton X-100 into the reaction system increased the conversion of BPA, especially near the critical micelle concentration of Triton X-100. Also it was found that the stability of laccase was greatly improved in the presence of TritonX-100. Studies on the endogenous fluorescence emission of laccase indicated that there existed an interaction between Triton X-100 and laccase, which was beneficial to folding and stabilizating of laccase. The binding of Triton X-100 to the laccase surface also mitigated the inactivation e ect caused by the free radicals and polymerization products. Under otherwise identical conditions, a lower dosage of laccase was needed for the higher conversion of BPA in the presence of Triton X-100.     

Influence of nonionic surfactant on the solubilization and biodegradation of phenanthrene

Phenanthrene was solubilized in two different nonionic surfactants, Tween80 and Triton X-100. The bioavailability of phenanthrane to the bacteria isolated from the petroleum contaminated soils was studied based on the rotary flasks experiments. The results showed that the concentration of nonionic surfactants above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) can increase the solubility of phenanthrene in water andwere innoxious to the phenanthrene-degrading bacteria; phenanthrene solubilized in the micelles of Tween80 was bioavailable and biodegradable. The research demonstrated the potential of surfactant-enhanced bioremediation of soils contaminated by hydrophobic organic comoounds( HOCs).     

液固比对土壤洗涤去除多环芳烃效果的影响

液固比是影响土壤洗涤污染物去除率的重要因素.以Triton X-100和Tween-80为洗涤剂,采用洗涤去除率(R)、吸附损失率(Vs)和新定义的指标增溶百分比(SP)分析液固比对土壤洗涤去除目标多环芳烃效果的影响.结果表明,液固比对土壤洗涤去除多环芳烃效果影响显著.R随液固比增加呈非线性形式增大,液固比10∶1后R增长变缓.同一液固比时,洗涤去除率Triton X-100>Tween-80.Vs随液固比增加显著减少,液固比10∶1后逐渐变缓.同一液固比时,吸附损失率Triton X-100相似文献   

表面活性剂对极性有机物在沉积物上吸附的影响

研究了苯酚、苯胺和对硝基苯酚在沉积物-十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)体系中的分配特性.结果表明200mg/L和1200mg/L的SDBS存在下,苯胺和对硝基苯酚的沉积物-水分配系数均增大,分配作用的增大倍数与有机物的K_ow呈正相关;苯酚的分配系数则因表面活性剂存在浓度的不同分别增大和减小.十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、Triton X-100(TX100)和Brij30存在下,苯酚等温吸附实验表明:表面活性剂浓度约低于其临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,苯酚的吸附量增大;表面活性剂浓度约高于其CMC时,苯酚的吸附量比纯水中的吸附量小.     

Brij35构筑原位微乳液对四氯乙烯的增溶及脱附效果

利用非离子表面活性剂Brij35与助溶剂正丁醇的二元溶液,与四氯乙烯（PCE）在含水层原位构筑微乳液.重点考察对PCE增溶性能和脱附能力以及在模拟含水层中的形成过程和对模拟含水层的修复效果.结果表明,微乳液对PCE的最大溶解度达到61.1g/L,增溶能力是单一Brij35溶液和其常规复配组合的9.7和2.3倍,并且PCE的溶解度与正丁醇体积分数呈线性正相关;脱附实验的结果表明：原位微乳液对不同类型介质中的污染物都能起到良好的脱附作用,脱附率是单一表面活性剂脱附率的3倍.同时发现正丁醇体积分数越高、介质粒径越大、微乳液黏度越低,污染脱附效率相对越高,其中250g/L Brij35-30%正丁醇的药剂组合对介质污染有着最佳的脱附效果.冲洗模拟含水层的实验结果证明,在冲洗过程中有原位微乳液的形成,前期以微乳液增溶为主,后期以表面活性剂增溶为主.冲洗结束后,共有94%的PCE被去除,并且还有效减轻了冲洗后期的拖尾现象.     

阳-非离子混合表面活性剂对沉积物吸附硝基苯的影响

研究了非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100、阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)及其混合物在沉积物上的吸附行为,探讨了它们对沉积物吸附硝基苯的影响.结果表明,CPC和Triton X-100在沉积物上的吸附等温线均为非线性,吸附量随着平衡浓度的增加急剧增加,并迅速达到最大吸附量.低浓度CPC能明显增加Triton X-100在沉积物上的吸附,而高浓度的CPC则显著降低Triton X-100在沉积物上的吸附.Triton X-100略微降低CPC在沉积物上的吸附.在表面活性剂浓度较低的实际环境中,无论是阳离子或非离子表面活性剂,将主要被土壤或沉积物吸附并固定.硝基苯在沉积物上的吸附等温线为线性.CPC和Triton X-100促进沉积物对硝基苯的吸附,CPC-Triton X-100混合表面活性剂溶液能进一步增强沉积物对硝基苯的吸附.因此,阳离子和非离子混合表面活性剂可增强土壤或沉积物对有机污染物的吸附固定能力,也可以用来制备有机膨润土以提高其吸附处理废水的性能.     

Effects of surfactants on graphene oxide nanoparticles transport in saturated porous media

Transport behaviors of graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONPs) in saturated porous media were examined as a function of the presence and concentration of anionic surfactant (SDBS) and non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-100) under different ionic strength (IS). The results showed that the GONPs were retained obviously in the sand columns at both IS of 50 and 200 mmol/L, and they were more mobile at lower IS. The presence and concentration of surfactants could enhance the GONP transport, particularly as observed at higher IS. It was interesting to see that the GONP transport was surfactant type dependent, and SDBS was more effective to facilitate GONP transport than Triton X-100 in our experimental conditions. The advection–dispersion–retention numerical modeling followed this trend and depicted the difference quantitatively. Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) interaction calculations also were performed to interpret these effects, indicating that secondary minimum deposition was critical in this study.     

生物表面活性剂皂角苷对菲在水和土壤间分配行为影响

文章比较研究了皂角苷(saponin)、Triton X-100以及二者的混合物对多环芳烃菲在土壤和水相间分配行为的影响。结果表明,在所选择的表面活性剂中,皂角苷对菲在水和土壤间的分配具有最强的增溶能力。在竞争吸附的作用下,随着加入的表面活性剂的量不同,菲在水和土壤间的分配行为也有差异。当表面活性剂的浓度较低时,促进菲在土壤上的吸附;当加入的表面活性剂的量超过其临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,菲在水和土壤间的分配系数随着表面活性剂浓度的增大出现持续减小的趋势。并且在相同浓度下,皂角苷和TritonX-100组成的混合表面活性剂的增溶能力比单独使用非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100强。同样在混合表面活性剂的协同增溶作用下,菲在水和土壤间的分配系数随着表面活性剂浓度的增加出现持续减小的趋势。