兰州市空气污染对儿童肺功能影响的前瞻性研究

从不同的角度阐述了室内外空气污染对儿童肺功能 ,特别是小气道功能的影响及其影响程度的前瞻性研究结果。并通过多因素、多指标的综合分析 ,揭示了一些影响儿童肺功能的主要因素。指出了从保护人体健康的角度来说 ,好的环境空气质量和良好的室内空气质量同样重要     

How does environmental pollution erode political trust in China? A multilevel analysis

The impacts of environmental pollution extend beyond the issue of health. Using Chinese survey and administrative data, this study sheds new light on the political costs of environmental pollution. We show that citizens' trust in government officials declines significantly with higher levels of measured pollution, perceptions of increased pollution, and a greater degree of willingness to support environmental protection. Political trust is particularly low when measured as well as perceived pollution are severe. However, the effect of greater willingness to support environmental protection on the erosion of political trust is independent of measured pollution. Our findings suggest that there is a tipping point at which legitimacy acquired primarily through economic achievements could be undermined by environmental degradation, which is a byproduct of economic achievements. It is imperative for the Chinese government to achieve a balance between fast-paced growth and environmental sustainability, to pay attention to the potential political consequences of environmental issues, and to permit more public dialogues and deliberations on the topic of environmental governance.     

南通钢绳产业区儿童发铅、发锌水平调查与评价

为调查南通市钢绳产业区儿童发铅、发锌水平,对67名5～7岁健康儿童进行了发铅、发锌的检测.结果表明:当地环境因素并没有影响儿童的身体健康.钢绳产业区学龄前儿童发铅和发锌含量的平均值均在正常参考标准值内,儿童发铅超标率为7.5％,远远低于1998年市区儿童的发铅超标率.钢绳产业区与其他地区学龄儿童发铅、发锌的含量也并没有...     

影响儿童呼吸系统病症的混杂因子分析

利用 Logistic回归分析 ,对影响儿童呼吸系统病症的混杂因子进行了分析 ,并在控制了混杂因子后 ,对比数比值(OR)进行了比较 ,发现双亲哮喘和双亲气喘、室内烟雾程度和家长做饭时眼部受刺激频率等因子与儿童呼吸系统健康有比较强的统计关联     

An integrated air quality forecast system for a metropolitan area

Air quality forecasting is an important issue in environmental research, due to the effects that air pollutants have on population health. To deal with this topic, in this work an integrated modelling system has been developed to forecast daily maximum eight hours ozone concentrations and daily mean PM10 concentrations, up to two days in advance, over an urban area. The presented approach involves two steps. In the first step, artificial neural networks are identified and applied to get point-wise forecasting. In the second step, the forecasts obtained at the monitoring station locations are spatially interpolated all over the domain using the cokriging technique, which allows to improve the spatial interpolation in the absence of densely sampled data. The integrated modelling system has been then applied to a case study over Northern Italy, performing a validation over space and time for the year 2004 and analyzing if the limit values for the protection of human health set by the European Commission are respected. The presented approach represents a fast and reliable way to provide decision makers and the general public with air quality forecasting, and to support prevention and precautionary measures.     

室内燃煤取暖与烟雾程度对呼吸道健康的影响研究

在儿童家庭调查问卷的基础上 ,报告室内燃煤取暖与烟雾污染程度对呼吸系统病症的影响。结果表明家庭燃煤取暖与否、室内空气烟雾程度对儿童及其父母的呼吸系统健康有不利的影响     

关于建立健全我国环境健康风险评估制度的思考

环境健康风险评估是生态环境和卫生健康管理决策制定的重要依据之一,从政策制定、技术规范、制度试点、能力建设和管理应用等方面分析了我国环境健康风险评估工作现状。指出,我国环境健康风险评估制度存在各部门对环境健康风险评估的认识偏差,部门职责不清晰,管理需求不明确,技术体系不完善等问题。提出,生态环境和卫生健康部门应结合各自职责与需求制定相关工作办法,开展试点探索,条件成熟时制定专门法律;厘清生态环境和卫生健康部门在环境健康风险管理中的职责;紧密围绕生态环境和卫生健康管理需求,开展环境健康风险评估工作;借鉴国外经验,完善环境健康风险评估技术规范体系;从机构设置、技术队伍培训、合作共享、学术交流等方面提升环境健康风险评估能力。     

护眼灯的电磁辐射水平初步调查

对市场销售的多种品牌的儿童护眼灯电磁辐射水平进行了调查,结果表明,该类产品的电磁辐射水平较高,应关注由此应起的对健康的潜在危害。     

儿童肺功能指标测量方法比较及异常值的探讨

比较了儿童肺功能机读数据与人工手测数据 ,并应用统计学原理探讨了适合于研究空气污染暴露与儿童肺功能健康关系的 FVC实测值 /预计值 (% )、FEV1 实测值 /预计值 (% )、FEV1 /FVC(% )这三种肺功能指标的异常值分界线。得出 FVC或 FEV1 实测值 /预计值 (% )的异常值范围为 <85% ,FEV1 /FVC(% )的异常值范围为 <80 %     

Twenty-five years of nationwide ambient metals measurement in the United Kingdom: concentration levels and trends

Ambient air quality has been an important issue for humans and the environment for hundreds of years. More recently, definitive links have been identified between pollutants and adverse effects on human health and on environmental sustainability. Of particular concern since the last quarter of the twentieth century has been the presence of toxic 'heavy metals' in ambient air. In order to measure the concentrations of pollutants, including 'heavy metals', in ambient air, to assess human and environmental exposure, comply with developing legislation, and assess newly introduced abatement strategies, the UK government established nationwide air quality measurement networks in the late 1970s. The nationwide measurement of 'heavy metals' in ambient air began in the late 1970s, and in 1980 was developed into several national networks, aimed at different metals and different emissions sources. These networks were rationalised into the current UK Heavy Metals Monitoring Network in 2003. The data produced by the current scientific operator of the Network, the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), in 2005, marked 25 years of ambient 'heavy metals' measurement in the UK at a nationwide level. This paper celebrates this milestone and provides a novel and critical examination of Network operations, measured concentration levels, and trends, over the last quarter of a century.     

Rising hormones

Nineteen-ninety eight was a frantic year in the hormone-disruptor debate, with a whole series of studies and initiatives pushing the hormones issue up the policy agenda. As policy-makers weigh the options, the environmental monitoring community has an important opportunity to shape future policies.     

建立省级环境与健康调查及风险评估体系研究思路——以江苏省探索实践为例

以环境与健康调查及风险评估研究为出发点,江苏省于2018年设立了"江苏省环境与健康调查与风险评估体系建设"环保科研重大技术攻关类项目,根据江苏省行业、地区、流域特点以及江苏省环境与健康调查及风险评估工作基础,结合国内环境与健康研究现状,深入开展典型行业、地区、流域环境与健康调查、环境与健康问题分析、环境健康风险评价,建设环境与健康重点实验室,探索并实践环境与健康理念融入环境保护管理的研究任务,为全面开展环境与健康监测业务化运行以及环境健康风险评估进行技术实践和储备,为江苏省环境与健康管理工作提供支撑。     

环境内分泌干扰物的作用机理及其生物检测方法

环境污染物的内分泌干扰问题近年来引起了极大的关注,大量研究工作集中于对环境内分泌干扰物的作用机理及其生物检测方法的研究。在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,对环境内分泌干扰物的类型及其主要作用机理进行了概括总结;对环境内分泌干扰物的体外生物检测方法的最新研究进展给予了评述;并对环境内分泌干扰物检测技术在环境中的应用进行了探讨;指出有关环境内分泌干扰物作用机理研究的成果能直接导致新的生物检测方法的发展,丰富了环境内分泌干扰物的检测技术类型。     

Elevated concentrations of endotoxin in indoor air due to cigarette smoking

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is an important worldwide public health issue. The present study demonstrates that cigarette smoke can be a major source of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) in indoor environments. Gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry was used to determine 3-hydroxy fatty acids as markers of endotoxin in air-borne house dust in homes of smokers and non-smokers. Air concentrations of endotoxin were 4-63 times higher in rooms of smoking students than in identical rooms of non-smoking students. The fact that cigarette smoke contains large amounts of endotoxin may partly explain the high prevalence of respiratory disorders among smokers and may also draw attention to a hitherto neglected risk factor of ETS.     

Power and environmental assessment: Introduction to the special issue

The significance of politics and power dynamics has long been recognised in environmental assessment (EA) research, but there has not been sustained attention to power, either theoretically or empirically. The aim of this special issue is to encourage the EA community to engage more consistently with the issue of power. The introduction represents a ground-clearing exercise intended to clarify the terms of the debate about power in the EA field, and to contribute to the development of a research agenda. Research trends in the field are outlined, and potential analytic and normative lines of inquiry are identified. The contributions to this special issue represent contrasting conceptual and methodological approaches that navigate the analytical and normative terrain of power dynamics in EA. Together, they demonstrate that power cannot be removed from EA policy or practices, and is a necessary research focus for the development of the field.     

环境磁学在城市地表灰尘重金属污染研究中的应用

随着环境问题日渐突出,地表灰尘重金属污染日益成为研究热点。单纯采用化学方法监测重金属污染具有一定局限性,环境磁学方法以其简便、快捷、经济且无害化的特点在城市重金属污染研究中广为应用。通过文献调研,综述环境磁学在城市地表灰尘重金属污染研究中的应用与研究进展,阐明重金属的主要来源,简述环境磁学的诸多参数,分析磁学参数与重金属的关系,并通过对比不同的磁学分析方法,探讨环境磁学方法在城市地表灰尘重金属污染研究中存在的问题及其发展趋势。     

Toxicity assessment of individual ingredients of synthetic-based drilling muds (SBMs)

Synthetic-based drilling muds (SBMs) offer excellent technical characteristics while providing improved environmental performance over other drilling muds. The low acute toxicity and high biodegradability of SBMs suggest their discharge at sea would cause minimal impacts on marine ecosystems, however, chronic toxicity testing has demonstrated adverse effects of SBMs on fish health. Sparse environmental monitoring data indicate effects of SBMs on bottom invertebrates. However, no environmental toxicity assessment has been performed on fish attracted to the cutting piles. SBM formulations are mostly composed of synthetic base oils, weighting agents, and drilling additives such as emulsifiers, fluid loss agents, wetting agents, and brine. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of exposure to individual ingredients of SBMs on fish health. To do so, a suite of biomarkers [ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, biliary metabolites, sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, DNA damage, and heat shock protein] have been measured in pink snapper (Pagrus auratus) exposed for 21 days to individual ingredients of SBMs. The primary emulsifier (Emul S50) followed by the fluid loss agent (LSL 50) caused the strongest biochemical responses in fish. The synthetic base oil (Rheosyn) caused the least response in juvenile fish. The results suggest that the impact of Syndrill 80:20 on fish health might be reduced by replacement of the primary emulsifier Emul S50 with an alternative ingredient of less toxicity to aquatic biota. The research provides a basis for improving the environmental performance of SBMs by reducing the environmental risk of their discharge and providing environmental managers with information regarding the potential toxicity of individual ingredients.     

儿童呼吸系统疾病对肺功能影响的探讨

通过 1 995～ 1 996年 3次肺功能测量和家庭健康问卷调查发现 ,患过感冒咳嗽、咳痰、气喘、哮喘和支气管炎的儿童中 FEV1 / FVC、FEV1 /预测值以及 FVC/预测值的异常率比未患过这 5种疾病的儿童都高 ,且前者达到显著性水平。FVC/预测值、FEV1 /预测值有部分疾病异常率达到显著水平。患过呼吸系统疾病 ,且肺功能测量异常的儿童比未患过呼吸系统疾病 ,且肺功能测量正常儿童的 FVC调整预测值下降 3 4 5～ 4 1 8ml,FEV1 调整预测值下降 3 56～ 4 75ml,FEV1 /FVC平均下降 1 4 .2 %～ 1 9.4 %。说明曾患过呼吸系统疾病儿童的肺功能已受到了一定程度的影响     

基于环境质量监测的区域环境质量综合评价体系

环境质量的优劣直接关系到人类的生存和发展,如何对某一区域环境质量进行科学的综合评价对环境管理具有重要的理论和现实意义。根据环境质量评价指标的选择原则,以环境质量监测为基础,通过征求专家意见确定了能反映区域环境质量特性的指标及其权重,建立了区域环境质量的综合评价体系。并用此综合评价体系对四川省6个地区的环境质量进行了评价,计算了区域环境质量综合指数,结果表明,该评价体系简单、方便、适用性强且易于操作,为科学地评价和考核区域环境质量提供研究方法。