富营养化湖泊蓝藻打捞减污降碳效果模拟研究

环境污染物与温室气体排放具有高度同根同源特征,在环境治理过程中减污和降碳方面具有协同推进的潜力。针对富营养化湖泊藻源性生物质分解带来的氮磷二次释放和温室气体排放问题,利用水-沉积物柱实验体系,通过人为移除藻源性生物质的方式模拟了不同蓝藻打捞强度,分析了不同藻源性生物质移除强度对水体氮磷水平与温室气体(CO₂、CH₄和N₂O)排放通量的影响,评估了蓝藻打捞削减污染水平和控制碳排放效果。结果表明,当藻源性生物质移除33%(低强度)、66%(中强度)、99%(高强度)时,总氮分别下降26.1%、35.4%、53.8%,总磷分别下降50.9%、72.9%、78.2%,CO₂释放通量分别下降26.7%、39.4%、54.5%。CH₄释放通量分别下降58.1%、89.0%、91.5%,N₂O释放通量分别下降71.3%、90.4%、87.5%。此外,藻源性生物质的移除避免了水体溶解氧耗竭,改变了氧化还原条件,调控了碳氮分解过程,降低了高CO₂当量(...     

不同碳氮比条件下鸡粪和椰糠高温堆肥腐熟过程研究

用鸡粪和椰糠作为基本堆肥原料进行高温堆肥试验,通过控制鸡粪和椰糠的添加量调节堆体初始C/N比,研究其对堆肥过程中堆体温度、p H值、C/N比及养分全量等理化指标的影响,探究鸡粪和椰糠高温堆肥的最适C/N比。结果表明,当C/N比为25时,堆体达到最高温度(57℃),且高温持续时间最长(14 d)。堆肥过程中各处理有机质、全碳、C/N比均呈下降趋势,p H值均呈先上升后下降趋势,全氮和种子发芽指数呈上升趋势。堆肥结束后,堆体F1(初始C/N比为20)、F2(初始C/N比为25)和F3(初始C/N比为30)的C/N比分别为11.13、11.19和10.24,总养分含量w分别为7.94%、8.63%和8.29%,种子发芽指数分别为77.90%、100.65%和93.30%。     

造纸污泥工厂化堆肥过程中理化性质的动态变化

工厂化强制通风静态垛好氧堆肥试验结果表明,造纸污泥与木屑按10∶1比例混合后,2~3 d即可达到60℃,高温期维持时间超过10 d,完全符合我国标准CJJ/T52-93规定,达到无害化要求;堆肥过程中堆体上层温度大于下层;高温堆肥后物料含水率降低20.2%,脱水效果明显;造纸污泥堆肥过程中物料的挥发性固体持续降低;堆体耗氧速率在升温阶段后期上升到最大值,此后持续降低,到堆肥后期趋于稳定。     

猎粪和锯末联合堆肥的中试研究

以3种配比的猪粪和锯末为原料，进行了联合堆肥中试研究。一次发酵采用温度反馈通气量控制的静态好氧堆肥系统，周期15d；二次发酵采用定期翻堆自然腐熟，周期30d。试验分析了堆制过程中温度、含水率、有机质、Ph值的变化。对堆肥产物的腐熟度和养分分析表明，3种配比的堆肥产物均可达到腐熟度要求。猪粪养分含量越高，产物养分越高。通过堆肥工艺的优化控制和加水措施，猪粪的锯末联合堆制可以在45d内获得高质量的有机肥，具有良好的应用前景。     

猪粪和锯末联合堆肥的中试研究

以 3种配比的猪粪和锯末为原料 ,进行了联合堆肥中试研究。一次发酵采用温度反馈通气量控制的静态好氧堆肥系统 ,周期 1 5d ;二次发酵采用定期翻堆自然腐熟 ,周期 30d。试验分析了堆制过程中温度、含水率、有机质、pH值的变化。对堆肥产物的腐熟度和养分分析表明 ,3种配比的堆肥产物均可达到腐熟度要求。猪粪养分含量越高 ,产物养分越高。通过堆肥工艺的优化控制和加水措施 ,猪粪和锯末联合堆制可以在 4 5d内获得高质量的有机肥 ,具有良好的应用前景。     

冬季调水期南四湖水体温室气体溶存浓度及其影响因素

为了解冬季调水期南四湖表层水中温室气体的溶存浓度及其排放通量,采集南四湖各湖区和主要入湖河流的河口区表层水及气体样品,分析了水体的理化指标以及CO₂、CH₄和N₂O的溶存浓度,采用薄边界层扩散模型法估算了水—气界面排放通量,并探讨了影响调水期南四湖温室气体溶存浓度的主要因子.结果表明,调水期南四湖表层水中N₂O、CH₄和CO₂浓度分别为(23.0±6.13) nmol·L^-1、(0.15±0.10)μmol·L^-1和(52.4±11.4)μmol·L^-1,均处于高度过饱和状态,排放通量分别为(0.22±0.18)μmol·m^-2·h^-1、(3.95±2.73)μmol·m^-2·h^-1和(658±336)μmol·m^-2·h^-1;浓度和排放通量多与冬季其他湖泊相当...     

堆肥调理剂研究进展

调理剂是堆肥过程中的重要辅料。通过添加调理剂，可以改善堆肥物料的理化条件，达到好氧微生物对生长环境的要求。文章综述了堆肥调理剂的分类，讨论了它在堆肥工程中的作用，并对研究方向进行了探讨。大量研究表明，调理剂在堆肥过程中起到调节物料w（C）／w（N）比、含水率、堆体自由空域、减少堆体臭气、改善堆肥养分和调控重金属等作用。目前，调理剂的研究重点在于其在堆肥过程的作用，而对复合型调理剂的开发、调理剂的作用机理及其在工程中的应用等问题关注较少。     

城市污泥与稻草堆肥中多环芳烃的研究

将污泥与稻草进行翻堆、菌种 翻堆、连续通气和间歇通气 4种不同方式的堆肥 ,应用GC/MS对堆肥中的多环芳烃类化合物 (PAHs)进行分析 ,探讨堆肥产物中PAHs的含量分布模式以及不同堆肥方式对PAHs的降解效果 . 4种污泥堆肥中ΣPAHs在2 0 83—2 8 4 35mg·kg- 1之间 ,依次是菌种 翻堆 ( 2 8 4 35mg·kg- 1>翻堆 ( 7 30 3mg·kg- 1) >连续通气 ( 4 80 8mg·kg- 1) >间隙通气 ( 2 0 83mg·kg- 1) ,绝大部分化合物的含量都低于 0 2 0mg·kg- 1.堆肥前后ΣPAHs降解率在 6 5 5 %— 93 2 0 %之间 (平均为6 5 0 0 % ) ,绝大部分化合物的降解率都在 90 %以上 .通气堆肥尤其是间歇通气堆肥对污泥中PAHs的降解效果最好 .     

污泥堆肥过程中主要性质及氮素转变

目前堆肥过程中氮素损失比较严重,通常达到50%左右.针对这一问题,文章以污泥和秸秆为原料,进行了不同配比条件下高温好氧堆肥试验,研究了堆肥过程中各主要性质及各种形态氮素的转化规律.结果表明,堆肥有效实现了污泥无害化、减量化和资源化.在pH值和温度较高条件下的氨气大量挥发是堆肥过程氮素损失的重要途径,且不同的物料配比会对氮素损失造成影响,C/N比低的配比氮素损失较大.适当降低堆料温度、添加酸性物质以降低pH值等措施均可减少氮素损失.     

发酵基质含水率对牛粪好氧堆肥发酵产热的影响

以牛粪和玉米秸秆为原料进行好氧堆肥试验,采用氧弹量热法测定发酵产热量,研究堆肥原料不同初始含水率(物料初始含水率w分别为41%、50%、55%、65%和75%)对发酵产热的影响,以及堆肥过程中有机质损失与产热的关系。结果表明,在堆肥第3天各处理(除初始含水率75%处理)温度均达55℃以上,堆肥各处理均表现为前3 d有机质降解最快,热值损失最多。物料初始含水率为41%～65%时,发酵产热量与物料初始含水率呈显著正相关。初始含水率65%对堆肥最有利,有机质损失和总热值变化最大,有机质损失29.18%,总产热量为2 236 kJ.kg-1,若所产热量全部用于去除水分,可以使堆肥物料水分完全去除。     

Characteristics of night soil and leaf co-composting using aerobic static method

The main purpose of this work is to investigate the characteristics of night soil and leaf co-composting using aerobic static composting method. Three influencing factors, including proportion of night soil and leaf, aeration rate and aeration pattern, were investigated through the evolution of the principal physicochemical properties, i.e., temperature, oxygen consumption rate, organic matters, moisture content, carbon, nitrogen, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and Germination index (GI). It was found that the 3∶1 (w∶w) mixture of night soil and leaf was capable of achieving the highest composting temperature, longest retention time of high temperature (55°C), and fastest organic matter degradation. The 0.14 m³·min^-1·m^-3 aeration rate was most beneficial to composting, and the mixture of night soil and leaf maintained the highest temperature for the longest duration and achieved the highest CO₂ content and GI. The continuous aeration pattern during composting was superior to an intermittent aeration pattern, since the latter delayed the composting process.     

Variation characteristics of atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide in summertime at a coastal site in the South China Sea

● Diurnal patterns of CH₄ and CO₂ are clearly extracted using EEMD. ● CH₄ and CO₂ show mid-morning high and evening low patterns during sea breezes. ● Wind direction significantly modulates the diurnal variations in CH₄ and CO₂. Methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are the two most important greenhouse gases (GHGs). To examine the variation characteristics of CH₄ and CO₂ in the coastal South China Sea, atmospheric CH₄ and CO₂ measurements were performed in Bohe (BH), Guangdong, China, in summer 2021. By using an adaptive data analysis method, the diurnal patterns of CH₄ and CO₂ were clearly extracted and analysed in relation to the sea breeze (SB) and land breeze (LB), respectively. The average concentrations of CH₄ and CO₂ were 1876.91 ± 31.13 ppb and 407.99 ± 4.24 ppm during SB, and 1988.12 ± 109.92 ppb and 421.54 ± 14.89 ppm during LB, respectively. The values of CH₄ and CO₂ during SB basically coincided with the values and trends of marine background sites, showing that the BH station could serve as an ideal site for background GHG monitoring and dynamic analysis. The extracted diurnal variations in CH₄ and CO₂ showed sunrise high and sunset low patterns (with peaks at 5:00–7:00) during LB but mid-morning high and evening low patterns (with peaks at 9:00) during SB. The diurnal amplitude changes in both CH₄ and CO₂ during LB were almost two to three times those during SB. Wind direction significantly modulated the diurnal variations in CH₄ and CO₂. The results in this study provide a new way to examine the variations in GHGs on different timescales and can also help us gain a better understanding of GHG sources and distributions in the South China Sea.     

Influence of H2S and NH3 on biogas dry reforming using Ni catalyst: a study on single and synergetic effect

● NH₃ in biogas had a slight inhibitory effect on dry reforming. ● Coexistence of H₂S and NH₃ led to faster decline of biogas conversion. ● Regeneration was effective for catalysts deactivated under synergetic effect. Biogas is a renewable biomass energy source mainly composed of CH₄ and CO₂. Dry reforming is a promising technology for the high-value utilization of biogas. Some impurity gases in biogas can not be completely removed after pretreatment, which may affect the performance of dry reforming. In this study, the influence of typical impurities H₂S and NH₃ on dry reforming was studied using Ni/MgO catalyst. The results showed that low concentration of H₂S in biogas could cause serious deactivation of catalyst. Characterization results including EDS, XPS and TOF-SIMS confirmed the adsorption of sulfur on the catalyst surface, which was the cause of catalyst poisoning. We used air calcination method to regenerate the sulfur-poisoned catalysts and found that the regeneration temperature higher than 500 °C could help catalyst recover the original activity. NH₃ in the concentration range of 50–10000 ppm showed a slight inhibitory effect on biogas dry reforming. The decline rate of biogas conversion efficiency increased with the increase of NH₃ concentration. This was related to the reduction of oxygen activity on catalyst surface caused by NH₃. The synergetic effect of H₂S and NH₃ in biogas was investigated. The results showed that biogas conversion decreased faster under the coexistence of H₂S and NH₃ than under the effect of H₂S alone, so as the surface oxygen activity of catalyst. Air calcination regeneration could also recover the activity of the deactivated catalyst under the synergetic effect of H₂S and NH₃.     

不同时期添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程的影响

研究不同时期添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程的影响.结果表明:堆肥降温期添加蘑菇渣有利于提高有机质的降解率,堆肥末期各处理有机质降解率分别为15.85%,10.17%,12.90%和15.16%;有利于吸收固定堆肥中的氨,减少氨的挥发,降低堆肥的pH值.在堆肥初始一次性添加蘑菇渣,有利于堆肥总氮的积累,提高堆肥产品中胡敏酸和腐殖质含量,降低堆肥总氮损失率.在堆肥初始和降温期分次添加蘑菇渣有利于堆肥硝态氮的合成,富里酸的分解以及HA/FA的增加.在整个堆肥过程中,各处理HA和HA/FA均呈增加趋势,FA呈降低趋势,较好地反映了落叶堆肥的腐熟程度.在堆肥不同阶段添加蘑菇渣各有其优点,综合后认为在堆肥初始添加蘑菇渣的效果最为理想.     

Cattle manure biochar and earthworm interactively affected CO2 and N2O emissions in agricultural and forest soils: Observation of a distinct difference

• Earthworms increase CO₂ and N₂O emissions in agricultural and forest soil. • 10% biochar suppresses CO₂ and N₂O emissions in forest soil. • Biochar interacted with earthworm to significant affect CO₂ and N₂O emissions. The application of manure-derived biochar offers an alternative to avoid the direct application of manure to soil causing greenhouse gas emission. Soil fauna, especially earthworms, can markedly stimulate carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from soil. This study therefore investigated the effect of cattle manure biochar (added at rates of 0, 2%, or 10%, coded as BC0, BC2 and BC10, respectively) application, with or without earthworm Aporrectodea turgida, on emissions of CO₂ and N₂O and changes of physic-chemical properties of agricultural and forest soils in a laboratory incubation experiment. The BC10 treatment significantly enhanced cumulative CO₂ emissions by 27.9% relative to the untreated control in the agricultural soil. On the contrary, the BC2 and BC10 treatments significantly reduced cumulative CO₂ emissions by 16.3%–61.1% and N₂O emissions by 92.9%–95.1% compared to the untreated control in the forest soil. The addition of earthworm alone significantly enhanced the cumulative CO₂ and N₂O fluxes in agricultural and forest soils. Cumulative CO₂ and N₂O fluxes were significantly increased when BC2 and BC10 were applied with earthworm in the agricultural soil, but were significantly reduced when BC10 was applied with earthworm in the forest soil. Our study demonstrated that biochar application interacted with earthworm to affect CO₂ and N₂O emissions, which were also dependent on the soil type involved. Our study suggests that manure biochar application rate and use of earthworm need to be carefully studied for specific soil types to maximize the climate change mitigation potential of such management practices.     

δ15N-stable isotope analysis of NHx: An overview on analytical measurements,source sampling and its source apportionment

• Challenges in sampling of NH₃ sources for d¹⁵N analysis are highlighted. • Uncertainties in the isotope-based source apportionment of NH₃ and NH₄⁺ are outlined. • Characterizing dynamic isotopic fractionation may reduce uncertainties of NH_x science. Agricultural sources and non-agricultural emissions contribute to gaseous ammonia (NH₃) that plays a vital role in severe haze formation. Qualitative and quantitative contributions of these sources to ambient PM_2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter below 2.5 µm) concentrations remains uncertain. Stable nitrogen isotopic composition (δ¹⁵N) of NH₃ and NH₄⁺ (δ¹⁵N(NH₃) and δ¹⁵N(NH₄⁺), respectively) can yield valuable information about its sources and associated processes. This review provides an overview of the recent progress in analytical techniques for δ¹⁵N(NH₃) and δ¹⁵N(NH₄⁺) measurement, sampling of atmospheric NH₃ and NH₄⁺ in the ambient air and their sources signature (e.g., agricultural vs. fossil fuel), and isotope-based source apportionment of NH₃ in urban atmosphere. This study highlights that collecting sample that are fully representative of emission sources remains a challenge in fingerprinting δ¹⁵N(NH₃) values of NH₃ emission sources. Furthermore, isotopic fractionation during NH₃ gas-to-particle conversion under varying ambient field conditions (e.g., relative humidity, particle pH, temperature) remains unclear, which indicates more field and laboratory studies to validate theoretically predicted isotopic fractionation are required. Thus, this study concludes that lack of refined δ¹⁵N(NH₃) fingerprints and full understanding of isotopic fractionation during aerosol formation in a laboratory and field conditions is a limitation for isotope-based source apportionment of NH₃. More experimental work (in chamber studies) and theoretical estimations in combinations of field verification are necessary in characterizing isotopic fractionation under various environmental and atmospheric neutralization conditions, which would help to better interpret isotopic data and our understanding on NH_x (NH₃ + NH₄⁺) dynamics in the atmosphere.     

Frontier science and challenges on offshore carbon storage

● The main direct seal up carbon options and challenges are reviewed. ● Ocean-based CO₂ replacement for CH₄/oil exploitation is presented. ● Scale-advantage of offshore CCS hub is discussed. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is an imperative, strategic, and constitutive method to considerably reduce anthropogenic CO₂ emissions and alleviate climate change issues. The ocean is the largest active carbon bank and an essential energy source on the Earth’s surface. Compared to oceanic nature-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR), carbon capture from point sources with ocean storage is more appropriate for solving short-term climate change problems. This review focuses on the recent state-of-the-art developments in offshore carbon storage. It first discusses the current status and development prospects of CCS, associated with the challenges and uncertainties of oceanic nature-based CDR. The second section outlines the mechanisms, sites, advantages, and ecologic hazards of direct offshore CO₂ injection. The third section emphasizes the mechanisms, schemes, influencing factors, and recovery efficiency of ocean-based CO₂-CH₄ replacement and CO₂-enhanced oil recovery are reviewed. In addition, this review discusses the economic aspects of offshore CCS and the preponderance of offshore CCS hubs. Finally, the upsides, limitations, and prospects for further investigation of offshore CO₂ storage are presented.     

A novel strategy for gas mitigation during swine manure odour treatment using seaweed and a microbial consortium

• Comprehensive mitigation of gas emissions from swine manure was investigated. • Additives addition for mitigation of gas from the manure has been developed. • Sargassum horneri, seaweed masking strategy controlled gas by 90%-100%. • Immediate reduction in emitted gas and improving air quality has been determined. • Microbial consortium with seaweed completely controlled gas emissions by 100%. Gas emissions from swine farms have an impact on air quality in the Republic of Korea. Swine manure stored in deep pits for a long time is a major source of harmful gas emissions. Therefore, we evaluated the mitigation of emissions of ammonia (NH₃), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and amine gases from swine manure with biological products such as seaweed (Sargassum horneri) and a microbial consortium (Bacillus subtilis (1.2 × 10⁹ CFU/mL), Thiobacillus sp. (1.0 × 10¹⁰ CFU/mL) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2.0 × 10⁹ CFU/mL)) used as additives due to their promising benefits for nutrient cycling. Overall, seaweed powder masking over two days provided notable control of over 98%-100% of the gas emissions. Furthermore, significant control of gas emissions was especially pronounced when seaweed powder masking along with a microbial consortium was applied, resulting in a gas reduction rate of 100% for NH₃, amines and H₂S over 10 days of treatment. The results also suggested that seaweed powder masking and a microbial consortium used in combination to reduce the gas emissions from swine manure reduced odour compared with that observed when the two additives were used alone. Without the consortium, seaweed decreased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. The proposed novel method of masking with a microbial consortium is promising for mitigating hazardous gases, simple, and environmentally beneficial. More research is warranted to determine the mechanisms underlying the seaweed and substrate interactions.     

辽宁西南典型城市冬季大气细颗粒物水溶性无机离子污染特征及来源解析

本研究于2018年12月3日-2019年1月1日在辽宁省西南典型城市葫芦岛市和朝阳市分别布设3个城区采样点,在区域传输点龙屯水库布设1个采样点,采集大气细颗粒物PM2.5样品(n=201).使用离子色谱检测样品中的Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、NH4+、SO42-、F-、Cl-和NO3-的质量浓度.观测期间PM2....     

川南四座城市PM2.5化学组分污染特征及其源解析

为探究川南地区大气气溶胶中化学组分与来源特征,于2015年9月—2016年8月在四川盆地南部4个典型代表城市(泸州、内江、宜宾、自贡)采集了226个PM_2.5样品,对PM_2.5的质量浓度和主要化学组分(水溶性离子和碳质组分)进行测定,并利用颗粒物源解析受体模型对PM_2.5来源进行解析.结果表明:川南地区PM_2.5日均浓度为46.4—68.0μg·m^-3,均高于国家环境空气质量标准年均PM_2.5限值(35.0μg·m^-3).OC、EC和水溶性二次离子(SO₄^2-、NO₃-和NH₄+)分别占PM_2.5质量的15.7%—22.8%、4.2%—6.4%和28.6%—55.8%.PM_2.5及其主要化学组分浓度有显著的季节变化,即冬季浓度显著高于其他季节,夏季浓度最低.泸州除夏季外,其他季节SO₄2-、NO₃-同源性较好;其他城市在冬季,SO₄2-、NO₃-同源性较好.NH₄+主要存在形式为NH₄NO₃、(NH₄)2SO₄、NH₄HSO₄.OC、EC来源复杂,主要为机动车源、煤燃烧源和生物质燃烧源.川南地区PM_2.5的来源主要受8种因子影响,按总体贡献排序依次为:二次硫酸盐、生物质燃烧、工业源、二次硝酸盐、机动车源、煤燃烧、道路尘埃和建筑尘埃.此外,相比较而言,机动车源贡献在泸州市较凸显,煤燃烧源贡献在宜宾市较凸显.