浅谈二氧化氯杀菌剂在医院污水中的投放量

对于含有大量细菌和病原体的医院污水，国内大多数医院用液氯或次氯酸钠来处理，杀灭医院污水中的细菌和微生物后再排放，处理医院污水最早使用的是液氯，由于液氯处理医院污水的成本低，因而使用面广，但液氯的腐蚀性强，会导致液氯泄漏事故，存在安全隐患，次氯酸钠发生器是较后期的产品，以电解法为主，由于设备的故障率高，经常停机，不能保证对污水的处理时间，造成医院污水夹带着大量的有害细菌和病原体外排，形成“前门治病后门放毒”的状况，用液氯或电解法次氯酸钠发生器处理医院污水已很难满足淮河流域达标排放的要求，二氧化氯（ClO2)是一种无机强氧化剂，具有极强的杀菌灭藻功能，可用于处理医院污水，杀灭污水中的细菌和微生物，在纳污水体为Ⅲ类水质的淮河流域，更应积极推广。     

PID技术在邯郸市东污水处理厂的应用

ＰＩＤ通常由两个或三个相同的氧化沟组成，这些氧化沟周期性地处于好氧，缺氧或沉淀等工作状态，邯郸市东污水处理厂采用的三沟式（Ｔ型）氧化沟处理工艺，流程简单，技术先进，效果稳定，节省费用，可按硝化和反硝化两种方式进行，不仅可去除污水中的大部分有机物和悬浮物，还可部分去除氮，磷等富营养物质，是目前国内外较先进的污水处理方法之一。     

酵母基因报道系统检测环境二恶英类似物的污染

利用一套酵母基因报道检测系统，建立和标化了对二恶英类标准样品测定的方法，证明此系统可检测ng级的二恶英及其类似物，具有简单、快速的的特点．对广州市区工业和生活污水排放较为集中的水体进行的测定显示，二恶英及其类似物在部分地区超标，而各区经处理的自来水均无超标污染．对小鼠急性毒性实验的血清样品的测定同样证明系统能够测定未浓缩处理的复杂样本，具有一定的应用价值．图4参10     

以可持续发展为目标的管理

本文描述了精细化学品工业中的再循环和废物处理办法，讨论了所设想的战略、事实和经验性结论，所提供的数据既涉及废水质量的定性演变，也涉及一种工业规模再循环办法中有关的体积和费用，再循环显然是环境保护的一个关键组成部分，而且是一个成本有效的部分，尽管再循环可持续发展的根本所在，但工业界只有在原材料成本偏高或感觉到其成本正在上涨时才会给予投资。     

密切值法在污水土地处理工程选址中的应用

本文对密切值法在污水土地处理工程选址中的应用进行了探讨，通过实例分分析看出该方法科学可行且简易。     

瑞典哥德堡海洋和工业活动产生的废油及含油废水的接纳与处理设施

80年代初,哥德堡地区找到了与处理海洋和工业源产生的含油污水有关的问题的综合解决办法。油港处理厂允许处理700000立方米/年污泥、压舱水、污水及其它含油废水。经过化学絮凝、浮选和双滤料过滤处理之后,处理水含油量不得超过5ppm。 从一开始就与环境主管部门及废物产生者本身密切合作,致力于改善处理结果。通过提高意识、改善控制及在发生源进行更大程度的分离,使得有可能大大降低原废物流中的污染物浓度。最近的计划包括含芳族化合物的废物流和重污染水分别处理。活性炭法和空气吹脱法等辅助处理方法也在评估之中。     

土壤污染物来源及前沿问题

人类活动对土壤系统的影响日趋严重。土壤污染物主要来自污染的大气沉降，废水和污水灌溉，工业废渣和城市垃圾，以及农药施用等。土壤污染对环境和人体健康造成极大的危害。文章通过计算得出了大气汞沉降和酸沉降在中国的累积沉降量，并通过调查分析中国各项污染物来源的最新资料，详细论述了各主要污染因素对土壤系统的影响。文章阐述了污染物在土壤系统中主要的物理化学行为，主要包括污染物在土壤生态系统中的吸附、迁移和扩散、酸沉降对土壤系统的影响等三个方面。最后回顾了该领域的研究现状和主要的前沿问题，并对进一步的深入研究提出了建议。     

自愿举措:改善环境状况

自愿的非规章和有规章举措工业与政府越来越多地与规章条 例一起使用自愿的表示和举措作为一项政策工具以改善环境性能，这些提案包括从单个企业实现环境目标的承诺到在国家或国际层次上部门工业联盟单边采纳实施的法案，以及一个政府与企业、企业团体或工业部门之间对于环境性能目标的协议． 工业采用自愿举措有许多利益，这些利益包括到达目标的途径及方法具有更多的灵活性、有机会展现一个更好的公众形象、以及工业界的领导者有机会将自身与其行业中的其它人分开，从而通常产生竞争性的优势． 对于政府来说，工业界自愿举措的优越性在于…     

个人计算机在工业环境管理中的应用

本文评述了个人计算机在工业环境管理中的一些新应用。这些包括计算密集型应用、面向情报的应用和图形处理应用,以及涉及实时通讯和控制的应用。文中提到一些软件产品。     

城镇生活污水排放对红树林植物群落凋落物的影响

利用凋落物收集网研究城镇生活污水排放对红树林植物群落凋落物的影响。所研究的红树林群落年总凋落物量为１１９８．９１ｇｍ＾－２，其中叶片和繁殖物部分共占９０％左右。总凋落物量具有明显的季节变化模型，凋落物的高峰期落在多雨的夏季，尤其是８月份。污水排放一年期间，排污样带和对照样带之间红树林的总凋落物量以及凋落叶中的总有机碳、总氮、总磷水平没有显著的差异，污水排放没有导致红树林植物群落的凋落物量发生明显的     

中空纤维超滤膜处理油田含油污水

本文采用中空纤维超滤膜对油田含油污水进行了处理,结果表明,中空纤维超滤膜用于处理经过预处理的含油量较低的污水较为理想,而对未经处理的含油量高的污水除油除浊效果较好,膜的清洗方法有待进一步研究,本文对操作条件的影响亦进行了探讨.     

Gypsum Waste Disposal: Land vs Sea or Recycling

The disposal of waste gypsum wallboard at landfill sites in British Columbia (B.C.), Canada, resulted in the generation of hydrogen sulphide gas and toxic leachates. Although some remedial measures were taken to reduce or eliminate problems resulting from past dumping practices, many landfill operators refused to accept new waste for fear of litigation over the pollution of nearby streams and rivers. with the availability of legitimate disposal sites greatly reduced, a serious waste management problem arose. the two most promising options for reducing the accumulating waste appeared to be recycling and ocean disposal.

Agricultural use of the waste for soil conditioning would account for only a small portion of the waste generated annually. Manufacturing plants were reluctant to accept waste gypsum with a high paper fibre content for fear it would lower the quality of the new wallboard product or interfere with the existing equipment and processes in the plants. the technology for economically removing and separating the paper from the used or substandard wallboard had yet to be developed.

The environmental implications of disposal at sea were assessed by a government advisory committee under the provisions of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Although results of a test dump in internal waters of B.C. were positive, the committee felt that valuable amenities of nearshore waters would only be assured by restricting dumping to a remote offshore location. an acceptable disposal method with minimal impact on the marine environment was eventually found with appropriate pretreatment of the waste and the use of remotely controlled bottom dump scows. Recent progress in the processing of waste wallboard to make it acceptable to the manufacturing industry should significantly reduce if not eliminate the need to dispose of gypsum wallboard wastes at sea.     

Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen polycyclischer Moschus-Duftstoffe in verschiedenen Umweltkompartimenten

In addition to the three compounds discussed in our first communication (UWSF 6/4, 183–189, 1994) this paper mentions another four substances from the group of the polycyclic musk flavors analysed in a number of detergents and cosmetics, in surface waters, in waste waters from municipal sewage treatment plants and in fish. These four substances are: 6-acetyl-1,1,2,3,3,5-hexamethylindane (AHMI, known for instance under the trade name Phantolide^®), 6,7-dihydro-1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyl-4 (5H)-indanone (DPMI, known for instance under the trade name Cashmeran^®), 7-acetyl-1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-6-ethyltetraline (ATTN, known for instance under the trade name Versalide^®) and 5-acetyl-1,1,2,6-tetramethyl-3-isopropylindane (ATII, known for instance under the trade name Traseolide^®). The results of these analyses show that except for ATTN, the manufacture of which was discontinued some ten years ago, these substances are considered to have an ubiquitous distribution in surface waters. This pollution evidently comes from the use of these flavors in various detergents and cosmetics, from where they enter surface waters via the waste waters from municipal sewage treatment plants. Choosing the Ruhr river as an example, the authors demonstrate that the pollution level is constant and that — due to their lipophilic nature — the compounds accumulate in fish leading to concentrations which markedly exceed those known, e.g., for nitromusk flavors in environmental samples. Two of the main contaminants are HHCB and AHTN, which have the highest concentrations both in the detergents analyzed and in environmental samples.     

Toward separation at source: Evolution of Municipal Solid Waste management in China

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in China has been transitioning from a mixed collection and treatment system to a separated collection and treatment system. The continuous rise of MSW treatment capacity and the optimization of technology structure provided basic facility support for China to promote MSW separation at source. China preferred a four-type separation system. Regulated recycling should be enhanced to improve the efficiency and sustainability of recycling industry. As food waste is the main composition of MSW in China, 20%–30% of the food waste diversion and land application could maximize the comprehensive environmental performance. Incineration is to be the pillar technology in MSW separated treatment system in China.     

Gentoxische Substanzen in Wässern

Waste waters with genotoxic potential are produced in various technical processes. Diffuse sources such as traffic and agriculture as well as point sources as mining, power plants, waste and waste water treatment facilities may emit water which shows mutagenic activity in bacteria test systems. A variety of compounds is known as mutagenes but in case studies it was not possible to assign the mutagenic potential of water to specific compounds. The chlorination and ozonation of drinking water may also generate genotoxic and cancerogenic compounds but at present it is not possible to assess the health risk of various drinking water disinfection methods.     

Removal of Mercury from Polluted Waters by the Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

The uptake of mercury by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was studied in an outdoor experiment for 25 days at different metal concentrations. the removal of mercury from the water and uptake by plants was very effective during the first hours and decreased rapidly thereafter. the uptake of mercury was directly proportional to the initial concentration in the water. the highest concentrations were found in plant roots. According to the results, water hyacinth could be used for treatment of mercurial waste waters.     

Removal of Mercury from Polluted Waters by the Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

The uptake of mercury by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was studied in an outdoor experiment for 25 days at different metal concentrations. the removal of mercury from the water and uptake by plants was very effective during the first hours and decreased rapidly thereafter. the uptake of mercury was directly proportional to the initial concentration in the water. the highest concentrations were found in plant roots. According to the results, water hyacinth could be used for treatment of mercurial waste waters.     

The microbiological control of mine waste pollution

The removal of heavy metals and neutralisation of acidity in mine waste waters by algae and bacteria are reviewed. Algal growths in artificial meander systems have been shown to remove significant quantities of heavy metals and fine particulates from mine waste waters. Bacterial systems for the oxidation of ferrous iron and the reduction of sulphate leading to neutralisation of acidity are described. The use of bacterial extracellular polymers in the removal of heavy metals from solution is discussed with reference to its application to acid mine waters. It is concluded that a combination of bacterial and algal systems with process optimisation, including nutrient amendment, may provide suitable treatment for mine waste waters. Metal-resistant bacteria may also be important in reclamation, where it is possible that they can confer some degree of tolerance on the plants used to revegetate metal-contaminated tailings dumps.     

Possible solutions for sludge dewatering in China

In China, over 1.43×10⁷ tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80% water content, were generated from wastewater treatment plants in 2007. About 60% of the COD removed during the wastewater treatment process becomes concentrated as sludge. Traditional disposal methods used by municipal solid waste treatment facilities, such as landfills, composting, or incineration, are unsuitable for sludge disposal because of its high water content. Disposal of sludge has therefore become a major focus of current environmental protection policies. The present status of sludge treatment and disposal methodology is introduced in this paper. Decreasing the energy consumption of sludge dewatering from 80% to 50% has been a key issue for safe and economic sludge disposal. In an analysis of sludge water distribution, thermal drying and hydrothermal conditioning processes are compared. Although thermal drying could result in an almost dry sludge, the energy consumption needed for this process is extremely high. In comparison, hydrothermal technology could achieve dewatered sewage sludge with a 50%–60% water content, which is suitable for composting, incineration, or landfill. The energy consumption of hydrothermal technology is lower than that required for thermal drying.     

Untersuchung von Abfällen mit biologischen Testverfahren zur Bewertung der Wassergefährdung

Wastes from three different types of waste treatment facilities (slag from a municipal waste incineration plant, slag granules from a pilot plant combining carbonization and incineration, mechanical and biological treated wastes) were examined to determine their hazard potential to different waters sites. The process temperature is seen to be the main difference between the three treatment processes. The wastes were extracted with water according to the German standard DIN 38414 S 4 and additionally at a constant pH value of 4. The leachates were investigated in a battery of aquatic bioassays and characterised physically and chemically. Every leachate revealed in a toxic effect at least in one test. The toxicity of the leachates prepared at a pH of 4 was significantly higher than the toxicity of the leachates prepared by extraction with water without pH adjustment. The leachates of the slag granules showed the lowest toxicity. On the basis of these experimental results, a scheme to derive Water Hazard Classes of wastes, which is presented in part II of this publication, was developed.