利用AriaTLX-2系统进行蜂蜜中抗生素的自动筛选

ThemoScientificAriaTLX一2系统为蜂蜜中抗生素和杀螨剂的筛选检测提供了一种选择．该系统具有在线快速从样品中去除糖和蛋白质的能力,从而无需进行常规检测中繁琐的样品前处理操作．而且,使用该系统进行蜂蜜中多种抗生素和杀螨剂的筛选检测,只需要很短的时间．     

两种消化方法对无齿相手蟹重金属含量测定结果的影响

生物样品分别经湿灰法和干灰法消化处理后，测定其Zn,Cu和Pb的含量。结果表明，不同消化方法对样品中Cu含量的测定没有显著的影响，而对Zn和Pb含量的测定都有显著的影响，湿灰法处理后样品中Zn和Pb含量的测定值均普遍高于干灰法处理后相应的测定值。根据本研究结果可知。测定Cu含量的生物样品可用常规灰化温度进行处理，而测定Zn和Pb含量的生物样品宜用低温灰化技术进行处理。图6表1参12     

酸化—吹气—吸收法测定水及废水中的硫化物

本文设计了硫化物测定的酸化－吹气－吸收装置，验证了装置对硫化的回收效果，对硫化物标准溶液的配制及其稳定性进行了研究，对分析条件进行了最佳选择，建立了亚甲基监光度法测定硫化物的分析方法，并对实际样品进行了测定。本方法的检出限为０．００５ｍｇＳ＾２－／ｌ，线性范围为０．００５－０．７００ｍｇＳ＾２－／ｌ，可应用于水和废水样品中微量硫化物的测定。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法同时测定城市污水处理厂污泥中12种抗生素

建立了一种固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定污泥中4类12种抗生素的方法.采用SAX串联Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化富集污泥样品中的抗生素,选定p H 3、洗脱体积8 m L作为最佳前处理条件.采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测抗生素样品,以0.3%的甲酸和乙腈作为流动相,经梯度洗脱进行分离,在多反应检测模式下进行测定.经测定,污泥样品中磺胺类抗生素、脱水红霉素和罗红霉素平均回收率为50%—80%,其余抗生素的平均回收率为82%—119%,12种抗生素在污泥中的定量限为0.001—0.008μg·kg~(-1)dw.并用该法对天津市某污水处理厂污泥样品进行检测,证明该方法可满足实际检测要求.     

土壤中残留对硫磷和甲基对硫磷的高效液相色谱分析

本文介绍一种简介、快速的前处理和反相高效液相色谱法对土壤样品中残留的对硫磷和甲基对硫磷进行定量分析，样品添加回收率分别为８２％和８６％，最小检测浓度为０．１ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１。     

自动荧光法测定大气及其降水中的过氧化氢

最近几年发展起一种测定大气及其降水中过氧化氢的分析技术,其基本原理是过氧化氢在过氧化酶催化下与对羟基苯乙酸(POPHA)反应生成具有荧光的POPHA的二聚物,为了区分样品中的过氧化氢和有机过氧化物,建立了一种新型的双通道化学流动体系,能分别测定总的过氧化物浓度和有机过氧化物浓度,过氧化氢浓度就是两者测定值的差值。荧光物质的检测使用了常规的荧光检测技术,降水样品的检测限量达到0.4ppb,气相样品的检测限量达到30ppt,对体系进行了环境中各种可能干扰因素的实验,未发现任何干扰。     

多氯代二恶英在土壤表面的紫外光解研究

本文利用５００Ｗ中压汞灯研究了二恶英在干燥土壤中的紫外光解，根据光解结果计算了土壤中二恶英的降解深度，并分析了五氯代二恶英（ＰｅＣＤＤ）的光解产物，结果表明，二恶英在土表面发生了较快的光解反应，反应在２ｈ内基本完成，降解深度为０．０２７ｍｍ，对ＰｅＣＣＤ光解产物的分析结果显示，二恶英在土壤表面紫外光降解的主要途径为脱氯，而且脱氯优先发生在邻位下。     

离子色谱法测定饮用水和面包中的溴酸根

选用ＡＳ９－ＨＣ高容量阴离子交换色谱柱,不需处理除去干扰离子,可直接进样。测定了两种水样,其中一种检出溴酸根,方法检出根０．００５ｍｇ．１＾－１水样加标回收率９１．３－９３．４％。采用全新的自动化样品处理技术－加速溶剂萃取萃取面包中的溴酸根。经ＡＳ９－ＳＣ阴离子交换色谱柱分离,选择最佳淋洗条件。电导检测,方法检 ０．０７ｍｇ．１＾－１,对十二种市售包进行测定,均未检出溴酸根,样品加标回收率７９．９     

衡阳市菜园使用的商品有机肥和有机废弃物中重金属含量状况调查

对衡阳市菜园使用的12个有机肥样品中的Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd、Ni、Hg和As的指标进行检测,样品中重金属总As、总Hg、总Pb、总Cd、总Cr等的含量按照中国NY525—2012有机肥料重金属限量指标,总Ni、总Cu、总Zn重金属参照德国腐熟堆肥中重金属限量标准进行分析,结果表明,除牛粪、菜籽饼肥外,有9个样品均发现有超限量值的重金属成分,超标样品数占总样品数的75%,超标的重金属成分以Cu和Zn较为普遍,分别占样品总数的75%和41.7%.而在超标程度方面,有两个样品的中的Cu和两个样品中的Cr均为严重超标.这些肥料使用不当,对菜园土和蔬菜品质产生不良影响,应给予关注.     

高容量阳离子分离柱-IonPac CS16

在现代分析领域中,高浓度基体中痕量组分的测定始终是一个棘手的问题．应用离子色谱测定高浓度基体中的痕量离子,由于受到分离柱交换容量的限制,样品不能直接大量进样分析．一般需要先进行样品前处理或通过柱切换技术,除去大量的干扰离子和浓缩痕量被测离子,然后再对样品进行分离测定．以上方法不仅操作复杂费时,而且影响结果准确度的因素较多．     

Research on low emission MSW gasification and melting system

In order to eliminate secondary pollution caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, a MSW gasification and melting process is proposed. The process is expected to reduce the emission of pollutants, especially heavy-metals and dioxins. In this paper, the combustible components of MSW and simulated MSW were gasified in a lab-scale fluidized bed at 400°C–700°C when the excess air ratio (ER) was between 0.2 and 0.8. The experimental results indicated that the MSW could be gasified effectively in a fluidized bed at approximately 600°C–700°C when excess air ratio was 0.2–0.4. The melting characteristics of two typical fly ash samples from MSW incinerators were investigated. The results indicated that fly ash of pure MSW incineration could be melted at approximately 1,300°C and that of MSW and coal co-combustion could be melted at approximately 1,400°C. When temperature was over 1,100°C, more than 99.9% of the dioxins could be decomposed and most of the heavy-metals could be solidified in the slag. Based on the above experiments, two feasible MSW gasification and melting processes were proposed for low calorific value MSW: (1) sieved MSW gasification and melting system, which was based on an idea of multi-recycle; (2) gasification and melting scheme of MSW adding coal as assistant fuel.     

水体中隐孢子虫卵囊的检出及其活力分析

从水中检测隐孢子虫卵囊是评价水源传播人类隐孢子虫病风险的第一步，从水中检出的卵囊的活力需要进行测定才能估计水源爆发的真正风险，应用聚丙烯盒式过滤器和美国环保局（USEPA）1622过滤方法的囊式过滤器（Gelman,Michigan,USA)，分别过滤了当地（法国鲁昂）的环境水和供给水，并用免疫磁分离技术（IMS）进行分离。用免疫荧光检测法（IFA）从浓缩的水样中检测到了隐孢子虫卵囊。环境水中的卵囊浓度是每升水中0.12-2.7个卵囊；供给水中的卵囊浓度是每升水中0.03-0.06个卵囊，用新生小鼠模型初步评价了检出卵囊的感染力。结果证明了隐孢子虫卵囊在环境中尤其是水中的广泛分布；同时表明，评估水源传播的隐孢子虫病的风险时，不仅要从水中检出卵囊，而且要测定检出的卵囊的活力。表1参22。     

Capacity estimation and preliminary strategy for reducing the release of dioxins in China

As a party of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, China must submit its national implementation plan (NIP) for this convention. The strategy and action plan for reducing the release of dioxins in China are the most important components of the NIP. Three problems are key points for developing such strategy and action plan—what are the key sources for applying the best available technology/best environmental practice (BAT/BEP) to reduce the release of dioxins? How about the capacity for reducing the dioxins release from the key sources? Where are the areas of priority for applying BAT/BEP? This paper shows the efforts towards the solution of these problems. The list of key sources covering about half of the total dioxins release was determined considering four criteria. The capacity of key sources were estimated based on the difference between the emission factor corresponding to the actual situation in 2004 and that corresponding to the scenario that all key sources have been applied BAT/BEP to reduce the dioxins release. The priority analysis using the geographical information system (GIS) tool has revealed that castern provinces should be of high priority in the future reduction activities of dioxins release in China.     

Variability in the chemistry of private drinking water supplies and the impact of domestic treatment systems on water quality

Tap water from 497 properties using private water supplies, in an area of metalliferous and arsenic mineralisation (Cornwall, UK), was measured to assess the extent of compliance with chemical drinking water quality standards, and how this is influenced by householder water treatment decisions. The proportion of analyses exceeding water quality standards were high, with 65 % of tap water samples exceeding one or more chemical standards. The highest exceedances for health-based standards were nitrate (11 %) and arsenic (5 %). Arsenic had a maximum observed concentration of 440 µg/L. Exceedances were also high for pH (47 %), manganese (12 %) and aluminium (7 %), for which standards are set primarily on aesthetic grounds. However, the highest observed concentrations of manganese and aluminium also exceeded relevant health-based guidelines. Significant reductions in concentrations of aluminium, cadmium, copper, lead and/or nickel were found in tap waters where households were successfully treating low-pH groundwaters, and similar adventitious results were found for arsenic and nickel where treatment was installed for iron and/or manganese removal, and successful treatment specifically to decrease tap water arsenic concentrations was observed at two properties where it was installed. However, 31 % of samples where pH treatment was reported had pH < 6.5 (the minimum value in the drinking water regulations), suggesting widespread problems with system maintenance. Other examples of ineffectual treatment are seen in failed responses post-treatment, including for nitrate. This demonstrates that even where the tap waters are considered to be treated, they may still fail one or more drinking water quality standards. We find that the degree of drinking water standard exceedances warrant further work to understand environmental controls and the location of high concentrations. We also found that residents were more willing to accept drinking water with high metal (iron and manganese) concentrations than international guidelines assume. These findings point to the need for regulators to reinforce the guidance on drinking water quality standards to private water supply users, and the benefits to long-term health of complying with these, even in areas where treated mains water is widely available.     

类二噁英物质及芳香烃受体(AhR)介导的有害结局路径(AOP)研究进展

二噁英及类二噁英物质(dioxin-like compounds,DLCs)是一类高毒性化合物的统称,对其毒理学的研究一直都是备受关注的焦点。已有证据表明,高毒二噁英及DLCs主要通过激活芳香烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AhR),进而导致一系列生物毒性。近年来越来越多的新型有机污染物被发现具有类二噁英分子结构并存在潜在生物毒性或活性。与此同时,如何评估二噁英及DLCs对本土生态生物的危害及其风险也受到更多关注。本文综述了近几年发现的新型二噁英物质、二噁英及DLCs的AhR致毒机制、相应的有害结局路径(adverse outcome pathway,AOP)及AOP在指导探索新型物质及物种敏感性方面上的新观点和发现,同时也展望了二噁英及DLCs在生态毒理及风险评估领域的未来研究方向。     

空气整段间隔流动注射-催化动力学光度法测定天然水中痕量钒

应用空气整段间隔流动注射法与改进的钒-溴酸钾-没食子酸催化动力学反应体系相结合,建立了测定天然水体中痕量钒的催化动力学光度FIA法。通过使用一个自制的进样阀,使样品带在反应管道中的留存时间得到延长,加热允许温度得到提高。在温度80℃,反应留存时间4.75min条件下,可测定0—10ppb的钒,检出限达0.1ppb。测定2ppb钒样品时,RSD为2.7％(n=10),测定频率达90次/h,方法的平均回收率在80—109％之间。     

Characterization of environmental water samples using strontium and lead stable isotope compositions

A simple procedure using both cation and anion exchange chromatography has been applied in the study of lead and strontium isotope composition in rain and stream water samples from remote catchments in Scotland. Whereas the soil released strontium to stream waters, lead was removed from rain water and the concentrations in stream waters were very low. Highly precise analysis by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry proved necessary in the determination of strontium isotope composition. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio in rain water was close to that of marine strontium but the ratios in stream waters were constant and highly characteristic for the stream. In the case of the stream at the Sourhope site, the ratio (0.70798 ± 0.00005) was less than that in rain water and probably resulted from the weathering of one specific mineral. The results suggested that the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios could be used as a stable isotope tracer of waters and to provide information on the weathering processes. Two major anthropogenic components of lead were identified in water samples. One had its origin in petrol additives whereas the other was probably of industrial origin. The low ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios observed in stream waters confirmed the lead as being of anthropogenic origin and the data suggested that there was a movement, albeit very small, of lead from the soil to waters.     

多势派氯代二噁在土壤表面的紫外光解研究

本文利用500W中压汞灯研究了二(口恶)(口英)在干燥土壤中的紫外光解.根据光解结果计算了土壤中二(口恶)(口英)的降解深度,并分析了五氯代二(口恶)(口英)(PeCDD)的光解产物.结果表明,二(口恶)(口英)在土壤表面发生了较快的光解反应,反应在2h内基本完成,降解深度为0.027mm.对PeCDD光解产物的分析结果显示,二(口恶)(口英)在土壤表面紫外光降解的主要途径为脱氯,而且脱氯优先发生在邻位上.     

白腐菌对3种含氯二(噁)(口英)类物质的降解作用

探讨了白腐菌射脉侧菌Phlebia radiateI-5-6对3种含氯量不同的二类物质———二苯并呋喃(DF)、2,7-二氯二苯并二(2,7-diCDD)和八氯二苯并呋喃(OCDF)的降解情况,并研究了不同培养条件对二降解的影响.在液体混合培养基中,在培养期内P.radiataI-5-6对3种二类物质的降解量分别为:DF>2,7-diCDD>OCDF;在培养的初始阶段,白腐菌对珠江江水/CEH漂白废水的加入需要一个适应期,然后开始降解这些污染物质.实验表明,在江水/CEH漂白废水处于一定浓度时,污染底物有更大的降解量;选择适当的培养基,可影响白腐菌对二类污染物的降解量.图3表3参17     

Estimation and optimization operation in dealing with inflow and infiltration of a hybrid sewerage system in limited infrastructure facility data

Inflow and infiltration (I/I) are serious problems in hybrid sewerage systems. Limited sewerage information impedes the estimation accuracy of I/I for each catchment. A new method dealing with I/I of a large-scale hybrid sewerage system with limited infrastructure facility data is proposed in this study. The catchment of representative pump stations was adopted to demonstrate the homological catchments that have similar wastewater fluctuation characteristics. Homological catchments were clustered using the self-organizing map (SOM) analysis based on long-term daily flow records of 50 pumping stations. An assessment index was applied to describe the I/I and overflow risk in the catchment based on the hourly wastewater quality and quantity data of representative pump stations. The potential operational strategy of homological catchments was determined by the assessment index of representative pump stations. The simulation results of the potential operational strategy indicated that the optimized operation strategy could reduce surcharge events and significantly improve the quality of wastewater treatment plant effluent.

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