网络音乐作品著作权的保护的几点建议

在数字作品著作权越来越频繁受到侵犯的今天,如何对其进行有效的保护,维护著作权人的利益,给法律提出了更高的要求.因此,来阐述与著作权保护相关的几个理论问题,提出对网络音乐作品保护的几点建议,以形成一个以保护音乐作品著作权人利益为宗旨的保护体制.     

天然湿地在湖泊生态系统保护中的研究进展

湖泊是地球上珍贵的淡水资源来源研究之一.但由于人类对湖泊过度开发,不良利用,导致湖泊污染严重,湖泊生态功能被破坏.随着对湖泊生态系统保护的深入,湿地的重要性被广泛认可.本文详细论述了天然湿地具有削减湖内污染物,维护湖泊生物多样性,涵养水源,固定碳源,气候调节,土壤保持等作用,在湖泊生态系统保护中具有重要意义.分析了目前我国天然湿地存在面积锐减,湿地景观丧失严重等一系列问题,在此基础上提出了一些有效开展湿地保护的对策,希望以此引起相关管理部门及研究者的更多关注.     

城市绿地土壤呼吸时空变异及其影响因素

2012年7月-2012年12月,采用LI—COR-8100测定了柳树、圆柏和杏树3种北京绿化树木的土壤呼吸速率,并分析了生物因子和非生物因子对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明：3个树种的土壤呼吸速率平均值为：柳树3．53μmol／（m2·s）,圆柏2．68μmol（m2·s）,杏树2．38μmol／（m2·s）;3种树木土壤呼吸速率呈现相似的月动态,与温度呈极显著指数相关,而与土壤水分相关性不显著。8月柳树和圆柏的土壤呼吸显著高于杏树;9月柳树的土壤呼吸显著高于圆柏和杏树;10—11月3种树木之间差异性不显著。8—9月土壤呼吸速率和温度、树木胸径、总碳、总氮、有机碳及硝态氮显著相关,而与碳氮比、叶面积指数呈极显著负相关。逐步回归分析表明,8—9月间3种树木的土壤呼吸主要受到树木胸径和叶面积指数的影响,模型解释率为42．0％（p=0．001）。     

特大降雪灾害对淮南市园林绿化树木损害的特征

2018年1月初发生特大降雪后,对淮南市4种类型的城市绿地中树木雪灾受损情况进行了调查。将受损树木分为6个受损类型,确定所有胸径(地径)高于6 cm受损树木的受损等级;分析不同生长型(常绿/落叶)树种的受损特征,利用Pearson相关分析,分析胸径(地径)、树高以及树冠重叠度与树木受损之间的关系;计算不同树种受损指数,并利用单因素方差分析判断不同树种受损指数之间的差异。结果表明,调查范围内树木受损较严重,有23种5 181株树木存在不同程度的受损,轻度受损、中度受损和重度受损个体占总受损个体比例分别为36.15%、44.53%和19.32%;生长型(常绿/落叶)是影响树木受损的重要因素,常绿树种在各个受损等级均高于落叶树种;随着胸径的增加,树木受损的比例先减小后增大,胸径(地径)与断枝少个体的比例呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与严重断枝或断梢和折断个体的比例呈极显著负相关(P0.01);树木的损伤比例随树高增大而降低,但断枝多、断梢等损伤程度高的比例有增加的趋势。矮树主要为压弯和折断,中、高树主要为断枝;树冠重叠度与树木中度受损呈显著正相关(r=0.824,P0.01),重叠度低的树木易发生压弯、折断和倒伏,重叠度高的易发生断枝。受损比例高于40%的6个树种间的受损指数差异显著(P0.05),香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)的受损指数最高(ID=0.42),与其他5个树种之间均存在显著差异。该研究对绿化树种的选择及突发暴雪灾害中树种的管理和保护具有一定参考意义。     

会议信息

摩尔多瓦生态、建筑和国土开发部用罗马尼亚语和俄语出版了《摩尔多瓦保护臭氧层的国际法和国家法》，本书包括政府法令、国家淘汰ODS的计划，关于许可制度和相关进口、出口和使用行为的国家法律。     

湖南省沅陵县古树名木生存状态调查研究

古树名木是一个地方悠久历史的见证,是大自然留给人类珍贵的自然遗产,具有较高的观赏价值与科研价值.沅陵县有古树名木43科82属118种,5942株,分析了沅陵县现存的古树名木群树种结构、地域分布、保护级别及生长势,结合沅陵县实际存在的一些问题,提出了相应的保护建议.     

低温胁迫对6种珍贵树种苗木光合荧光特性的影响

以格木（Erythrophleum fordii）、降香黄檀（Dalbergia odorifera）、闽楠（Phoebe bournei）檀香（Santalum album）、铁刀木（Cassia siamea）和樟树（Cinnamomum camphora）6种珍贵树种苗木为研究对象,分析自然降温过程中苗木相对叶绿素含量、气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数等指标的变化,探讨低温胁迫对这6种苗木光合荧光特性的影响,并利用隶属函数法对6种珍贵树种耐寒能力进行了评价,以期了解这几种植物的抗寒能力差异及低温对其光合能力的影响,为扩大引种和栽培提供依据。结果表明,与对照相比,低温胁迫下6种珍贵树种苗木净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）均有不同程度的下降,其中,格木、降香黄檀、闽楠、檀香、铁刀木净光合效率的下降很大程度上来源于非气孔因素抑制,而樟树净光合速率下降可能来源于气孔限制因素。闽楠、檀香和樟树水分利用效率（WUE）呈上升趋势,而格木与降香黄檀WUE均有不同程度的降低,表明闽楠、檀香和樟树能较好地协调碳同化和水分耗散。低温胁迫下6种珍贵树种Fm均有所下降,表明低温可对珍贵树种苗木叶片PSII反应中心的电子传递潜力产生明显的抑制,致使珍贵树种PSII的光能转换效率降低。降香黄檀、闽楠、檀香、铁刀木和樟树经历2次低温胁迫后qP呈现出持续下降的趋势,表明珍贵树种PSII反应中心的开放程度降低。在2次低温胁迫间格木、降香黄檀、闽楠和铁刀木qN差异不显著（p〉0.05）,表明珍贵树种具有过剩光能耗散机制,保护光合机构免受破坏。相关性分析结果表明,Pn与Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、qP、qN、ETR和Fm存在极显著相关关系（p〈0.01）,表明Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、qP、qN、ETR和Fm均可作为衡量植物光合能力的参数。隶属函数法分析结果表明,6种珍贵树种抗寒能力依次为格木〉樟树〉闽楠=檀香=铁刀木〉降香黄檀。总之,?     

天山东部西伯利亚落叶松径向生长对气候的响应及其物候模拟

运用树轮气候学方法,探讨天山东部不同海拔西伯利亚落叶松(Larix sibirica)径向生长与气候因素和气候生态指标的关系,并借助VS-oscilloscope模型对落叶松的生长季物候进行模拟研究.结果显示:(1)上限树木径向生长与3月降水呈显著正相关,与7、8月气温呈显著负相关(P 0.05),下限树木径向生长与8、9月气温呈显著负相关(P 0.05),与降水相关性不显著.(2)上下限树木生长与春季降水和夏季气温的相关性分别呈显著正相关和显著负相关(P 0.05),与湿润指数的相关性呈显著正相关(P 0.05).(3)VS-oscilloscope模型模拟结果显示:上下限落叶松平均每年生长季开始都提前了0.39 d,生长季结束都推迟了0.21 d,生长季长度都延长了0.60 d,上下限树木径向生长与生长季开始和结束的相关性分别是0.361(P 0.01)和0.318(P 0.05).(4)上下限树木生长季开始时间大多与气温呈负相关,而结束时间大多与气温呈正相关,降水对树木生长季物候的影响并不显著(P 0.05).本研究表明海拔差异明显影响树木径向生长对单月气候的响应,而对季节性气候因子和气候生态指数的响应影响不明显;温度对树木生长季物候的影响较为明显,且海拔差异不能影响温度对树木生长季物候的限制;本研究结果有助于更加深入地了解气候变化对森林生态系统的影响,可为天山地区气候因子重建提供一定生理背景支持.(图8表5参48)     

遗传资源数字序列信息议题的发展动态和中国选择

遗传资源数字序列信息是近年来合成生物学突飞猛进和DNA测序便捷化的产物。遗传资源数字序列信息相关的法律问题吸引了国际组织和国家的广泛讨论。数字序列信息利用的广泛性和普遍性对保护生物多样性产生积极影响,同时也给遗传资源的获取和惠益分享带来挑战。数字序列信息的术语确定、内容范围和如何使用的争论体现了发达国家和发展中国家之间在数字序列信息的法律属性认定和惠益分享方面存在的分歧。我国应利用缔约方大会谈判推动进程,在国际谈判中将数字序列信息放在《名古屋议定书》框架下讨论,将其解释为"遗传资源",对数字序列信息的测序和存储解释为"利用遗传资源"。《生物遗传资源获取与惠益分享管理条例(草案)》中不应过分强调利用生物遗传资源的物理材料以及有形性,而应该注重保护与遗传资源相关的信息或数据,整合和新建数字序列信息数据库。     

论构建我国资源安全保障的法律体系

资源安全是国家安全的重要组成部分,建构资源安全保障的法律体系具有十分重要的意义。文章从我国资源安全保障立法的现状出发,指出我国资源安全保障法律体系的指导思想是可持续发展观和科学的资源安全观,我国资源安全法律保障体系的整体框架应当包括保护自然资源系统的法律法规、合理开发战略性资源的法律法规、适度消费与高效利用资源的法律法规、利用国际市场与规避贸易风险的资源安全的法律法规、协调资源供给利用与净化资源安全管理的法律法规,并且我国资源安全保障具体法律制度应当从上述方面加以构建和完善。此外,构建我国资源安全法律保障具体制度还应当制定资源安全预警制度、资源安全押金制度、采取积极的资源安全激励措施等相关配套法律法规,从而保障我国资源安全保障法律的体系的完整与有效实施。     

The high cost of mutualism: effects of four species of East African ant symbionts on their myrmecophyte host tree

Three recent meta-analyses of protective plant-ant mutualisms report a surprisingly weak relationship between herbivore protection and measured demographic benefits to ant-plants, suggesting high tolerance for herbivory, substantial costs of ant-mediated defense, and/or benefits that are realized episodically rather than continuously. Experimental manipulations of protective ant-plant associations typically last for less than a year, yet virtually all specialized myrmecophytes are long-lived perennials for which the costs and benefits of maintaining ant symbionts could accrue at different rates over the host's lifetime. To complement long-term monitoring studies, we experimentally excluded each of four ant symbionts from their long-lived myrmecophyte host trees (Acacia drepanolobium) for 4.5 years. Ant species varied in their effectiveness against herbivores and in their effects on intermediate-term growth and reproduction, but the level of herbivore protection provided was a poor predictor of the net impact they had on host trees. Removal of the three Crematogaster species resulted in cumulative gains in host tree growth and/or reproduction over the course of the experiment, despite the fact that two of those species significantly reduce chronic herbivore damage. In contrast, although T. penzigi is a relatively poor defender, the low cost of maintaining this ant symbiont apparently eliminated negative impacts on overall tree growth and reproduction, resulting in enhanced allocation to new branch growth by the final census. Acacia drepanolobium is evidently highly tolerant of herbivory by insects and small browsers, and the costs of maintaining Crematogaster colonies exceeded the benefits received during the study. No experimental trees were killed by elephants, but elephant damage was uniquely associated with reduced tree growth, and at least one ant species (C. mimosae) strongly deterred elephant browsing. We hypothesize that rare but catastrophic damage by elephants may be more important than chronic herbivory in maintaining the costly myrmecophyte habit in this system.     

会稽山古香榧群农业多功能价值评估

香榧（Torreya grandis cv.Merrillii）是我国古老的原产树种和世界稀有的经济树种,目前会稽山古香榧群已列为全球重要农业文化遗产和中国重要农业文化遗产候选地.利用农业多功能多维评价模型并结合会稽山古香榧群的特点,从经济功能、生物多样性保护功能、农业景观保留功能、农业文化传承功能和生态环境保护功能5个方面,对会稽山古香榧群进行综合评价.结果表明,会稽山古香榧群的农业文化传承功能指数值最高,为1,生态环境保护功能和农业景观保留功能指数分别为0.85和0.43,经济功能值和生物多样性保护功能指数值比较低,分别为0.25和0.29.说明会稽山古香榧群的主导功能是农业文化传承功能,其次是生态环境保护功能和农业景观保留功能.     

Protection versus culture-driven exploitation of wild plant resources: the case on Changbai Mountain

Under Chinese culture it is believed that herbal medicine is always safe and wild food is always healthy. Generally, the rarer a plant, the higher its value. The booming economy in China has promoted tourism development in wilderness areas and wild medicinal and food plants are part of the attraction to tourists. Conflicts between wild plant exploitation and protection have emerged in many parts of China, such as Changbai Mountain. Changbai Mountain supports numerous medicinal and food plants but many have become rare and endangered. This paper numerically evaluates 30 plant species that have relatively high conservation value for each type (medicinal, ornamental and food), and briefly describes the uses of four to five top ranked species per type that need more protection on Changbai Mountain. This paper also addresses some tree species with important timber values on Changbai Mountain. Over 90% of China's medicinal, ornamental and food plant species, as well as valuable timber trees are found in the conifer–broadleaf mixed forest zone across the boundary of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve. It is a major challenge to protect the native biodiversity of mixed forest on Changbai Mountain and more efforts need to be made to protect rare and endangered plant species with high economic value.     

昆嵛山盐肤木RhuschinensisMill．群落特征及其物种多样性

根据野外典型样方调查结果,以群落植物种类组成、群落外貌特征、群落垂直结构特征、群落多样性几项指标,分析山东半岛昆嵛山国家级自然保护区盐肤木Rhuschinensis群落特征。结果表明：盐肤木群落共出现种子植物66种,隶属于32科57属。在盐肤木群落属的区系组成中,群落植物主要由温带区系和热带区系成分组成,其中温带植物属占显著优势,其次为热带分布属,说明该群落具有明显的温带性质,并具有过渡特征。群落层次分明,有乔木层、灌木层、草本层3个层次,各层次的优势种依次为盐肤木和赤松Pinusdensiflora、麻栎Quercusacutissima、披针叶苔草Carexlanceolata。盐肤木群落的物种多样性由高到低依次为灌木层、乔木层、草本层,低均匀度导致物种丰富度最高的草本层具有最低的物种多样性。调查显示盐肤木幼苗幼树多,自我更新良好,群落处于稳定增长状态。通过对群落特征和物种多样性的研究,揭示了昆嵛山盐肤木群落的自然生态规律,为保护和开发利用盐肤木提供了科学依据。     

Assessing the Effectiveness of Reserve Acquisition Programs in Protecting Rare and Threatened Species

Abstract:  Measuring the effectiveness of reserve networks is essential to ensure that conservation objectives such as species persistence are being met. We devised a new approach for measuring the effectiveness of land conservation in protecting rare and threatened species and applied it to an ecosystem of global significance. We compiled detailed global distributional data for 36 rare and threatened plants and animals found in the Lake Wales Ridge ecosystem in central Florida (U.S.A.). For each species, we developed a set of protection indices based in part on criteria used to categorize species for the World Conservation Union's Red List. We calculated protection indexes under three different conservation scenarios: a past scenario, which assumed recent, major land-acquisition efforts never occurred; a current scenario, which assumed no additional areas are saved beyond what is currently protected; and a targeted scenario, which assumed all of the remaining areas targeted for protection are eventually acquired. This approach enabled us to quantify the progress, in terms of reduced risk of extinction, that conservationists have made in protecting target species. It also revealed the limited success these land-acquisition efforts have had in reducing those extinction risks associated with loss of habitat or small geographic ranges. Many species of the Lake Wales Ridge will remain at high risk of extinction even if planned land-acquisition efforts are completely successful. By calculating protection indexes with and without each site for all imperiled species, we also quantified the contribution of each protected area to the conservation of each species, enabling local conservation decisions to be made in the context of a larger (global) perspective. The protection index approach can be adapted readily to other ecosystems with multiple rare and threatened species.     

Incorporating differences between genetic diversity of trees and herbaceous plants in conservation strategies

Reviews that summarize the genetic diversity of plant species in relation to their life history and ecological traits show that forest trees have more genetic diversity at population and species levels than annuals or herbaceous perennials. In addition, among-population genetic differentiation is significantly lower in trees than in most herbaceous perennials and annuals. Possible reasons for these differences between trees and herbaceous perennials and annuals have not been discussed critically. Several traits, such as high rates of outcrossing, long-distance pollen and seed dispersal, large effective population sizes (N_e), arborescent stature, low population density, longevity, overlapping generations, and occurrence in late successional communities, may make trees less sensitive to genetic bottlenecks and more resistant to habitat fragmentation or climate change. We recommend that guidelines for genetic conservation strategies be designed differently for tree species versus other types of plant species. Because most tree species fit an LH scenario (low [L] genetic differentiation and high [H] genetic diversity), tree seeds could be sourced from a few populations distributed across the species’ range. For the in situ conservation of trees, translocation is a viable option to increase N_e. In contrast, rare herbaceous understory species are frequently HL (high differentiation and low diversity) species. Under the HL scenario, seeds should be taken from many populations with high genetic diversity. In situ conservation efforts for herbaceous plants should focus on protecting habitats because the typically small populations of these species are vulnerable to the loss of genetic diversity. The robust allozyme genetic diversity databases could be used to develop conservation strategies for species lacking genetic information. As a case study of reforestation with several tree species in denuded areas on the Korean Peninsula, we recommend the selection of local genotypes as suitable sources to prevent adverse effects and to insure the successful restoration in the long term.     

Past and Present Effectiveness of Protected Areas for Conservation of Naturally and Anthropogenically Rare Plant Species

Abstract:  The Global Strategy of Plant Conservation states that at least 60% of threatened plant species should be within protected areas. This goal has been met in some regions with long traditions of plant protection. We used gap analysis to explore how particular groups of species of conservation interest, representing different types of natural or anthropogenic rarity, have been covered by protected areas on a national scale in Estonia during the last 100 years. Species-accumulation curves indicated that plant species that are naturally rare (restricted global or local distribution, always small populations, or very rare habitat requirements) needed almost twice as many protected areas to reach the 60% target as plant species that are rare owing to lack of suitable management (species depending on grassland management, moderate forest disturbances, extensive traditional agriculture, or species potentially threatened by collecting). Temporal analysis of the establishment of protected areas suggested that grouping plant species according to the predominant cause of rarity accurately reflected the history of conservation decision making. Species found in very rare habitats have previously received special conservation attention; species dependent on traditional extensive agriculture have been largely ignored until recently. Legislative initiative and new nature-protection schemes (e.g., Natura 2000, network of protected areas in the European Union) have had a positive influence on all species groups. Consequently, the species groups needing similar action for their conservation are sensitive indicators of the effectiveness of protected-area networks. Different species groups, however, may not be uniformly conserved within protected areas, and all species groups should fulfill the target of 60% coverage within protected areas.     

农村经济活动对云南野生稻居群的影响

云南野生稻包括普通野生稻(O.rufipogon Griff)、疣粒野生稻(O.meyeriana Baill)和药用野生稻(O.officinalis Wall),是属于全国仅存的几处宝贵基因资源库之一。野生稻具有许多优良特性及其相应的基因,在栽培稻育种和生物技术利用等方面具有巨大的潜力。文章在对云南野生稻居群长期调查或考察的基础上,分析了云南野生稻居群濒危的现状,认为热区经济开发、游牧、木材消耗、采集草药、外来种入侵和环境污染等农村经济活动是致濒的主要因素。阐明了选择合理的保护方法、加大普法和执法力度、完善保护体制与运行机制、调整种植结构是当前云南野生稻居群保护管理与经济协调发展的四项重点措施。     

Spatial patterns reveal negative density dependence and habitat associations in tropical trees

Understanding how plant species coexist in tropical rainforests is one of the biggest challenges in community ecology. One prominent hypothesis suggests that rare species are at an advantage because trees have lower survival in areas of high conspecific density due to increased attack by natural enemies, a process known as negative density dependence (NDD). A consensus is emerging that NDD is important for plant-species coexistence in tropical forests. Most evidence comes from short-term studies, but testing the prediction that NDD decreases the spatial aggregation of tree populations provides a long-term perspective. While spatial distributions have provided only weak evidence for NDD so far, the opposing effects of environmental heterogeneity might have confounded previous analyses. Here we use a novel statistical technique to control for environmental heterogeneity while testing whether spatial aggregation decreases with tree size in four tropical forests. We provide evidence for NDD in 22% of the 139 tree species analyzed and show that environmental heterogeneity can obscure the spatial signal of NDD. Environmental heterogeneity contributed to aggregation in 84% of species. We conclude that both biotic interactions and environmental heterogeneity play crucial roles in shaping tree dynamics in tropical forests.     

危害三倍体毛白杨的害虫种类、发生与防治研究

在湘南紫色岩试验区,为探讨害虫对三倍体毛白杨造林的影响,于2001~2004年间对危害该树种的害虫种类、发生规律、优势种群等进行了调查研究.结果表明,危害三倍体毛白杨的害虫共有49种,其中蛀干害虫桑天牛Apriona germari(Hope)为当地三倍体毛白杨上的主要害虫,直接影响该树种的生长,是制约三倍体毛白杨在该地区造林的关键因素;分月扇舟蛾C lostera anastom osis(L innaeus)为食叶害虫的优势种.考虑到虫害因素,不宜提倡在这些地方栽种不抗天牛危害的三倍体毛白杨.