京杭运河江苏段底栖动物群落结构调查

通过2018年5月在京杭运河江苏段布设23个采样点调查底栖动物群落结构和生境状况,并用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数评价底栖动物多样性,用聚类法分析采样点底栖动物群落结构相似性,用ANOSIM分析检验聚类组差异性,用SIMPER对聚类组作主要特征物种分析。结果显示:23个采样点共采集底栖动物42种,其中甲壳纲4种、软体动物16种、多毛纲2种、蛭纲2种、昆虫纲4种(均为摇蚊类)、寡毛纲14种。聚类分析将23个采样点分成4组,ANOSIM分析检验表明各聚类组底栖动物群落结构具有显著差异(p<0.05),底质类型和水生植被等生境状况是影响京杭运河江苏段底栖动物群落结构的重要原因。     

京杭运河苏州市区段大型底栖动物种群结构特征与评价

对京杭运河苏州市区段4个点位进行了底栖动物群落结构和多样性进行多年研究,并进行了水质评价。结果表明,底栖动物共12种,寡毛类的克拉泊水丝蚓为各点位的优势种;从时间尺度来看,S1点位的物种种类数量从2008年开始明显增加,软体类物种出现,种群密度也在增加,生物污染指数下降,水质明显改善;从空间尺度来看,京杭运河苏州市区段上游和中游物种种类数量要多于下游和老运河城区段,下游水质有所下降。     

广西贝江大型底栖动物群落结构时空分布特征

为了解贝江大型底栖动物群落结构特征并对其水质进行生物学评价,于2015年1、8月对贝江流域17个采样点进行了调查,共采集大型底栖动物146个分类单元,隶属于8纲20目52科,其中昆虫纲所占比例最高(86.99%),软体动物次之(6.16%)。贝江底栖动物群落结构存在季节性差异,群落数量特征和结构复杂性均表现为冬季夏季。无度量多维标定排序和ANOSIM分析发现,贝江流域冬季和夏季底栖动物群落组成存在显著差异(r=0.26,P0.001)。群落相似性分析表明,贝江底栖动物存在显著的空间差异,整个流域可以分为2组,组1基本分布在自然河段,组2主要包括电站采样点和贝江下游采样点,各组间差异显著(P0.01)。底栖动物功能摄食类群以集食者(55%)和撕食者为主(16%),其次为滤食者(14%)和捕食者(11%),刮食者(4%)所占比例较小。水质评价结果显示,Shannon-Wiener生物多样性指数(H′)评价贝江水质为轻污-清洁。Hilsenhoff生物指数(BI)评价贝江流域水质属于清洁,与实际水质情况最接近。总体上,贝江流域自然河段底栖动物群落结构复杂多样,整体水质清洁。     

辽宁大伙房水库水质生态学监测的研究

1961～1996年对大伙房水库6个站进行了不同季节浮游植物、底栖动物群落特征的生态调查.共发现藻类8门,174种,底栖动物34种,分析了水生生物种类组成,数量变化和生物演替.水质生态学评价结果表明,大伙房水库只受到轻度污染,水质等级为2级.     

长江干流南京段底栖动物群落特征及环境因子相关性研究

于2019-2021年春、秋季在长江干流南京段设置6个调查点位对水体理化因子、底栖动物群落特征开展调查研究。采用典范对应分析方法(CCA)分析了底栖动物与环境因子的响应关系。结果表明,共检出35种底栖动物,分属3门6纲12目19科30属,昆虫纲为优势纲。各监测点位的底栖动物检出种类数相差较大,最多检出21种,最少检出11种。春季优势种为霍甫水丝蚓,秋季优势种为齿吻沙蚕。底栖动物物种密度为2~176个/m^(2),春季的底栖动物平均密度(139个/m^(2))略高于秋季(125个/m^(2)),底栖动物平均密度年度排序为:2019年>2020年>2021年。各监测点位的香农威纳(Shannon-Wiener)多样性指数为2.9~3.5,水质状况处于良好和优秀之间。CCA分析结果表明,高锰酸盐指数和溶解氧对南京段底栖动物群落结构物种时空分布影响较大且大部分群落特征物种分布在含氮营养盐较低的水域,高浓度的含氮营养盐已经对南京段底栖动物产生了负面影响。     

滆湖大型底栖动物群落分布和氮磷因子的相关分析

于2012年12月—2013年11月对滆湖水体进行了调查,分析了水体氮、磷及大型底栖动物的时空分布,初步探讨大型底栖动物群落结构与氮、磷环境因子的关系。结果表明,滆湖水体的ρ(TN)在冬春季较高,ρ(TP)四季的差异不大,在空间分布上,北部湖区的ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)均高于南部湖区;大型底栖动物出现频率最高的为霍甫水丝蚓和中国长足摇蚊,其丰度在时间上均表现为秋季夏季冬季春季,在空间上的规律性不明显;CCA分析表明滆湖大型底栖动物群落结构随季节变化规律显著,且氮含量是滆湖底栖动物群落结构的重要影响因子;对优势种的丰度与氮磷的相关性分析结果显示,滆湖底栖动物优势种与TN和NO_3~--N有显著的负相关关系。     

不同土地利用对溪流大型底栖无脊椎动物群落的影响

2010年4月调查了钱塘江中游区域29个样点的水环境特征和底栖动物。聚类排序将样点分为参照、农业和城镇3组,相似性分析表明不同组间底栖动物群落有显著差异(r=0.863,P=0.001)。环境因子的主成分分析表明,研究区域主要的环境胁迫是农业和城镇用地及其引起的水质变化,并能较好解释组间物种差异的关键环境胁迫因子为农业用地比例、城镇用地比例、溶解氧、总氮和平均底质得分(Rho=0.568,P=0.001)。底栖动物参数(总分类单元数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、BI指数和丰富度指数)和k-优势度曲线显示农业和城镇组的生物完整性遭到很大程度的破坏,且农业组较城镇组严重。     

西湖与青山水库底栖动物群落的研究

通过对杭州市的两个主要水体西湖和青山水库的底栖动物群落包括种类组成、优势种群、生物量等的比较研究。西湖和青山水库底栖动物群落主要由寡毛类和摇蚊幼虫组成 ,存在适应低溶氧、耐有机污染的种群。从底栖动物群落生态学角度评价了西湖和青山水库水体的营养化程度。     

入太湖河道大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

于2020年9月在太滆运河、漕桥河、徐家大塘和竺山湾布设14个监测点位,调查入太湖河道底栖动物群落结构,并采用Goodnight修正指数（GBI）、生物学污染指数（BPI）和多样性指数（H）进行水质生物学评价。结果表明,研究区域共检出底栖动物6纲18种,霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）和中国长足摇蚊（Tanypus chinensis）为优势种,生物多样性由高到低为竺山湾（H=1.20）＞徐家大塘（H=1.09）＞太滆运河（H=0.67）＞漕桥河（H=0.33）。典范对应分析显示,总氮、正磷酸盐等因子与寡毛类生物量呈正相关,叶绿素a、IMn与摇蚊幼虫生物量呈正相关。生物学评价表明,太滆运河处于中重度污染状态,漕桥河、徐家大塘和竺山湾处于中度污染状态。     

秦山岛海域大型底栖动物群落结构的季节变化

于2015—2016年在秦山岛海域开展4个航次的大型底栖动物调查,用优势度指数法和多样性指数法对底栖动物优势种和多样性状况进行评价。结果显示,四季共采集鉴定底栖动物7门69种,其中环节动物25种,软体动物19种,节肢动物16种,棘皮动物3种,脊索动物、纽形动物和腔肠动物各2种;优势种共14种。大型底栖动物种数和密度均值均为春季＞秋季＞夏季＞冬季,生物量均值为夏季＞冬季＞春季＞秋季,密度和生物量的空间分布无明显规律。多样性评价结果表明,秦山岛海域底栖动物群落受到轻度干扰,底栖环境处于轻度污染状态;除人为干扰和环境因子外,种间关系及生活史特征也是影响底栖动物群落结构变化的重要因素。     

松花江流域大型底栖动物生物完整性指数构建及其适用性

利用生物完整性指数评价河流健康状态,对于水环境管理决策具有重要的实践意义。基于大型底栖动物构建生物完整性指数(B-IBI),并评价松花江流域的水生态系统健康状况。在松花江主要干支流设定37个采样点,分别于2016年6、9月进行环境因子和大型底栖动物调查研究。最终从28个候选参数中确定了种类总数、摇蚊种类数、敏感种百分比、Hilsenhoff指数、Marglef指数作为核心参数构建B-IBI。通过0～10赋分法,计算得到了松花江流域全部采样点的生物完整性评价得分。结果显示,松花江流域内60%区域生物状态存在不同程度的损害。另外,B-IBI能够综合反映松花江大型底栖动物群落多样性、生境质量、理化水质等,具有一定的适用性。     

Land use impacts on river health of Uma Oya,Sri Lanka: implications of spatial scales

Human actions on landscapes are a principal threat to the ecological integrity of river ecosystems worldwide. Tropical landscapes have been poorly investigated in terms of the impact of catchment land cover alteration on water quality and biotic indices in comparison to temperate landscapes. Effects of land cover in the catchment at two spatial scales (catchment and site) on stream physical habitat quality, water quality, macroinvertebrate indices and community composition were evaluated for Uma Oya catchment in the upper Mahaweli watershed, Sri Lanka. The relationship between spatial arrangement of land cover in the catchment and water quality, macroinvertebrate indices and community composition was examined using univariate and multivariate approaches. Results indicate that chemical water quality variables such as conductivity and total dissolved solids are mostly governed by the land cover at broader spatial scales such as catchment scale. Shannon diversity index was also affected by catchment scale forest cover. In stream habitat features, nutrients such as N-NO₃ ^?, macroinvertebrate family richness, %shredders and macroinvertebrate community assemblages were predominantly influenced by the extent of land cover at 200 m site scale suggesting that local riparian forest cover is important in structuring macroinvertebrate communities. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of services provided by forest cover at catchment and site scale in enhancing resilience of stream ecosystems to natural forces and human actions. Findings suggest that land cover disturbance effects on stream ecosystem health could be predicted when appropriate spatial arrangement of land cover is considered and has widespread application in the management of tropical river catchments.     

高纬区阿什河面源氮和磷污染输出特征

基于阿什河2008—2010年水质监测和流量监测结果,利用改进的埃特金和相关性拟合插值法,补全监测条件限制造成的缺失数据,再利用基流分割法,估算阿什河面源氮和磷污染输出量,分析其污染特征。结果显示:阿什河进入松花江的污染负荷峰值一般出现在3—5月或者7—9月,主要由春汛或夏汛造成,峰值出现时污染来源以面源污染为主。2008—2010年阿什河面源污染输出量表现出TP减少,TN和NH_4~+-N增加的趋势。阿什河年均输出量TN约为5 436.6 t,NH_4~+-N约为3 057.8 t,TP约为554.8 t,其中,点源污染为2 775.8、1 440.7、250.8 t,面源污染为2 660.7、1 630.7、304.1 t,面源污染占总量的50%左右。     

Maximum ecological potential of tropical reservoirs and benthic invertebrate communities

The Reference Condition Approach (RCA) is now widely adopted as a basis for the evaluation of the ecological quality of water bodies. In accordance with the RCA, the integrity of communities found in a given location should be analyzed according to their deviation from the communities that would be expected in the absence of anthropogenic disturbances. The RCA was used here with the aim of defining the Maximum Ecological Potential (MEP) of tropical reservoirs located in the hydrographical basin of the Paraopeba River in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Among the reservoirs, Serra Azul is used as a water supply and is located in a core area of environmental protection where tourism is not allowed and the native vegetation is conserved. The benthic macroinvertebrate communities at 90 sites located in three reservoirs were analyzed and sampled every 3 months over 2 years. The temporal patterns of the communities in the three reservoirs were analyzed (2nd-STAGE MDS and ANOSIM) and were not significantly related to seasonal fluctuations in temperature and precipitation. Twenty-eight sites belonging to the Serra Azul reservoir were selected to define the MEP of these reservoirs because these sites had the lowest human disturbance levels. The macroinvertebrate taxa present in the selected MEP sites are similar to those of natural lakes and different from the communities of disturbed sites. The biological classification of these sites revealed two groups with distinct macroinvertebrate communities. This distinction was related to climatic variables, bottom substrate type, the presence of gravel/boulders, coarse sand, silt, clay or muck, depth, and the shoreline substrate zone. These two subsets of biological communities and respective environmental conditions can serve as a basis for the future implementation of ecological quality monitoring programs for tropical reservoirs in the study area. This approach can also, however, be implemented in other geographic areas with artificial or heavily modified water bodies.     

Mullet and gudgeon liver histopathology and macroinvertebrate indexes and metrics upstream and downstream from a wastewater treatment plant (Febros River—Portugal)

The increased pollution in ecosystems reinforces the importance of both chemical monitoring and biological monitoring of streams and rivers, as an effective water quality-based approach to assess aquatic ecosystem health. In this study, gudgeon (Gobio gobio) and mullet (Mugil cephalus) liver histopathology (biomarker) and some macroinvertebrate community indexes and metrics (bioindicator) were used to evaluate the effect of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Febros (Avintes) in Febros River water quality and ecosystem health. Regarding macroinvertebrate communities, the Belgian Biotic Index (BBI) and Iberian Biological Monitoring Working Party (IBMWP) indexes suggested that Febros water was slightly polluted, even though the worst situation was found downstream the WWTP discharge. Concerning community metrics, upstream percent of individuals in five numerically dominant taxa (80%) was slightly more superior than the downstream (78%). The presence of intolerant or sensible individuals, determined by percent of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera individuals and number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera families metrics, was higher upstream WWTP, reflecting a better water quality. The histopathology shows the presence of hepatic lesions in gudgeon and mullet. The statistical analysis of the lesion gradation showed that only necrosis was significantly higher in gudgeon captured downstream the WWTP, while differences were not observed for mullet. The multivariate analysis of data confirmed the existence of differences in hepatic lesions between gudgeon and mullet and between sampling sites. Regarding macroinvertebrate community, this analysis showed that the organic contamination reflected by the BBI and IBMWP indexes values was a determinant factor in the spatial distribution of macroinvertebrates. This work showed that the study of different biological organization levels can be used for a better assessment of ecosystem ecological integrity and can be used as a tool to reveal anthropogenic activity effects in macroinvertebrate diversity and in fish liver pathology from Febros River.     

Urban impact on ecological integrity of nearby rivers in developing countries: the Borkena River in highland Ethiopia

Accelerated pollution and eutrophication of rivers and streams because of human activity are a concern throughout the world and severe in Africa where Ethiopia is case in point. The objective of this study was to assess the urban impact on the ecological integrity of the Borkena River at the eastern escarpment of the central Ethiopian highlands. The water quality status and macroinvertebrate distribution and diversity of the river were assessed during the dry and wet seasons. Diversity indices revealed that a severe decline in the ecological integrity of the Borkena River downstream of Dessie and within Kombolcha towns in terms of macroinvertebrate abundance and composition. Clustering and ordination analysis clearly separated reference sites from urban impacted sites. At the urban-impacted sites, dissolved oxygen was also depleted to 0.5 mg/l and BOD5 values were reached to a level of above 1,000 mg/l, with extremely low biological diversity of pollution-sensitive taxa. These patterns are the result of a combination of rampant dumping of untreated wastes exacerbated by geologic, topographic, climatic and land use factors.     

2012—2019年松花江干流底栖动物群落变化及其对水环境因子的响应

底栖动物是水生态系统的重要组成部分,其群落特征通常用来评价水生态环境质量。研究了2012—2019年松花江干流水生态环境质量状况、变化趋势,并应用冗余分析(RDA)探究底栖动物群落结构特征与水环境因子之间的响应关系。结果表明:8年间共鉴定出底栖动物246个分类单元,隶属于4门、9纲、25目、58科、69属,其中水生昆虫的EPT物种为99个分类单元,占总物种数的40.24%;水生昆虫的其他物种为68个分类单元,占总物种数的27.64%;软体动物为36个分类单元,占总物种数的14.63%;环节动物为25个分类单元,占总物种数的10.16%;甲壳动物为18个分类单元,占总物种数的7.32%。底栖动物密度总体呈上升趋势,种类组成总体有所增多,其中环节动物、软体动物和甲壳动物有向水生昆虫转变的趋势,群落结构相对稳定且主要以水生昆虫占比最多,底栖动物密度平均值为5.97×10³个/m²,变化范围为2.86×10³~8.98×10³个/m²,优势科(属)主要为小蜉属Ephemerella、小寡脉蜉属Oligoneuriella、扁蜉属Heptagenia、等蜉属Isonychia、纹石蛾科Hydropsychidae、缺叉多距石蛾属Polycentropus、摇蚊科Chironomidae和圆田螺属Cipangopaludina等。生物指数评价结果多数为"中等"及以上,评价结果趋于稳定,且下游评价结果好于上游。松花江干流的水环境质量变化阶段性明显,溶解氧含量升高,氨氮呈下降趋势,其余指标呈波动变化。冗余分析(RDA)结果表明:影响松花江干流底栖动物群落结构变化的主要环境因子是随时间推移而变化的,其中溶解氧、生化需氧量、化学需氧量、总磷、氨氮和总氮等指标是影响该监测区域底栖动物群落分布的重要环境因子。     

Long-term chemical and biological improvement in an acid mine drainage-impacted watershed

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a common result of coal and metal mining worldwide caused by weathering of metal sulfides exposed during mining. AMD typically results in low-pH, high-metal, high-conductivity water that does not support aquatic life. Chemical water quality improvement does not necessarily lead to rapid biological recovery. Little Raccoon Creek, a major tributary to Raccoon Creek in the Western Allegheny Plateau of Ohio, drains 401 km², has a legacy of AMD that stems from mining activities over more than a century. Since 1999, seven major passive treatments systems have been installed in the watershed to a total of over $6.5 million. This study analyzes the hourly water quality data collected at a United States Geological Survey gage station alongside trends in fish and macroinvertebrate communities. Both fish and macroinvertebrate communities have shown a statistically significant improvement in the lower reaches of Little Raccoon Creek since treatment began. Long-term chemical monitoring shows a significant increase in pH, but no significant change in conductivity. The conductivity data is well correlated with sulfate concentrations and discharge, while the pH is well correlated with net  alkalinity data, but not with discharge. Significant investment in passive treatment systems and land reclamation has decreased the percent occurrence of pH measurements below the target of 6.5 and has led to recovery of both fish and macroinvertebrate communities in the downstream reaches of Little Raccoon Creek. Long-term monitoring has proven to be a valuable tool to assess success of a high-cost remediation program.     

Use of biological monitoring in the assessment of effects of mining wastes on aquatic ecosystems of the alligator rivers region,tropical Northern Australia

The primary objective of the biological monitoring program of the ARRRI is to develop techniques and procedures to monitor and assess effects of the mining and processing of ores on aquatic ecosystems of the Region. Studies have been made in a seasonal tributary (Magela Creek) of the East Alligator River near the Ranger Uranium Mine, and in the upper South Alligator River (SAR) near the Coronation Hill gold, platinum and palladium prospect. Ranger and Coronation Hill are enclosed by Kakadu National Park, environmental safeguards for which require the minimization of impairment of water quality in the aquatic ecosystems. Present studies on Magela Creek are designed to verify the adequacy of release standards, based on biological tests, in protecting the aquatic environment during and after releases of waste-water from Ranger during the Wet season. Detection of short-term effects will be sought by either creekside orin situ monitoring methods. The detection and assessment of any longer-term impacts, however, will rely chiefly on comparisons of post-release data with those of historical baselines. Such baseline information is provided by studies on the structure of macroinvertebrate and fish communities and/or on concentrations of elements in organisms in those communities, in Magela Creek and SAR catchments.