天津市土壤风沙尘元素的分布特征和来源研究

通过与土壤标准和背景值的比较分析了天津市土壤风沙尘元素的质量分数分布特征，通过富集因子法分析了天津市风沙尘元素的富集特征，进而说明天津市风沙尘元素的来源及其变化。结果表明，（1）Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn和As质量分数均有超过土壤标准的现象。（2）Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Ag超过背景值10倍以上，受到了人为污染。（3）粗颗粒中西青区的Pb元素，津南区的Ni元素和Pb元素以及细颗粒中东丽区的Ca元素和Zn元素，西青区的Cu、Pb，津南区的Cr、Ni、Pb等元素达到显著污染级别；各区粗细颗粒中的Ag元素污染级别最高，有的为极强烈污染；这些元素是典型的人为污染元素。（4）粗颗粒中只有Ca和Ni污染级别有所增加，细颗粒中只有Na、Ni、As等3种元素的富集因子略有增加。所以，天津市土壤风沙尘的治理重在控制人为来源的Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag、Cr和Ca等高污染元素。     

山东省主要果园土壤中Cu、Zn的形态、含量及分布

对我国山东省主要果园土壤中的Cu、Zn元素的形态、含量及分布进行了研究。结果表明 :果园土壤中Cu、Zn元素的全量高于一般粮田土壤。在不同土壤类型中 ,形态分布各具特点 ,Cu元素在棕壤和褐土中的形态分布趋势一致 ,为矿物态 >有机态 >沉淀态 >交换态 ,在潮土和砂姜黑土中一致 ,为矿物态 >沉淀态 >有机态 >交换态 ;而Zn元素在这 4种土壤中的分布趋势相同 ,均为矿物态 >沉淀态 >有机态 >交换态。土壤中交换态的Cu、Zn含量随土壤pH值的增大而减小。Cu、Zn某些形态的含量与土壤中全量间有一定的相关性 ,其中沉淀态Cu与总Cu的关系较为紧密 ,2者呈极显著相关 ;矿物态Zn与总Zn也呈极显著相关。     

冀北山地山杨桦木林生态系统水化学特征研究

降水是森林生态系统的一个主要的养分输入源,观测并分析降水化学对于准确地估算森林生态系统养分循环的养分元素浓度与量显得极为重要。对冀北山地山杨桦木林穿透雨、树干茎流和枯透水中的Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Zn共6种养分元素进行了测定。结果表明：（1）大气降水经过林冠层后其水化学特征明显发生了变化,化学元素含量均有不同程度增加,化学元素含量排序为Ca〉K〉Mg〉Fe〉Mn〉Zn,其中Mn元素的增长倍数最多。树干径流各项指标均增长很多,化学元素含量排序为K〉Ca〉Mg〉Fe〉Mn〉Zn。枯落物水中K和Ca元素浓度增加最大。（2）大气降雨中Zn的变异系数最大,达2.853;K和Ca元素的变异系数最小,为0.158、0.163。穿透雨、树干茎流和枯透水中最大变异系数分别为Mn元素0.717、Zn元素为1.588、Fe元素为0.553。（3）经过淋洗后水样中各元素的浓度均有所增加,穿透水、树干径流和枯透水中K、Ca增加较多,Fe、Zn的淋溶量较少。     

石河子市PM2.5中重金属污染及健康风险评价

采集石河子市供暖时期的PM_(2.5)样品,使用ICP-MS对PM_(2.5)中5种重金属元素(Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Fe)进行检测,并对重金属元素进行健康风险评价.选取重金属元素中的Zn进行动物实验,以观察PM_(2.5)及其Zn元素对大鼠肺部的影响.将不同浓度的PM_(2.5)(0.5、3.0、15.0 mg·kg~(-1)体重)和Zn(0.06、0.3、1.5 mg·kg~(-1)体重)通过气管滴注的方式暴露于大鼠来探究PM_(2.5)中的Zn元素对大鼠肺部的损伤.处死大鼠后获取大鼠的支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)和肺组织,使用ELISA、比色法和HE染色来检测大鼠BALF中促炎因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、肺组织中氧化应激指标超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)以及观察大鼠肺组织的病理变化.结果表明供暖期间石河子市PM_(2.5)浓度为109.85±58.76μg·m~(-3),PM_(2.5)中重金属的浓度为Fe (27.766μg·m~(-3)) Zn (3.484μg·m~(-3)) Pb (1.444μg·m~(-3)) Cu (0.628μg·m~(-3)) Ni (0.094μg·m~(-3)).Ni存在一定的致癌风险,Cu,Zn,Pb不存在非致癌风险.PM_(2.5)以及Zn浓度的升高能够显著抑制SOD活性并增加MDA、IL-6、TNF-α水平,但是在同等Zn元素含量的情况下(PM_(2.5)高剂量组和Zn中剂量组),PM_(2.5)对大鼠的损伤更为严重.因此,PM_(2.5)及其Zn元素可以引起大鼠肺部的损伤,在这一过程中Zn元素发挥重要作用.     

某些市售化肥的重金属含量水平及环境风险

对国内使用的部分化肥中Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Hg的总量及可溶态含量的测定结果表明，氮肥和钾肥中重金属元素含量较低；复合肥和磷肥中重金属元素含量较高。绝大多数化肥中Cu、Ph、Zn、Cd不超过土壤环境质量二级标准，使用是安全的。但某些复合肥料和电子束脱硫生产的氮肥中Hg含量过高，个别复合肥料中Zn含量过高，具有一定的环境风险。     

青海湖、滇池沿岸土样中某些重金属元素的含量和差异

用AAS法对青海、滨池湖沿岸的土祥中的Cu、Ph、Zn、Ni、Mn等元素进行了测定。对所测定的结果处理和研究表明，滇池土样的5个元素含量均高于青海湖，并也高于全国及云南省的背景值。     

间作杉木对茶园土壤及茶树叶片重金属含量与分布的影响

以单作茶园和杉木—茶间作茶园为研究对象，测定间作杉木对茶园土壤及茶树叶片重金属元素含量及分布的影响。结果表明：（1）间作杉木可降低茶园土壤Pb、Ni、Mn、Zn元素含量，尤其对Mn有较强吸收能力，其次为Ni、Pb、Zn；（2）间作茶园茶树叶片Pb、Mn、Cu、Zn含量均显著低于单作茶园，说明间作杉木对减少茶叶中4种重金属含量，改善茶叶品质可起到明显作用。     

柠檬酸对土壤养分的活化及对作物吸收Fe、P的影响

土壤pH值是影响石灰性土壤Fe、Zn、Mn等微量元素有效性的重要因素，利用土壤培养法，研究了不同浓度柠檬酸溶液对石灰性土壤的pH值以及对P、Fe、Mn、Zn等元素的活化效应。结果表明，浓度高于0．001mol／L的柠檬酸溶液培养土壤，可降低土壤pH值，增加土壤有效P、Fe、Mn、Zn等元素的质量分数。培养24h后，P、Fe、Mn、Zn等有效养分质量分数最高，随着培养时间的延长，有效养分的质量分数下降，活化效果减弱，土壤表现出一定的钝化效应。利用盆栽模拟滴灌施肥条件，柠檬酸溶液处理可显著促进花生、菜豆植株的生长，叶片SPAD读数增加，并提高植株对P、Fe元素的吸收量，因此滴灌施肥条件下，可考虑使用柠檬酸增加石灰性土壤根区微量元素的有效性。     

广西热带亚热带典型森林岩溶区土壤-植物系统元素分布特征

对广西热带亚热带典型岩溶区土壤-植物系统13种元素分布特征及相关性进行了研究.结果表明:与非岩溶区植物相比,岩溶植物Ca、Al含量比较高,Na、Fe、Mn、Si、K、P的含量较低.植物体内元素的分布特点是:叶>茎>根;石灰土更易富集Fe、P、K、Cu、Zn和Co.大多数土壤元素含量随纬度的降低而降低,Fe和Zn表现较为明显,而Mn和Si在热带较中亚热带的更易淋失.土壤中与Fe元素明显相关的元素最多,包括Mn、Zn、Co、S、Al,其相关性分别为Mn> Al > Co > Zn > S,其中,Fe与Mn、S呈负相关,与Zn、Co、Al呈正相关;植物中的Na、Fe、Si、P、Al与土壤中对应的元素相关性显著,呈正相关关系,主要体现在土壤的A层;植物对大量元素的吸收强于对微量元素的吸收,其中,对Mn的吸收能力最强(8229.38%),主要集中在根部的Al(0.57%)和Fe(0.0049%)的吸收能力最小.     

西安东郊某废弃钢铁厂油松年轮记录的重金属含量变化过程

以西安市东郊某废弃钢铁厂为例,采用石墨炉原子吸收法、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法、原子荧光法测定了废弃钢铁厂两棵油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)树盘及其根部土壤中重金属Cr、Mn、Hg、Zn、Pb、Cd和类金属As以及P等8种元素的含量.土壤测定结果表明,该地区Cr、Zn、As等元素含量超过了西安市郊区土壤背景值,Cr、Mn等元素易在深层土壤中积累,Hg、Zn等元素不易在深层土壤中积累.两个树盘年轮中这8种元素的含量随着年代的推移总体呈现上升的趋势,这表明该地区由这些元素引起的污染状况日益加重.Hg、Pb、Cd等元素于1996年左右吸收达到最高峰,与该钢铁厂生产历史相一致.这两个树盘中Mn、Hg、Zn、As、P等元素自1993年后均呈现比较一致的增长趋势.通过计算各元素的自相关系数,从统计学角度发现这8种元素在油松年轮中的迁移特征:Mn、Zn、As等元素均存在着3年的横向迁移趋势,Pb、P存在2年的迁移趋势,Hg、Cd有1年的迁移,而Cr几乎不迁移,其中Zn、Cd、P等元素在油松中的迁移趋势与西安市西部某地区椿树和桐树中的迁移趋势表现一致.     

两种消化方法对无齿相手蟹重金属含量测定结果的影响

生物样品分别经湿灰法和干灰法消化处理后，测定其Zn,Cu和Pb的含量。结果表明，不同消化方法对样品中Cu含量的测定没有显著的影响，而对Zn和Pb含量的测定都有显著的影响，湿灰法处理后样品中Zn和Pb含量的测定值均普遍高于干灰法处理后相应的测定值。根据本研究结果可知。测定Cu含量的生物样品可用常规灰化温度进行处理，而测定Zn和Pb含量的生物样品宜用低温灰化技术进行处理。图6表1参12     

Relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China

This paper studied the relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China. 50 herbaceous plant samples of 9 plant species from 4 families and 50 soil samples were collected and then ana1yzed for the tota1 concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn. The results showed that the average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in soil samples were 3772.83, 168.81, and 5385.65 mg/kg, respectively. The average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn were 395.68, 28.14, and 1664.20 mg/kg in the shoots, and 924.12, 57.25, and 1778.75 mg/kg in the roots, respectively. Heterospecific plants at the same site and conspecific plants at various sites had different average levels of Pb, Cd, and Zn, both in the shoots and the roots. Enrichment coefficients of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 2, 3, and 9 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. Translocation factors of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 10, 17, and 25 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. In all 50 samples, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn between the shoots and the roots, the shoots, and the soils, and the roots and the soils had significant positive relationships.     

Determination of metal accumulation in deposited street dusts in Amman, Jordan

Street dust samples (120 in total) were collected under stable weather conditions during the hot, dry season (August and September) of 2004 from six different localities (industrial, heavy traffic, medium traffic, light traffic, low traffic and rural) in greater Amman, the capital of Jordan. The concentrations of Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn and Ni in the dusts were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The high concentrations of Pb, Fe and Zn in the street dust samples were related to both anthropogenic (industrial sources combined with traffic sources) and natural sources. Surprisingly, the concentrations of Cd in the dusts were low. Correlation coefficient analysis and principle component analysis identified three main sources of these elements and the corresponding distributions. The elements Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Cu and Ni were mainly derived from industrial sources, with Pb and Zn additionally derived from traffic sources. The street dusts were found to have highly elevated levels of Zn, particularly along the main trunk roads, indicating that the Zn in the street dusts may be derived from traffic sources, especially vehicle tyres. The concentrations of metals in the different street dust samples were found to vary depending on the density of traffic.     

衡阳市菜园使用的商品有机肥和有机废弃物中重金属含量状况调查

对衡阳市菜园使用的12个有机肥样品中的Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd、Ni、Hg和As的指标进行检测,样品中重金属总As、总Hg、总Pb、总Cd、总Cr等的含量按照中国NY525—2012有机肥料重金属限量指标,总Ni、总Cu、总Zn重金属参照德国腐熟堆肥中重金属限量标准进行分析,结果表明,除牛粪、菜籽饼肥外,有9个样品均发现有超限量值的重金属成分,超标样品数占总样品数的75%,超标的重金属成分以Cu和Zn较为普遍,分别占样品总数的75%和41.7%.而在超标程度方面,有两个样品的中的Cu和两个样品中的Cr均为严重超标.这些肥料使用不当,对菜园土和蔬菜品质产生不良影响,应给予关注.     

东莞市蔬菜重金属污染状况研究

人类活动对土壤造成的影响越来越严重,特别是土壤重金属污染,通过食物链转移,对人体健康造成极大危害。通过对东莞市主要蔬菜生产基地的11种蔬菜48个样品的可食部分的重金属含量测试,得出了2大类11种蔬菜中Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、As、Hg、Ni等八种重金属的含量。发现Pb对该地区蔬菜的污染较普遍,超标率达到了20.9%,最高检出值为标准的2.2倍,其次是Cd、Hg,超标率分别为11.6%和2.3%。研究发现重金属元素含量超标的蔬菜均为叶菜类蔬菜,其中菠菜有四种重金属元素的含量在各品种蔬菜中最高。     

Trace metal pollution in a Le'an River tributary affected by non-ferrous metal mining activities in Jiangxi Province,China

Sediment and water samples from the Jishui River were tested to determine the concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn. The concentrations of Cu, Mn and Zn in the surface water close to the Fujiawu copper mine greatly exceeded the criteria maximum concentrations (CMC) of the Environmental Protection Agency. The concentration of Zn at a site near the small smelters also exceeded the CMC. Cd concentrations in surface water samples from 69% of the sampling sites were significantly higher than the CMC. Heavy Cd pollution of surface water resulted from the Shuanghua Smelter, the lead smelter, the lead–zinc mine and the small smelters downstream. The total metal concentrations in the majority of the sediment samples substantially exceeded the probable effect levels (PEL). Levels of As, Cd, Cu and Zn in surface sediment of the site close to the Shuanghua Smelter were 20 times higher than the PELs. The levels of Pb in sediment of the downstream sites near the small smelters and the lead–zinc mine were also elevated. Based on the results of the BCR sequential extract procedures and the risk assessment code, the levels of Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn in the sediment posed high risk.     

Trace elements in fish and oysters from Sepetiba Bay (Rio de Janeiro – Brazil) determined by total reflection X-ray fluorescence using synchrotron radiation

Trace elements were determined in fish and oysters from Sepetiba Bay, Brazil, by total reflection Xray fluorescence using synchrotron radiation (SRTXRF). Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Se were determined in fish muscles and organs and in oyster soft tissue. SRTXRF was shown to be a good tool for the analysis of trace elements from biological tissue samples. Overall, the levels of the analysed metals were higher in oysters than in the fish samples. Metals were not uniformly distributed throughout the body of the analysed fish. The detected concentrations of Cr, Zn and Se were very high in some samples, surpassing the maximum limits established by Brazilian legislation.     

Concentration of heavy metals in water and chub, Leuciscus cephalus (Linn.) from the river Yildiz, Turkey

The concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Fe and Zn) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the river water and the edible muscle tissues of chub, Leuciscus cephalus, from river Yildiz, Turkey, and in the waste water The following results were found in the water of the river Yildiz: Cu 0.03-0.53, Fe 0.91-1.96 and Zn, 053-1.49 microgl(-1), in the waste water Cu 0.20-0.52, Fe 1.22-2.29 and Zn 0.92-1.46 microgl(-1) and in the edible muscle of chub: Cu 1.00-3.79, Fe 7.21-17.04 and Zn 4.12-18.33 microg g(-1) wet weight respectively. Among the heavy metals studied Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Mn were not detected in the river water, waste water and chub samples. Heavy metal contents in these samples were evaluated and the highest concentrations of Cu, Fe and Zn were found in the muscle tissue. The levels of the heavy metals were detected in decreasing order as iron> zinc> copper. All the samples contained comparatively lower amounts of metals as suggested by international and national regulatory bodies. Thus, we recommend periodic monitoring of these metals in the fish consumed by local people.     

Leaching of elements from flue dust produced in copper scrap smelting process

To understand the features and leaching characteristics of copper (Cu) scrap smelting dust and its potential risk to environment and humans, three types of smelting dust were sampled and investigated. The dust samples were collected from the dust captured by cyclone collector, panel cooler, and bag house in a typical Cu scrap smelting process of a factory in Guangxi of China. Zinc (Zn), Cu and lead (Pb) were the main elements of the samples of cyclone collector dust (CCD), panel cooler dust (PCD), and bag house dust (BHD). There were less arsenic (As), Pb and Cu in CCD than PCD and BHD, and PCD contained more manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) than BHD. The particle shapes of BHD appeared more regular than CCD and PCD, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis illustrated the compositions of selected surface areas of three samples. The size of particles ranged from 0.011 to 33.11 μm in CCD, from less than 1 μm to several mm in PCD, and from 0.832 to 363.078 μm in BHD. The main elements in leachate were Zn and Mn from CCD, Zn, cadmium (Cd) and Pb from PCD, Zn, Mn and Cd from BHD. The leaching toxicity risk of Cd, Mn, and Zn of PCD and BHD was higher than CCD.     

Assessment of potentially toxic elements in Swiss chard and sediments of Akaki River,Ethiopia

For the determination of 15 potentially toxic elements (V, Cr, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, and Pb) in plant and sediment samples of the Akaki River, Ethiopia, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry, and a RA-915+ mercury analyzer were applied. Sediment and plant samples were mineralized using a closed-vessel microwave-assisted digestion system. The elemental concentrations varied considerably in plant and sediment samples. The minimum concentration was observed for known toxic elements (As, Hg, and Cd) while the highest concentration was observed for the elements of relatively low toxicity Zn, Mn, and Fe. The concentration of Cr, Fe, Pb, Zn, and As in Swiss chard surpassed the maximum permissible levels at specific sites. At some of the sites, the sediment quality guidelines are surpassed for Cu, Zn, and Pb.