Life cycle cost (LCC) as a tool for improving sustainability in the Norwegian fishing fleet

Systems engineering principles in fisheries management may structure and improve the decision-making process. Sustainability in the fishing fleet is comprised of economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Even though the total system value may be constituted by economic factors and technical factors, non-market issues, such as environmental and social issues, have an increasingly important impact on the economic performance of a system or company. Life cycle cost (LCC) is related to the systems engineering process, because economic considerations are very important in the process of creating systems. LCC involves evaluation of all future costs related to the life cycle of a system. The main objective of this article is to discuss the usefulness of LCC as a method to enhance sustainable designs of fishing vessels for ship owners, and to improve the decision-bases for fisheries management.     

中国南海渔业环境资源的保护研究

南海渔业资源具有"公共池塘资源"的基本属性是导致其面临地缘政治紧张局势的内生困境,为此有必要从南海渔业在低敏度领域的现实表征为立足点,与南海领土主权与海域划界争端等高敏度领域相互结合的角度考察与评判南海渔业资源环境保护的主权变动动向:应该注重传统捕鱼权在南海周边国家的海洋管辖权边界的应用.以东南亚渔业管理组织和新建立南海渔业管理组织联合协同组织新的东南亚渔业管理组织必定有助于南海渔业资源纠纷的解决.     

珠江口湾区靠港船舶转用低硫油的成本与环境效益

船舶对区域大气污染的贡献备受关注.为控制船舶大气污染物排放,推进我国靠港船舶转用低硫油,以珠江口湾区为案例区,在利用统计分析法确定船舶辅机功率、靠港时间等关键参数的基础上,采用燃料动力法估算靠港船舶转用低硫油的经济成本与环境效益.结果表明:①珠江口湾区靠港船舶燃油消耗量大,2015年珠江口湾区船舶在靠港期间的总耗油量达31.35×104 t.②珠江口湾区靠港船舶转用低硫油的环境效益显著.2015年珠江口湾区大于3 000 DWT（载重吨）的靠港船舶转用w（S）（硫含量）为0.5%的燃油时,PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO_x、SO_x排放量分别减少792.8、729.1、566.3、6 979.9 t;转用w（S）为0.1%的燃油时,PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO_x、SO_x排放量分别减少835.3、792.8、1769.7、8 155.0 t.③靠港船舶转用低硫油会增加船东的成本.2015年珠江口湾区大于3 000 DWT靠港船舶都转用w（S）为0.1%的燃料油,因燃油价格差导致的额外成本为2.29×108元.在目前航运经济不景气的背景下,可通过财政补贴方式鼓励船东转用低硫油.参照深圳对靠港船舶转用低硫油的补贴政策,2015年大于3 000 DWT靠港船舶转用w（S）为0.5%的燃油时需补贴资金1.71×108元,转用w（S）为0.1%的燃油时需补贴资金2.29×108元.研究显示,靠港船舶转用低硫油能显著降低大气污染物排放,但转用低硫油需要船东承担一定的经济成本,政府应通过补贴等激励方式,逐步推进靠港船舶转用低硫油.      

“双碳”目标下中国海洋渔业碳排放效率区域差异及碳减排潜力研究

基于“碳排”和“碳汇”核算中国海洋渔业碳排放量,运用非期望产出超效率SBM模型测算1980-2019年海洋渔业碳排放效率,并用基尼系数、泰尔指数和变异系数等数理统计分析方法定量分析其区域差异,最后测算中国海洋渔业碳减排潜力。结果表明：研究期间海洋渔业碳排放量整体呈逐年增长的趋势;中国海洋渔业碳排放效率平均水平较高,整体呈先上升后缓慢下降的趋势;中国海洋渔业碳排放效率区域差异明显,数理统计分析法测算变动趋势一致性较高,整体呈波动扩大的演变格局;中国海洋渔业碳减排潜力水平相对稳定,整体呈波动上升的趋势,主要分为3个波动期,碳减排潜力类型多样。     

东山湾渔业资源承载力评价指标体系构建及评估

本文在《资源环境承载能力监测预警技术方法（试行）》的基础上,结合渔业资源的特有属性和东山湾的实际情况,探讨并优化完善了东山湾渔业资源承载力评价技术指标体系和方法。根据2016年春季（4月）和秋季（11月）东山湾游泳动物和鱼卵、仔稚鱼调查资料,结合2012~2013年的调查数据进行综合评估,结果表明东山湾渔业资源承载状况已临界超载。针对目前东山湾渔业资源承载现状,提出了进一步加强渔业资源监测调查、生态环境保护和监督管理等预警措施,旨为东山湾渔业资源可持续利用提供理论依据,为进一步推进海洋资源承载力评估业务化和其他海湾的渔业资源承载力评价提供借鉴和技术支持。     

The role of fish and fisheries in recovering from natural hazards: Lessons learned from Vanuatu

Coastal fisheries provide staple food and sources of livelihood in Pacific Island countries, and securing a sustainable supply is recognised as a critical priority for nutrition security. This study sought to better understand the role of fish for Pacific Island communities during disasters and in disaster recovery. To evaluate community impacts and responses after natural disasters, focus group discussions were held with men and women groups at ten sites across Shefa, Tafea, Malampa and Sanma provinces in Vanuatu. The combined impacts of category 5 Tropical Cyclone Pam (TC-Pam) in March 2015 and prolonged El-Niño induced drought have had a profound impact across much of Vanuatu. Terrestrial systems had been disproportionately impacted with substantial shortages in drinking water, garden crops, cash crops and damage to infrastructure. Localized impacts were noted on marine environments from TC-Pam and the drought, along with an earthquake that uplifted reef and destroyed fishing grounds in Malampa province. Communities in Malampa and Shefa provinces also noted a crown-of-thorns outbreak that caused coral mortality. The significant reduction in terrestrial-based food and income generation capacity generally led to increased reliance on marine resources to cope and a shift in diets from local garden food to rice. However, limited market access, lack of fishing skills and technology in many sectors of the community reduced the capacity for marine resources to support recovery. A flexible management approach allowed protected areas and species to be utilized as reservoirs of food and income when temporarily opened to assist recovery. These findings illustrate that fish and fisheries management is at the center of disaster preparedness and relief strategies in remote Pacific Island communities. High physical capital (e.g. infrastructure, water tanks and strong dwellings) is key for disaster preparedness, but supporting community social capital for the purpose of natural resource management and human capital for diverse adaptation skills can also improve community resilience. Recognizing the humanitarian value that well managed fisheries resources and skilled fishers can play to disaster relief adds another dimension to the imperative of improving management of coastal fisheries and aligning policies across sectors.     

The impact on food security and future adaptation under climate variation: a case study of Taiwan’s agriculture and fisheries

According to Food and Agriculture Organization and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports, climate change will lead to a severe food-supply problem. In the future, food production will continually decrease because of aggravated effects of climate change, causing food production to continually decrease. Food production will be unable to satisfy the demand of the global population, leading to a food-security crisis. As the world population continues to increase, the shortage of food will become increasingly severe, particularly for those located in “climate impact hotspots” of tropical, subtropical, small-island countries, and countries that are dependent on imports to meet domestic demand such as Taiwan. Numerous Taiwanese studies have suggested that agricultural and fishery productivity has declined because of climate variation, which may cause changes and instability in food quantity and quality, and increase deficiency and uncertainty in the food supply. Therefore, to discuss the risks posed by climate change to the stability of food supply and demand, this paper, taking Taiwan as a case, explored the impact of climate variation on food security and future adaptation strategies. TaiCCAT’s supportive system for decision-making (TSSDA) was adopted here to assess and analyze the current situations of agricultural and fisheries production and supply, as well as future food supply risks, in addition to evaluating the deficiencies in the existing climate adaptation strategies in order to plan and revise feasible future adaptation alternatives. Based on the rule of risk management, the adaptation strategies recommended in this study were differentiated into two categories: proactive adaptation and planned adaptation. Proactive adaptation is emphasized to counter the uncertainty of food production, which increases the difficulty of production and necessity to import food. Conversely, planned adaptation can be used to manage the uncertainty of food supply to implement adjustments in production and marketing, as well as to mitigate the impact of climate variation.     

基于非平衡产量模型的海洋渔业资源承载力评估——以浙江省为例

本文搜集整理相关统计年鉴中1998～2013年浙江省的海洋捕捞产量和海洋捕捞机动渔船基本情况的数据,利用非平衡产量模型结合逻辑斯蒂模型计算出最大持续产量（Maximum Sustainable Yield,MSY）,然后利用最大持续产量构建了海洋渔业资源承载力评价模型,对1998～2013年浙江省海洋渔业资源承载力状况进行了评估。评估结果显示:在1998～2013年,仅2007年和2008年的浙江省海洋渔业资源承载力状况是可载的,占研究年份的13%;2009年的浙江省海洋渔业资源承载力状况是临界超载的,占研究年份的6%;其余年份的浙江省海洋渔业资源承载力状况均处于超载状态,占研究年份的81%之多,过度捕捞现象严重。本文应用非平衡产量模型计算最大持续产量,首次利用统计学方法构建了海洋渔业资源承载力评价模型,对海洋渔业资源承载力状况进行评估,旨在为今后开展浙江省乃至全国海洋渔业资源承载力,甚至是海洋资源环境承载力的研究提供技术支撑。     

重金属Pb在不同水产品中的含量及污染状况评价

2005年5～10月,对上海市场水产品中的Pb含量进行了调查,分析了Pb含量的分布趋势,并引用水产品卫生质量标准对水产品中的Pb含量进行评价,结果表明,水产品中Pb含量的总体情况良好,97%的产品低于生物污染评价标准值。水产品中的Pb含量虽有季节性变化,但影响产品Pb超标的主要因素还是其生长环境。同时对不同类别生物体内的Pb含量进行比较,不同科间Pb含量差异不明显,未发现有对Pb特别富集的品种。     

Improving the environmental performance of the fishing fleet by use of Quality Function Deployment (QFD)

This article introduces Quality Function Deployment (QFD) as a method for improving the environmental performance of the Norwegian fishing fleet. Systems engineering has been introduced as a feasible process for handling sustainability issues in the fisheries, because it contains methods for general system design, operation, and support in a life-cycle perspective. QFD is related to systems engineering as a method for translating stakeholder needs into detailed system requirements at each life-cycle stage. Eco-QFD extends the scope of QFD, and combines QFD, Life-Cycle Cost (LCC), and Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) to evaluate environmental effects and costs in the system development process. The article assesses the usefulness of Eco-QFD in fisheries management decision-making regarding sustainability in the fishing fleet, and for shipyards in their design of fishing vessels. It is concluded that Eco-QFD may be difficult to use for fisheries management in its present form, due to the complexity of sustainability, and the time and efforts demanded to carry out the analyses. Nevertheless, the structuring of the stakeholder needs and requirements may contribute to improved understanding of the decision-situation.     

Eco-labelling of wild-caught seafood products

Several eco-labels for wild-caught seafood have been developed during the last decade. This article describes and analyses the criteria applied by four different eco-labelling schemes for seafood products from capture fisheries, and discusses the criteria in terms of environmental impacts, based on the ISO 14040 standard for life cycle assessment.It is concluded that the most widespread eco-label, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), mainly addresses the fishing stage, in particular the overexploitation of marine resources. LCA studies confirm that the fishing stage represents the most significant environmental burden, but energy consumption and emissions of anti-fouling agents at the fishing or harvesting stage contribute with significant impacts that are not being addressed by international labelling initiatives for wild-caught seafood.LCA studies show that significant environmental impacts are related to the life cycle stages after landing. This includes fish processing, transport, cooling and packaging (especially for highly processed seafood products). Hence, another challenge would be to include criteria related to the post-landing consumption of energy, certain materials and chemicals, waste handling and wastewater emissions. Minimizing product losses throughout the product chain would also be an important area for future criteria in order to avoid fishing at high environmental costs only to produce something that is later wasted.The analysis shows that the Swedish KRAV is the only one that currently addresses a range of issues that include energy and chemicals in the whole life cycle of the products. International initiatives such as MSC cover fish products from many parts of the world emphasizing ‘overexploitation of fish resources’. It is recommended, however, that international initiatives such as MSC develop criteria related to energy use and chemicals – at least at the fishing stage. Over time, other life cycle stages could be addressed as well to the extent that this is manageable.     

黄海渔业：从单种和多种资源管理走向生态系统水平的管理

本文简要回顾了黄海渔业管理的历史,并与国际上的渔业管理发展情况作了比较,指出大海洋生态系作为渔业管理从单种和多种资源管理走向整体化、科学化管理手段的必要性。根据中国国家海洋局向联合国开发署（ＵＮＤＰ）和世界银行（ＷｏｒｌｄＢａｎｋ）提交的＂黄海大海洋生态系监测和保护计划＂的有关内容,提出了黄海大海洋生态系的适应性管理策略。该策略分为：①根据现有资料,找出要解决的问题;②选取适当的空域;③找出具体的研究内容;④根据研究所得成果得出适应的管理策略;⑤通过跨国合作使策略得以实施;⑥实施结果通过反馈机制进行评价。     

钢铁高炉煤气二氧化碳捕集技术经济性分析

基于固定单一原料气量导向、固定碳捕集量导向和固定混合原料气量导向3种不同的碳捕集情景,结合不同捕集技术CO₂捕集率与CO₂产品纯度的变化,分析了CO₂捕集对于高炉煤气热值提升的间接经济效益的影响。结果表明:当CO₂捕集率和CO₂产品纯度均一定时,基于固定单一原料气量导向较基于固定碳捕集量导向情景捕集单位质量CO₂提升的热值效益更高;当CO₂捕集率一定时,随着CO₂产品纯度降低,基于固定单一原料气量导向情景与基于固定碳捕集量导向情景捕集单位质量CO₂提升的热值效益均更高;当CO₂产品纯度一定时,随着CO₂捕集率降低,基于固定单一原料气量导向情景捕集单位质量CO₂的热值提升效益越高,而基于固定碳捕集量导向情景捕集单位质量CO₂提升的热值效益降低。     

大型舰船在天线辐射下电磁特性的研究

舰船各电子系统间的电磁兼容问题已经引起了广泛的关注.研究了大型水面舰艇在单个或者多个舰载天线辐射下的舰船表面电磁场的分布情况,计算了舰船在舰栽天线的辐射下,舰船上某一点的电场强度.计算时,考虑了不同天线形式、不同波源对于舰船表面电磁特性的影响.给出了舰船表面各个位置所接受到的电磁场能量的大小,这对大型舰船上电子设备的放...     

El Niño Caused Collapse of the Sábalo Fishery (Prochilodus lineatus, Pisces: Prochilodontidae) in a South American River

El Niño is well known to affect marine fishery. The Southern Oscillation, however, may also have a strong effect on riverine fish production in floodplains via its effect on river discharge. In years with high river discharges larger parts of the floodplain are inundated, increasing the surface area of suitable nursery grounds for young fish stock. In this way high river discharges are thought to have a positive effect on fish production, while low discharges are thought to have a negative effect. The collapse of the sábalo fishery in the Pilcomayo River in Bolivia, for instance, can be attributed to the 1990–1995 El Niño event and subsequent overexploitation of the fish stocks.     

广东货船水运的温室气体排放和低碳发展对策

作为我国港口大省和低碳试点省,广东需先行测算船舶水运的GHG(温室气体)排放量基线,以探究低碳水运对策. 通过文献调研收集适用数据和资料,基于引擎功率法,测算了广东抵港货船在2010年的GHG排放量. 结果表明:广东专属经济区海域内货船水运的GHG总排放量为2887×104t,不确定性在-36%~45%之间,其中在领海区域内的排放量为730×104t;远洋集装箱船是GHG最大排放源,占总排放量的43%;集装箱船、干散货船、油轮和其他货船的GHG排放量不确定性均介于-30%~50%之间,远洋货船的主引擎在正常航行模式下输出功率是最主要的不确定性源. 基于分析船舶水运的GHG排放特征,提出船舶减速、向远洋货船供应岸电和内河货船主引擎转用天然气共3项低碳节能措施,共可减排40%的GHG排放量.该研究结果不仅为广东低碳水运发展提供基础性的GHG排放数据,也可为其他港口地区提供估算水运业GHG排放量的技术方法参考和实践经验.      

二氧化碳捕集技术进展研究

CO2排放主要源于化石燃料燃烧过程,减少化石燃料燃烧过程排放的CO2对于降低大气中CO2浓度具有重要意义.针对燃烧过程排放的CO2,分析了CO2捕集技术的原理、工艺流程、优劣性和适用性,并归纳了CO2捕集技术的研发趋势.结果表明:CO2捕集技术主要包括燃料燃烧前捕集、燃烧后捕集和富氧燃烧.为了有效缓解因CO2排放导致的一系列环境及社会问题,后续需要进一步降低CO2捕集技术的成本以及通过立法以约束企业的CO2排放行为.     

Genetic structure and different color morphotypes suggest the occurrence and bathymetric segregation of two incipient species of Sebastes off Argentina

Rockfishes of the genus Sebastes are extensively distributed in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Although the occurrence of two morphologically similar species in the Southern Hemisphere, Sebastes oculatus and Sebastes capensis, is now clearly established, the taxonomic status and phylogeographic patterns for the genus in the region have not yet been completely resolved. In this study, we provide new insights into the taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of rockfishes inhabiting the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of mainland Argentina, by combining mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences, microsatellite data, and color pattern analyses. Differences in coloration (“dark” and “light” fish) together with bathymetric segregation between color morphotypes were evident from fish collection and literature review. In addition, the mtDNA phylogenetic analysis and Bayesian clustering analysis using microsatellite data separated the fish into two distinct groups (F _ST?=?0.041), most likely representing incipient species. Our results suggest that speciation-by-depth in the absence of physical barriers could be a widespread mechanism of speciation in Sebastes from both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Nevertheless, the degree of genetic differentiation found, added to the large number of individuals displaying high levels of admixture, points to the occurrence of incomplete reproductive barriers between color morphotypes. Beyond the taxonomic and phylogeographic implications of our findings, the occurrence of distinct groups of Sebastes off the coast of Argentina being targeted by different fisheries (angling and trawling) has consequences for the design and implementation of appropriate fishery regulations to avoid overharvest of either group.     

基于科学管控的海洋资源环境承载能力评价方法优化研究

建立资源环境承载能力监测预警机制,对超载地区实施管控措施,是破解和有效控制资源环境超载问题的重要抓手,更是国家主体功能区战略的重要基础工作和中央全面深化改革的重大任务。基于浙江省资源环境承载能力监测预警试评价工作,我们发现国家"试行方法"海洋资源环境承载能力评价中,存在评价单元规模差异较大、部分指标区域性流动性特质明显、部分领域超载原因难界定、资源开发效益量化较困难等问题,影响科学评价和精准、高效、公平地落实管控限制措施。因此,本文从建立健全科学的管控机制角度出发,对海洋资源环境承载能力评价方法提出优化思路建议,包括基础和专项评价指标进行优选、海洋渔业和环境领域评价单元重组划分、过程评价突出客观程度变化、超载等级划分进一步细化、参数和阈值设计兼顾地区差异性5个方面,为"试行方法"的优化完善提供参考。     

彭水电站蓄水前后鱼类群落多样性特征

根据2006-2008年9-10月渔业资源动态监测资料,分析研究了彭水电站蓄水前后坝上和坝下江段鱼类群落结构变化及其生物多样性变化特征.研究结果表明:3次监测中,调查江段出现的鱼类共有9科44属63种,其中长江上游特有鱼类22种;渔获物中,群体数量主要由体重＜50 g的小型鱼类和幼鱼组成,而群体重量主要由＜500g的中...