高压蒸汽消解法测定土壤、底质中的有机质

用“自控式高压蒸汽消解器”作加热器,将测定土壤、底质中有机质由敞口油浴法转变为密封高压蒸汽消解法,用实际土样全面优化了温度、硫酸浓度、时间等消解条件,建立了高压蒸汽消解法测定土壤、底质中有机质的方法,并用于不同地方、不同类型土壤和底质中有机质测定,同时用油浴法作对照,相对误差在－３７～５３％之间。该方法精密度好,无实验室二次污染,批处理样品数量多,可作为测定土壤、底质中有机质的常规方法。     

微波消解-氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定土壤中的砷

以微波消解的方法处理土壤样品,采用硝酸—盐酸作为消解体系,设定最佳的样品前处理条件,使用水浴温恒加速砷的还原速率,同时利用仪器自动配置标准曲线。同时设定仪器最优测定条件,再用双道原子荧光光谱法测定土壤样品中的砷。通过国家标准参考物质和加标回收试验,对方法进行验证。结果表明,采用该方法,砷的浓度范围在2.00～20.00μg/L时校正曲线呈线性,检出限为0.003mg/Kg,测定土壤标准物质,砷测定结果均在标准值允差范围内, RSD范围为1.31%,测定土壤中砷的回收率为106.6%。说明该方法稳定性好、精密度高、操作简便、成本低,适用于高效测定大量土壤样品中砷含量。     

离子选择电极法测定土壤中水溶性氟

阐述了离子选择电极法测定土壤中水溶性氟的方法。进行了缓冲液用量、浸取时间，水土比等条件实验。该方法精密度好、准确度高，适用于不同类型的土壤中水溶性氟的测定。     

不同酸碱度土壤阳离子交换量的测定研究

为了能够快速准确测定不同酸碱度土壤中的阳离子交换量,弥补现行标准方法的不足,对三氯化六氨合钴浸提-分光光度法中的土壤称样量、pH、浸提时间、浸提温度和离心时间等条件进行了优化。优化后的方法检出限为0.43 cmol^+/kg,测定下限为1.72 cmol^+/kg,方法实验室内精密度为0.2%~1.8%,适用于大批量土壤样品中阳离子交换量的测定。     

快速溶剂萃取-SPE硅胶柱净化-高效液相色谱法测定土壤中多环芳烃16种化合物的研究

综合比较不同土壤前处理和分析测试方法,建立了快速溶剂萃取-SPE硅胶柱净化-高效液相色谱测定土壤中PAHs16种化合物的方法,并对各步骤进行了条件优化。方法检出限在0.77ug/kg～15.4ug/kg之间,基质加标回收率在63.0%～116%之间,测定结果的相对标准偏差在2.23%～17.0%之间,符合美国EPA标准,是一种安全、低毒的分析方法。土壤标准参考物测定结果表明:该方法分离效果良好,能够满足土壤分析测试要求。本方法也适用于农产品中PAHs16的检测。     

微波消解ICP-MS法测定宣威和富源土壤中的微量元素

建立了微波消解-ICP-MS法测定土壤中32种微量元素的方法。采用氢氟酸-硝酸-过氧化氢体系微波消解,稀释定容后用ICP-MS对溶液进行元素的测定,在优化仪器工作参数后,以双内标铑(Rh)和铼(Re)进行校正。元素检出限为0.01～0.45ng/ml,测定国家标准物质西藏土壤成分分析标准物质GBW 08302中的元素,测定值与标准值或参考值基本一致,用该法测定云南宣威和富源两地24份土壤样品结果表明,该方法快速、简便、准确,适于土壤中多种微量元素的测定。     

氢化物——无色散原子荧光法测定土壤中砷、硒

近年来,土壤中硒的测定通常用原子荧光法,此法仪器简单、灵敏、准确、快速,而砷的测定大多数是用新银盐光度法,该方法操作繁琐、复杂且费时。本文用氢化物——无色散原子荧光法,在同一土壤样品中,分别测定砷、硒,方法简便、快速,准确度、精密度均很好。     

敞开酸溶和混合碱熔ICP-AES法测定土壤中锰

采用酸溶法和碱熔法消解土壤样品,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定土壤中锰的含量,对比其检出限、准确度及精密度,并综合分析操作过程、引入干扰等因素,便于检测人员选择合适的消解方法。实验结果表明：2种消解方法均满足土壤中锰含量的测定要求,测定的土壤标准物质对数误差绝对值ΔlgC(GBW)均小于0.10,相对标准偏差(RSD)值均低于2.3%,其中碱熔法正确度更高,酸溶法的精密度更高、检出限更低。     

石墨探针原子化法测定土壤和煤飞灰中的铬

用试验优化设计方法研究了测定铬的条件,考察了某些元素对测定铬的干扰效应,建立了测定土壤和煤飞灰中铬的方法。用所建立的分析方法测定土壤和煤飞灰标样中的铬,测定值与保证值符合的很好。     

微波萃取-双ECD气相色谱法测定土壤中的多氯联苯

建立了利用微波萃取和双ECD联用技术,对土壤中多氯联苯(PCB)的分析方法,通过对回收率、重现性及精密度的测定,其结果均优于传统索氏萃取方法。利用微波萃取可快速、准确、有效地测定土壤中PCB。     

铬污染土壤中六价铬的测定

研究了土壤中Ｃｒ＾６＋的提取测定方法。结果表明，用０．４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＫＣｌ为提取剂，离心分离提取液，可简单，快速，准确地测定土壤中Ｃｒ＾６＋，所建立的方法适用于北方偏碱性土壤。     

快速溶剂萃取红外分光光度法测定土壤中石油类

研究快速溶剂萃取红外分光法对土壤中石油类的提取效果,并与超声波萃取红外分光法比较.结果表明,快速溶剂萃取对土壤中的石油类的回收率高,精密度好,方法快速简便.     

超声波萃取-红外分光光度法测定土壤中石油类

采用超声波萃取-红外分光光度法测定土壤中石油类,并对超声波机的功率、水浴温度和萃取时间进行优化.试验表明：方法在0mg/L～80.0mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数r为0.9997;方法检出限为6.00μg/L,当取土壤样品10.0g时,方法检出限为0.03mg/kg;空白土壤的加标回收率为97.4% ～103%;测定实际土壤样品的RSD为3.0% ～3.9%.通过比较超声波萃取、四氯化碳热浸法和快速溶剂萃取法的前处理效果,显示出超声波萃取法的优越性.     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定土壤中十氯酮

研究了提取溶剂效率、净化方式等因素对十氯酮测定的影响,对比了加速溶剂提取、微波萃取及超声波等提取方式,考察了不同电子轰击能量、碰撞能量下特征离子对的响应。建立了加速溶剂萃取,H2SO4净化分离,气相色谱法-三重四极杆质谱法测定土壤中十氯酮的分析方法。取5.0 g土壤干样,内标法定量,线性相关系数为0.999 7,加标回收率为91.7%~121%,相对标准偏差为3.4%(n=6),检出限为0.1 ng/kg。     

土壤和河流沉积物中六六六和滴滴涕残留的测定

采用密闭微波提取、超声波提取、索氏提取对土壤和河流沉积物进行前处理,提取液经弗罗里硅土柱净化或浓硫酸净化.通过回收率实验和精密度实验对三种提取方法和两种净化方法进行比较,建立了微波提取土壤和河流沉积物中六六六和滴滴涕,浓硫酸净化,气相色谱一质谱测定的分析方法,方法回收率在84%～110%之间,精密度(RSD)在2.8%～9.9%之间.采用该方法对阜阳市废弃农药厂周围的土壤和河流沉积物中六六六和滴滴涕进行了监测.     

M3法测定土壤有效态Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni

通过M3法对耕地土壤重金属的联合测定,为土壤重金属污染监测应用提供快速联合测定的方法。用M3法测定北方耕地土壤的有效Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni,通过对M3法与其他方法进行有效重金属测定值差异性及其相关性比较,与全量的浸出率分析等探讨M3法对耕地土壤有效重金属测定的特征。结果表明,M3法在《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)的土壤重金属含量范围内可以测定土壤有效态重金属Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni,且呈线性极显著相关。M3法与其他方法有效Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni有较好的相关性,与DTPA法呈极显著相关;与NaNO₃法除有效Pb外,呈极显著和显著相关;与HCl法除褐土和潮土的有效Pb外,也呈极显著和显著相关。M3法的有效态Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni的测定值均为最大。M3法对4种耕地土壤有效Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni的浸出率,因土壤类型不同,有效重金属含量所占比率不同,但利用M3法测定的有效态Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni的浸出率最大。     

Addressing the challenges of tetracycline analysis in soil: extraction, clean-up, and matrix effects in LC-MS

An optimized extraction and clean-up method for the analysis of chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline antibiotics in soil is presented in this work. Soil extraction using different solvents was performed, but the use of a 50 : 50 (v/v) methanol : acetate buffer (pH 8) solvent mixture in a pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) system proved to give the best extraction efficiency and reproducibility. The effect of soil composition on the PLE extraction efficiency was also examined, and results indicated that recovery data for one soil is not necessarily consistent with other soil types containing different compositions of clay and organic matter content. The percent recoveries of the optimized PLE method varied between the soils and ranged from 22-99%, depending on soil type, and more specifically clay content. In addition, the extent of ionization suppression caused by co-extracted humic acids was examined in an ion trap mass spectrometer (MS), and a single quadrupole MS. It was found that under positive electrospray ionization, the single quadrupole MS was less susceptible to ionization suppression than the ion trap MS. Therefore, various sample clean-up procedures were evaluated to selectively reduce the amount of co-extracted humic acids in the soil extracts. The most effective clean-up was obtained from the use of StrataX sorbent in combination with a strong anion exchange cartridge.     

The extraction of aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues from a clay soil using sonication and a Soxhlet procedure: a comparative study

A sonication method was compared with Soxhlet extraction for recovering polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from a clay soil that had been contaminated with tar materials for several decades. Using sonication over an 8 h extraction period, maximum extraction of the 16 US EPA priority PAH was obtained with dichloromethane (DCM)-acetone (1 + 1). The same procedure using hexane-acetone (1 + 1) recovered 86% of that obtained using DCM-acetone (1 + 1). PAH recovery was dependent on time of extraction up to a period of 8 h. The sonication procedure showed that individual PAH are extracted at differing rates depending on the number of fused rings in the molecule. Soxhlet extraction [with DCM-acetone (1 + 1)] over an 8 h period recovered 95% of the PAH removed by the sonication procedure using DCM-acetone (1 + 1), indicating that rigorous sonication can achieve PAH recoveries similar to those obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The lower recovery with the Soxhlet extraction was explained by the observed losses of the volatile PAH components after 1-4 h of extraction. The type of solvent used, the length of time of extraction and extraction method influenced the quantification of PAH in the soil. Therefore, the study has implications for PAH analyses in soils and sediments, and particularly for contaminated site assessments where the data from commercial laboratories are being used. The study emphasizes the importance of establishing (and being consistent in the application of) a vigorous extraction, particularly for commercial laboratories that handle samples of soil in batches (at different times) from a single site investigation or remediation process. The strong binding of PAH to soil, forming aged residues, has significant implications for extraction efficiency. This paper illustrates the problem of the underestimation of PAH using the US EPA method 3550, specifically where a surrogate spike is routinely employed and the efficiency of the extraction procedure for aged residues is unknown. The implications of this study for environmental monitoring, particularly where numerous batches of samples from a single site assessment or remediation program are submitted to commercial laboratories, is that it would be advisable for these laboratories to check their existing method's extraction efficiencies by conducting a time course sonication extraction on their particular soil to determine the optimum extraction time.     

区域土壤中氯苯类化合物测定及分布研究

以区域内16个土壤样品为研究对象，采用超声波萃取法对样品中的氯苯类污染物进行提取，并用气相色谱仪分类和测定，以保留时间定性，外标法定量。结果表明，利用超声波提取土壤中氯苯类是可行的，并能够进行分类检出；预处理中提取的最佳、合理的溶剂为正己烷；实验还得出了11种氯苯类化合物在18min内全部流出的最佳色谱条件。检测数据显示区域土壤内主要氯苯类污染物为二氯苯、四氯苯和六氯苯。     

Assessment of phenanthrene bioavailability in aged and unaged soils by mild extraction

It has become apparent that the threat of an organic pollutant in soil is directly related to its bioavailable fraction and that the use of total contaminant concentrations as a measure of potential contaminant exposure to plants or soil organisms is inappropriate. In light of this, non-exhaustive extraction techniques are being investigated to assess their appropriateness in determining bioavailability. To find a suitable and rapid extraction method to predict phenanthrene bioavailability, multiple extraction techniques (i.e., mild hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and organic solvents extraction) were investigated in soil spiked to a range of phenanthrene levels (i.e., 1.12, 8.52, 73, 136, and 335 μg g^− 1 dry soil). The bioaccumulation of phenanthrene in earthworm (Eisenia fetida) was used as the reference system for bioavailability. Correlation results for phenanthrene suggested that mild HPCD extraction was a better method to predict bioavailability of phenanthrene in soil compared with organic solvents extraction. Aged (i.e., 150 days) and fresh (i.e., 0 day) soil samples were used to evaluate the extraction efficiency and the effect of soil contact time on the availability of phenanthrene. The percentage of phenanthrene accumulated by earthworms and percent recoveries by mild extractants changed significantly with aging time. Thus, aging significantly reduced the earthworm uptake and chemical extractability of phenanthrene. In general, among organic extractants, methanol showed recoveries comparable to those of mild HPCD for both aged and unaged soil matrices. Hence, this extractant can be suitable after HPCD to evaluate risk of contaminated soils.