Assessment of the Antioxidant Potential of Plants in Urban Ecosystems under Conditions of Anthropogenic Pollution of Soils

The leaves of 22 woody and herbaceous plant species growing in urban ecosystems of Kalinigrad were analyzed for the total contents of water-soluble antioxidants (TAC) and polyphenol contents. The soils of test plots were assayed for lead contents in the accumulative horizon. A significant excess over the background Pb level was revealed in soil samples from residential and industrial/utility areas (42% of the city territory), and TAC in plant tissues was found to decrease with an increase in Pb concentration in the soil. The role of polyphenols in forming the antioxidant potential of urban plants growing under conditions of technogenic soil pollution was evaluated. Based on cluster analysis of the water-soluble antioxidant and polyphenol accumulation patterns, the plants were classified into four groups. The results of this study may be used for comprehensive assessment of the resilience of urban plants to anthropogenic impact and improvement of the approaches and methods for monitoring industrial pollution in urban areas.     

Carbon dioxide exchange in the photosynthetic apparatus of trees in a mature spruce phytocenosis of the northern taiga subzone

Carbon dioxide exchange was studied in the photosynthetic apparatus of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.), Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), and weeping birch (Betula pendula Roth.) in a mature spruce forest. Parameters of CO₂ balance in different weather were characterized quantitatively on the basis of daily measurements of CO₂ exchange in needles and leaves of woody plants. The percent ratios of the components of carbon balance in needles and leaves of woody plants depending on daily photosynthetic fixation of carbon were determined. In summer, trees consumed 210 kg CO₂/ha (57 kg C/ha) in variable weather and 117 kg CO₂/ha (32 kg C/ha) in cloudy weather. Species specificity of CO₂ consumption was revealed, and the effects of environmental factors on the assimilatory activity of trees were determined.     

泛长江三角洲地区经济发展与生态环境耦合协调关系分析

以泛长三角地区41个地级市以上的政区为例,运用改进熵值法计算经济发展及生态环境系统的综合得分,并运用耦合协调模型分析1999~2013年两系统的耦合协调度及其演变,最后通过经济发展与生态环境系统得分排名划分4种类型,提出未来泛长江三角洲经济发展分类指导建议。研究结果表明:(1)1999~2013年泛长三角地区经济发展与生态环境的耦合度C∈[0.5,0.8],整体位于磨合阶段;而系统协调度D∈[0.3,0.5],整体属于中度耦合协调;(2)1999~2013年泛长三角经济发展与生态环境系统耦合协调度呈现上升态势,但经济发展与生态环境系统综合评价值仍表现负相关的特征;(3)未来苏南地区、皖江地区、杭甬地区需要进一步调整产业分布结构,提升城市经济发展环境;而苏北地区、皖西地区、浙西南地区需要进一步增加城市经济发展的软、硬实力各种要素的投入,并将城市生态环境优势转化为经济增长优势。     

长江流域城市生态环境问题与跨世纪持续发展战略

综合分析评价了长江流域城市的生态环境态势与问题,城市水环境依然恶化,特别是城市内河道,湖泊水质多污染严重。城市大气污染仍是加重趋向,一些特大城市汽车尾气污染上升,城市酸雨依然严重。城市生态问题沉重,绿地不足,热岛加重,地面沉降,水土流失等。沉重的生态环境赤字已深刻影响到城市经济社会的发展。面对二十一世纪,论证了长江流域城市发展战略,走城市可持续发展之路是唯一战略选择,而建设现代化的山水园林生态城市     

长江经济带三大城市群城镇化与生态环境时空耦合特征

城市群作为多要素集聚空间,以城镇化与生态环境交互关系为代表的"人-地"耦合特征与规律有待深入探讨。立足于"人-地耦合"视角并构建指标体系,综合测度长江经济带三大城市群城镇化与生态环境耦合关系,并进行协调类型划分与主控因素的分析。研究发现:(1)城市群整体城镇化与生态环境耦合协调度达到0.38,空间依赖性较强,且高低聚类程度较高;(2)三大城市群城镇化与生态环境耦合关系存在阶段性差异,空间不均衡性较为显著;(3)城镇化与生态环境耦合关系的"协调型"特征具有多种类型,城镇化滞后型协调现象较为普遍,同时存在"弱势型"协调问题;(4)城市群整体城镇化与生态环境耦合关系主控因素在十年间由经济城镇化转为人口城镇化;长三角、长江中游和成渝三大城市群分别受到人口集聚、建设投资与工业污染的主导影响。     

基于典型相关分析的长江航运与水环境间关系的实证研究

长江的可持续发展将影响人们的生活和沿江城市的发展。研究旨在探讨长江航运发展与水环境间的关系。典型相关分析是研究两组变量之间相关关系的一种多元统计方法,运用该方法对2006～2016年的长江航运与水环境的相关数据进行分析,以长江航运景气指数和长江干流水系货运量表征长江航运发展状况,以长江废水排放量、氨氮浓度、生化需氧量、高猛酸盐指数和石油类表征长江水环境状况。结果表明,典型相关分析得出的第一典型相关系数(0.979)大于所有简单相关分析得出的相关系数,长江航运和水环境之间存在着显著的相关性。同时,通过典型相关模型可知,长江干流水系货运量对长江废水排放量和石油类有着显著的影响。最后,通过典型结构分析和冗余度分析结果可以看出,长江航运对长江水环境具有较强的解释能力。     

基于“耦合距离”的长江中游城市群一体化空间范围定量测度

国内外研究者贡献了大量城市群边界识别研究的成果,但少见从城市群一体化角度定量界定城市群空间范围的研究,不足以给盲目"组群"、不合时宜"入群"的"城市群病"问题提供可行的解决方案。该文借用金属价键理论,定位城市群为内部个体共享共建资源、以整体形态与外部合作竞争、边界范围具有时空可变性的"利益共同体",在此基础上,构建了城市群一体化动态耦合关系模型,以"耦合距离"为媒介测度了长江中游城市群一体化区域规模与空间范围。研究结果表明:(1)泛武汉城市圈、环长株潭城市群分别具备发展边界半径100、150 km城市群一体化区域的潜力,长江中游城市群较长时期内不具备发展边界半径超过200 km的条件;(2)城市群等级层次分明,泛武汉城市圈环长株潭城市群环鄱阳湖城市群,武汉、长沙区域中心性强,但均不具备绝对中心辐射能力;(3)二级城市群中,环长株潭城市群发育程度最高,泛武汉城市圈中存在"洼地",环鄱阳湖城市群出现"脱群"现象;(4)长江中游城市群目前实际空间范围包括"武汉—黄冈—孝感"及"长株潭—益阳",不到原规划规模的1/4,具备形成"武汉长沙"双中心一体化的城市群模式的潜力。研究结论为决策长江中游城市群一体化发展规划提供了科学参考。     

“长江经济带”战略背景下武汉城市水环境承载力综合评价

为揭示长江经济带战略背景下武汉城市水环境承载力的演化特征,理解长江经济带建设过程中武汉城市水环境的承载基础,从水资源环境、水污染控制和社会经济承载3个子系统来构建城市水环境承载力指标体系,采用结构熵权法和均方差决策法进行主客观联合赋权,对长江经济带战略下的武汉城市水环境承载背景进行研究。研究结果表明：（1）2004~2013年武汉城市水资源、环境与社会经济的发展协调性较好,城市水环境承载力综合值呈上升态势,具有较好的水环境承载基础;（2）水资源环境和水污染控制两个子系统在武汉城市水环境承载力中贡献较大;（3）长江经济带建设背景下水污染控制是提升武汉水环境承载力的关键,未来控制城市生活污水、加强城市环保基础设施的建设和管理是武汉城市水环境管理的重中之重     

皖江城市带近20 a生态环境变化遥感指数分析

随着城市化进程的不断加快,环境保护问题越来越突出,加强生态文明建设也越来越成为城市发展的重心之一,因此快速监测城市生态环境变化显得尤为重要。选取1995年、2005年、2015年Landsat TM/OLI影像为主要数据源,分别提取绿度、湿度、干度、热度4个生态因子作为评估指标,结合主成分分析,生成遥感生态指数（RSEI）,客观、迅速、定量地对皖江城市带近20 a生态环境变化进行分析。结果表明：1995~2015年皖江城市带生态环境质量先降后升,总体呈上升趋势。其中RSEI从1995年的0.710下降至2005年的0.683再升至2015年的0.728,总共上升了2.54%;1995~2015年生态环境恶化区域面积比例由20.03%到14.56%,减少了26.86%;生态环境改善区域面积比例由21.87%到29.39%,增加了34.39%。生态环境恶化区域主要集中在长江沿岸经济发达的扩张型城市和地区;生态环境改善区域主要集中在植被覆盖、注重环境整治、绿化效果显著地区。总的来说,城市生态质量与植被覆盖情况（NDVI）和不透水建筑面积（NDBSI）关系最为密切,城市扩张发展的同时,应该加强生态文明建设,注重环境保护,增加绿化面积,实现城市的可持续发展。 关键词： 皖江城市带;RSEI指数;城市生态;变化检测;主成分分析     

大城市群(圈)资源环境一体化与区域可持续发展研究——以珠江三角洲城市群为例

21世纪，全球竞争的基本单位将是以中心城市为核心的城市群（圈）。基于对大城市群发展趋势及其环境问题的基本认识，文章以珠江三角洲城市群为例，分析了其发展现状及存在环境问题，阐述了珠三角城市群未来发展趋势，初步给出了城市群环境问题解决的途径，提出了珠三角城市群资源环境一体化的框架和区域可持续发展模式。     

长江经济带沿江城市群空间分布格局与联动机理研究

引导长江经济带沿江城市群协同发展是新时期我国重要的区域发展战略。基于空间平滑核密度估算法、空间溢出系数、局域空间聚类指数、关联度滞后效应模型和因果检验模型,系统分析我国长江经济带沿江城市群的空间分布格局以及上中下游地区联动机理。研究表明:1目前长江流域发育程度达到城市群界定标准的有长江三角洲、长江中游和成渝三个城市群;2长江经济带城市群之间经济发展存在正向关联;3在流域联动方向上呈现出自下游长江三角洲城市群→中游城市群→上游成渝城市群的单向联动关系,且引致关联存在滞后效应。因此,有效畅通长江经济带城市群的空间溢出渠道、提高沿江城市之间的空间关联度,是缩小长江流域上中下游地区之间空间分布差异,推动流域一体化实现的关键。     

人口变动对干旱区生态环境影响的定量评估模型的应用--以新疆塔里木河流域为例

本文在简单回顾与述评有关定量研究人口在生态环境中作用程度所采用的方法的基础上，认为无论是通常采用的统计学模型或是其他固定函数模型等，都有较大的弊端。而用系统动力学方法来研究这类问题，具有较好的优势与可行性。为此，本文以新疆塔里木河流域为例，建立了该流域人口变动与生态环境退化的系统动力学模型。在对模型进行有效性检验的基础上，演示了该流域近20年来源流段、上中游段和下游段各种不同人口变动条件下下游出现的各种生态环境后果，并与实际的生态环境现状进行对比，从而得出一系列有意义的结论。     

长江中游城市群城市人居环境竞争力格局及优化路径

从人居环境与城市竞争力的关联性入手,将生态、居住、生产环境纳入一个分析框架。运用AHP与多级模糊综合评价相结合的方法,构建城市人居环境竞争力指标体系,对长江中游城市群城市人居环境竞争力进行评估并解析了其空间分异特征。此外,依托Arcgis平台,运用空间聚类分析法,基于人居环境竞争力特征进行区域归类,并借助箱型图,对城市人居环境竞争力领域及区域类别特征进行了探索。研究表明:(1)竞争力分布中,浙赣线江西段沿线城市生态、休闲环境竞争力等级最高,京广线沿线城市的居住、公共服务环境竞争力等级最高,居住、公共服务竞争力空间格局具有高度相似性。区域中心及副中心城市在经济发展环境竞争力领域具有显著优势。(2)综合竞争力二级以上等级的城市主要分布于环鄱阳湖地区,包括九江、景德镇、上饶、鹰潭、南昌,以及省会城市武汉、长沙。(3)四类空间的城市人居环境竞争力优劣格局十分清晰。第1类区域围绕省会等区域中心、副中心城市分布,生态环境具有最优竞争力,居住、公共服务、经济发展环境最劣;第2类区域多为区域中心、副中心城市,强势竞争力集中于居住、公共服务、经济发展环境领域,而休闲环境为最劣势;第3类区域多为临山型城市,具有最优异的休闲环境竞争力;第4类区域以老工业城市居多,在生态环境、公共服务环境拥有相对优异的竞争力。最后,以因地制宜、突出特色为出发点,基于格局、类别特征等提出了涵盖现实特征、发展定位、重点措施等内容的长江中游城市群城市人居环境竞争力提升路径选择。其中,第1类区域定位为生态优异的山水园林城市;第2类应以营造城市外部开放空间为重心,推进公共服务设施智慧转型,打造为智慧高效的综合都市;第3类区域建议以良好的休闲环境作为特色人居环境建设的切入点,有序推进对居住、生产、生活空间的综合整治,致力建成休闲舒适的中小田园城市;第4类区域按照老工业基地调整改造规划要求,重塑城市形象,建成安居乐业的可持续发展城市。     

城市污水处理厂建设程序中的环境影响评价研究

在介绍污水处理厂的基础建设程序及环境影响评价的发展概况的基础上,以京溪污水处理厂为例,指出城市规划部门在规划制定过程中,应加大环境影响评价工作的深度,以使污水厂的建设程序得以顺利开展。同时指出城市的卫生、地质、规划、国土、环保等职能部门在制定本部门的法规政策过程中,应发挥协调机制,在工程建设的相关方面达成共识,以确保污水处理厂等市政项目的建设顺利开展,促进城市更好的发展。     

Distribution of 137Cs in the Tree Layer of Forest Ecosystems in the Zone of the Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

Trends in ¹³⁷Cs distribution over the parts of coniferous (Pinus sylvestrisL.) and deciduous (Betula pendula Rocht.) trees are described. The trees have been selected in the stationary experimental plots located in southwestern Bryansk oblast, Russian Federation. The distribution of ¹³⁷Cs in the wood along the trunk height is shown to be nonuniform. The effects of ¹³⁷Cs content in the xylem sap on the accumulation of this radionuclide in the leaves and needles are assessed. The factors controlling ¹³⁷Cs accumulation in the components of woody plants are revealed, and their significance is estimated.     

Statistical comparison and correlation of zinc and lead in estuarine sediments along the western coast of Mauritius

Cr, Zn and Pb were quantified using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) from urban and rural estuarine sediments collected along the western coast of Mauritius during the period July 2002-January 2003. The mean concentration of Cr (225.4 mg kg(-1)), Zn (107.0 mg kg(-1)) and Pb (27.0 mg kg(-1)) in sediments along the six estuaries can be considered below those from contaminated estuarine sediments. Zn and Pb were significantly higher in urban sediments downstream St. Louis River compared to a rural estuary at Tamarin at 5% significance level. Zn was also significantly lower in Tamarin compared to Petite Riviere Noire estuary. Cr was however not significantly different in sediments from the six estuaries and could be considered of basaltic origin and were correlated to neither lead nor zinc. The concentration of Zn and Pb were greatest in the more urbanised upper and lower reaches of the St. Louis estuary during the period of study and were also significantly positively correlated in the estuarine sediments indicating that the cycling of Pb and Zn were linked indicating a common source for Pb and Zn. The potential sources of Pb and Zn in the urban estuarine sediments were considered to arise from road runoff causing significant quantities to be trapped. At present, compared to contaminant levels found in the UK and elsewhere, Mauritius still looks relatively uncontaminated but there is growing concern about heavy metal contamination in urban estuaries. There is therefore a need for long-term studies in estuarine management to involve integrated strategies in which water-sediment interactions in estuaries need to be considered and international standards for sediment quality developed. Such studies undertaken in the future would further the understanding of the biogeochemical processes of estuarine systems in Mauritius which could then be used in environmental development schemes and effective coastal zone management.     

Nutrient chemistry of River Pinios (Thessalia, Greece)

The impact of human activities with 3-year monitoring on the fluctuation of nutrients along the Pinios River and its tributaries were studied. Their seasonal variations throughout the years 1996-1998 were also presented. High temperatures, from June to August, cause a restriction of the water flow, an enhancement of nutrient concentration with the subsequent increase of eutrophication. High concentrations of nutrients were observed first in winter (wet period), caused by leaching of fertilizers from terrestrial systems after heavy rainfall, later during the warm months due to low water flow of the river, and at last in autumn when plant organisms began to decompose. The intensive algal and macrophyte growth (spring, summer) resulted in severe depletion of nutrients. Organic carbon showed no seasonal trend but its values were high near the estuaries. Nitrate fluxes were high at the initial station (sources) and the Titarisios tributary, whereas nitrites and ammonium were low. In contrary, the Kalentzis tributary with relatively low nitrate values showed increased values of nitrite ammonium or total nitrogen. On the other hand, the Enipeas tributary showed high SO4 values. Phosphates are remarkably present mainly after the city of Larissa, where sewage and industrial discharges occur. None of the nutrients measured in the Pinios River and its tributaries showed a clear seasonal cycle of concentration. Concentrations of nutrients and organic carbon increased as a consequence of anthropogenic inputs, particularly point discharges from sewage treatment plants (i.e. showing distinct, but variable, concentration peaks), as well as diffuse urban and/or agricultural runoff over long areas during storm events. The agricultural management, the urban pollution, mainly from Larissa City, and the climate conditions in the catchment basin (Thessalia Plain) of Pinios River and its tributaries greatly affect the chemical composition of their waters.     

长江经济带开发构想与发展态势

长江经济带是我国国土开发和经济建设中极其重要的开发轴线,近年来已经上升为新一轮的国家战略,肩负着参与国际竞争、协调东中西3大区域、推进双向开放、建设生态文明的使命。在国际国内经济社会发展新形势下,长江经济带发展机遇与挑战并存。以流域经济发展为视角,从长江经济带提出的背景出发,回顾了长江经济带战略构想及20世纪80年代以来开发历程,从经济地位、产业集聚、航运建设、岸线开发、沿江交通等5个方面分析了长江经济带发展态势,并重点分析了长江经济带重化工业发展与布局、生态环境影响、港口建设与发展、城市群培育等方面面临的主要问题,最后从改革考核机制、破除行政壁垒、强化流域协调机构与建立流域管理法律法规等方面提出了对策思路,以期为新时期长江经济带开发建设提供参考借鉴。     

上海城市地貌形变的生态环境效应及应对策略

地貌环境与城市化相互关系是城市自然地理学研究的核心,从城市地貌学角度分析了上海城市地貌特点和地貌形变过程,探讨了城市地貌形变与城市生态环境之间的关系,特别是城市地貌形变引起的一系列生态环境效应,如城市防汛压力增大、地面积水愈加严重、城市河流淤积加厚、城市植被生境趋于单一等。在此基础上提出了三大应对策略:(1)在黄浦江下游河口尽早修建挡潮闸;(2)沿黄浦江、苏州河修建生态防汛墙;(3)及时进行城市规划调整,在再城市化过程中合理规划城市水面率和城市蓝线宽度,依据地貌形变的强弱来增加负地形(河流、湖泊)的比例,使已经损失的地面标高得到一定的补偿。上海只有充分重视城市地貌特点才能走上安全、健康、持续的城市发展道路。     

40K/137Cs discrimination ratios to the aboveground organs of tropical plants

In the present work, the accumulation of caesium and potassium in aboveground plant parts was studied in order to improve the understanding on the behaviour of monovalent cations in several compartments of tropical plants. We present the results for activity concentrations of (137)Cs and (40)K, measured by gamma spectrometry, from five tropical plant species: guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), papaya (Carica papaya), banana (Musa paradisíaca), and manioc (Manihot esculenta). Caesium and potassium have shown a high level of mobility within the plants, exhibiting the highest values of concentration in the growing parts (fruits, leaves, twigs, and barks) of the woody fruit and large herbaceous shrub (such as manioc) species. In contrast, the banana and papaya plants exhibited the lowest levels of (137)Cs and (40)K in their growing parts. However, a significant correlation between activity concentrations of (137)Cs and (40)K was observed in these tropical plants. The (40)K/(137)Cs discrimination ratios were approximately equal to unity in different compartments of each individual plant, suggesting the possibility of using caesium to predict the behaviour of potassium in several tropical species.