HF对Cu-SSZ-13/堇青石的原位合成及脱除NO_x的影响

以Cu-TEPA为模板剂原位水热合成一系列具有优良deNOx特性的Cu-SSZ-13/堇青石整体式催化剂.为进一步改善其氨的选择性催化还原氮氧化物的活性,在制备过程中添加HF对原位制备Cu-SSZ-13/堇青石整体式催化剂进行改性.利用XRD、SEM、XPS、BET、ICP-AES等对样品进行了表征.结果表明,当nHF/nAl在0.015—0.0375时,晶化72 h的Cu-SSZ-13/堇青石表现出了优异的脱硝性能和抗老化性能,其最大转化率为99.8%,NOx转化率保持在90%以上的最宽活性温度窗口为280—640℃,而无HF的新鲜样品的NOx转化率保持在90%以上的活性温度窗口为300—580℃;720℃老化50 h处理后,nHF/nAl=0.015—0.0375样品的NOx转化率保持在90%以上的最宽活性温度窗口为360—520℃,未添加HF的老化样品相应的活性温度窗口为400—500℃.无论新鲜还是老化,nHF/nAl=0.015—0.0375样品在低温段200—300℃和高温段500—700℃的NOx转化率基本都大于未添加HF的样品.结合表征结果,在催化剂原位水热合成过程中HF的加入既提高了样品的相对结晶度和负载量,又增大了样品的比表面积和比孔容,且提高了Cu-SSZ-13/堇青石骨架结构的稳定性,进而在一定程度上改善了Cu-SSZ-13/堇青石的高温脱硝活性和水热稳定性.     

载体酸蚀预处理对CuMnCeOx/堇青石催化氧化甲苯性能的影响

为解决蜂窝堇青石载体比表面积小、活性组分难以负载等问题,采用硝酸酸蚀堇青石载体并负载金属氧化物,制备了Cu-Mn-Ce/堇青石催化剂.分析了不同酸蚀强度下催化剂对甲苯催化燃烧差异的原因,在40%wt硝酸溶液中、50℃下酸蚀4 h条件下得到的催化剂对甲苯的催化性能最佳,与其他催化剂相比,其表面平均孔径为38.31 nm并有更佳的孔隙率,且在12—14 nm处以及20—30 nm处有更佳的孔径分布,其上活性组分分布极为分散,具有更小的活性颗粒尺寸.在与未经酸蚀预处理催化剂的比较中发现,经酸蚀预处理的催化剂具有更大的比表面积和多样的氧化物晶体类型,更高的Cu/Mn比例(1.72∶1.26),其中Mn⁴⁺(31.1%)、Ce³⁺(27.5%)及Osur(50.9%)在其占比均高于未经酸蚀预处理催化剂.     

蜂窝式MnO_x/PG-CC催化剂的制备及低温选择性催化还原法脱硝性能

采用悬浮浆液法将凹凸棒石(PG)涂覆于堇青石蜂窝陶瓷(CC)基体上,制取PG-CC涂层载体,利用过饱和浸渍法负载MnOx制备MnOx/PG-CC催化剂应用于柴油车尾气SCR脱硝.考察了制备条件对催化剂低温SCR活性的影响,采用BET、SEM-EDS、XRD手段对催化剂的理化性质进行了分析表征,探讨了催化剂结构特性与活性间的构效关系.研究发现,堇青石基体经PG涂层后,对活性组分的一次负载量显著增加,由3%增至13%,对应的催化剂低温脱硝活性显著提高,在100℃脱硝活性由10%提高到78%.结果分析表明,堇青石基体经PG涂层后比表面积大幅度增加,可以承载更高的活性组分,且活性组分具有更好的分散性,从而使得催化剂的活性点增加;另一方面,PG涂层催化剂具有更高的表面Mn4+/Mn3+价态比,更有利于催化剂的低温选择性催化还原法(SCR)活性.活性组分Mn Ox与PG涂层之间的协同作用是导致催化剂低温SCR脱硝活性得以提升的关键因素.研究结果表明,通过对堇青石蜂窝基体进行凹凸棒石涂层后采用浸渍法负载锰氧化物,可制备出具有较高低温SCR活性的蜂窝式模块催化剂.     

甲醇燃料汽车排气催化净化研究——催化剂的制备和活性评价

本文研究了以堇青石蜂窝体为载体、贵金属Pd为活性组分的催化剂制备方法,以及该催化剂体系用于净化甲醇汽车(M100)排气的可能性。实验室和台架试验的结果表明,含活性氧化铝涂层的堇青石蜂窝体为载体的Pd催化剂体系(Pd0.75～1.4克/升),具有良好的活性和热稳定性,经1000℃焙烧后活性不下降,排气起燃温度是129—137℃;在空速4—13×10~4小时~(-1)、甲醇浓度4—10万ppm,甲醛50—530ppm及未加二次空气条件下,甲醇净化率～99％,甲醛净化率不稳定。涂层料中加入稀土氧化物有助于改善催化剂的热稳定性,台架试验结果还表明,排气中O_2含量少,不足以把甲醇和CO完全氧化成CO_2。因此,为同时获得甲醇、甲醛和一氧化碳的良好净化效果,需要补充二次空气。     

铁源对Fe/ZSM-5催化剂氨选择性催化还原NO的影响

采用浸渍法,在相同的铁含量条件下,以硝酸铁、氯化亚铁、硫酸亚铁为前驱体制备了3种不同铁源Fe/ZSM-5分子筛催化剂.研究了铁源对Fe/ZSM-5催化剂NH_3-SCR活性的影响,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积和孔结构(BET)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氢气程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)及氨程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)等表征手段对催化剂的结构和理化性质进行测定.结果表明,不同的铁源对Fe/ZSM-5催化剂低温段(低于350℃)的NH_3-SCR催化性能影响较大,其低温活性顺序为:Fe(Cl)/ZSM-5 Fe(S)/ZSM-5 Fe(N)/ZSM-5.以氯化亚铁为铁源的Fe(Cl)/ZSM-5催化剂取得最佳的NH_3-SCR催化活性,在233℃时NO转化率达到90%.表征结果表明,样品Fe(Cl)/ZSM-5中形成了最多的孤立Fe~(3+)物种及中酸位数量.孤立Fe~(3+)物种有利于增强Fe/ZSM-5催化剂的低温还原性能,改性过程中形成的中等强度酸性位有利于提高催化剂低温NH_3-SCR催化性能.     

整体式Mn基复合金属氧化物催化燃烧VOCs性能研究

以堇青石为载体,采用浸渍法制备Mn-M/Cordierite(cord)(M=Co、Ce、La、Cu、Ni)复合金属氧化物催化剂,考察其催化燃烧甲苯的性能,并通过SEM、XRD和H_2-TPR对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,MnO_x和CoO_x之间具有相互作用,MnCo催化剂具有最高的甲苯催化活性,T_(50)和T_(90)分别为243℃和259℃.改变Mn和Co的比例,发现当Mn∶Co=2∶3时,Mn_2Co_3催化剂具有最高的甲苯和乙酸乙酯的催化性能,T_(90)分别为252℃和238℃.     

国内新型柴油机尾气净化催化剂

本文采用挤压成型堇青石蜂窝载体,制成含有铂、钯的催化剂。研究了第二载体活性氧化铝晶形结构、涂载最对载体比表面和催化剂活性的影响;添加稀土元素有利于改进催化剂的耐高温性能。用165型柴油机尾气进行净化试验,说明催化剂对CO和总烃净化效果较好,当空速为36000小时~(-1),在载Pt(2克/升)催化剂上,CO起燃温度180℃,总烃200℃;CO转化率达90％的温度为210℃,总烃为250℃; 250℃下,当空速增加到10万小时~(-1),CO转化率为97％,总烃转化率83％。催化剂的活性与国外同类型催化剂相接近。     

蜂窝状Mnx/PG-CC催化剂中低温CH_4-SCR脱硝性能

采用悬浮浆液法将凹凸棒石(PG)涂覆于堇菁石(CC)表面,制备PG-CC载体.将PG-CC载体以过饱和浸渍法经Mn(NO_3)_2前驱体溶液处理后依次干燥、煅烧制得Mnx/PG-CC整体式催化剂,应用于柴油车尾气净化处理.考察了制备参数(锰负载量、煅烧温度)和工况条件(氧气含量,CH_4/NO)对Mnx/PG-CC催化剂在CH_4-SCR反应中脱硝活性的影响.采用BET、FE-SEM、XRD、XPS和NO吸脱附等表征手段对催化剂的结构和形貌进行表征.结果表明,在锰负载量为11%、煅烧温度为300℃下所制得的催化剂具有较佳的CH_4-SCR脱硝活性,O_2含量为5%、CH_4/NO为1,反应温度为300℃时反应条件最优.锰氧化物活性组分在催化剂表面的高度分散和均匀分布有利于催化剂的CH_4-SCR脱硝活性提高,且有助于NO吸附在载体表面并形成硝酸盐中间体参与催化反应.     

ZrO2掺杂的V2O5/TiO2催化剂表征及催化还原NOx

采用共沉淀法制备出不同锆掺杂量的钛锆复合载体(TiO2-ZrO2),运用XRD和BET研究其微观结构,结果显示钛锆物质的量之比1∶1时复合载体具有最大的比表面积,可达256.01 m.2g-1.以此为载体制备了V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂,并添加少量CeO2对其改性.采用XRD、BET、H2-TPR、原位FT-IR等手段研究其活性组分的表面分散状态、氧化还原特性和表面酸性.结果显示,V2O5高度分散在载体上;与纯V2O5相比,复合载体上V2O5的还原峰向低温方向发生了偏移;催化剂表面包含了大量的B酸和L酸.模拟氨气催化还原NO(NH3-SCR)的脱硝反应活性测试表明,V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂具有较好的热稳定性和较宽的活性窗口,少量CeO2的加入提高了催化剂的低温活性.     

锰基累托石低温NH3-SCR催化剂的制备方法

本文以天然累托石(REC)为载体,采用等体积浸渍法、共沉淀法和原位生长法负载MnOx制备Mn/REC催化剂用于烟气的低温SCR脱硝.采用XRD、SEM、TEM、BET、NH3-TPD和XPS等手段对催化剂的理化结构特性进行表征.考察制备方法及主要制备参数对催化剂理化性能及脱硝活性的影响,探讨影响催化剂低温SCR脱硝活性...     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.