大西南旅游资源的评价与开发

大西南的旅游资源丰富而独特，但开发程度低、经营粗放、发展整体性差、组合效益低．本文根据近年来的研究，从大西南的整体对其旅游资源进行分区及评价、并分析其开发的市场条件，提出了开发途径。     

四川省“低荒”资源成因分析与开发对策

本文从分析评价四川省“低荒”资源入手，探讨了“低荒”资源的现状和分布特点，分析了其成因并提出了开发“低荒”资源的对策．     

黄土高原“低荒”资源的成因及其开发对策

本区人口、土地和环境的矛盾尤为尖锐，土地生产力水平低，今后除严格法制人口增长外．还必须从内涵和外延上对农业资源进行充分合理的开发利用，提高土地生产力。本文在分析黄土高原区“低荒”资源数量的基础上，探讨了其成因和开发对策。     

基于DEA—Malquist模型对煤炭企业全要素生产率的分析

通过2005--2007年数据，选取27家煤炭企业作为研究对象，对其进行效率评价。首先运用DEA方法分析了27家煤炭企业的总体效率状态，结论是效率不理想。分析找出煤炭企业效率低的原因，主要包括煤炭企业人员冗余严重、科研投入不足、煤炭企业自主创新能力低和体制改革不够彻底，最后分析了煤炭企业进行技术效率创新动力不足的原因。     

黄土高原区“低荒”资源的成因及其开发对策

本区人口，土地和环境的矛盾尤为尖锐，土地生产力水平低，今后除严格控制人口增长外，还必须从内涵和外延上对农业资源进行充分合理的开发利用，提高土地生产力，本文在分析黄土高原区“低荒”资源数量的基础上，探讨了其成因和开发对策。     

低氟聚氨酯泡沫塑料在冷库保温上的应用

聚氨酯(以下简称PU)泡沫塑料喷涂发泡采取低氯氟烃(以下简称低氟)发泡配方与工艺，即配方中降低CFC发泡剂50％--60％的用量，以水代替其发泡。试验结果表明，用本配方及工艺实施的泡沫保温层各种性能良好，保持了传统单纯采用氯氟烃发泡剂的聚氨酯泡沫的优异性能，施工工艺简单、可靠，对环境友好。     

鄂尔多斯盆地油气田勘探开发水土流失预防治理

水土保持工作是油气田安全生产、推进绿色生态文明建设的重要保障。鄂尔多斯盆地油气资源具有“低渗、低压、低丰度”的三低特性，油气开发过程用地分散、单点用地少、总量需求大，同时油区地形复杂多样、气候反差明显、自然环境脆弱，其水土保持更具重要性。文章结合鄂尔多斯盆地油气田勘探开发实际，总结经验，剖析案例，提出水土保持新思路，从超前部署、综合防治、强化监管、自主验收等方面阐述如何强化水土流失预防与治理工作，以期为该地区油气田企业勘探开发过程水土保持提供借鉴。     

张店区水泥行业发展策略

调查发现，张店区水泥行业整体经营粗放，资源、能源消耗高，综合利用水平低，生产能力落后，其生产对环境造成了严重的粉尘、废气和噪声污染。基于此基本情况，根据水泥行业产业政策，建议张店区水泥行业进行工艺创新、材料创新，完善水泥产业链，环保部门要加大监察力度。     

中国省域展览业生态效率演变及空间格局研究

加快展览经济绿色转型升级是实现展览业高质量发展的关键环节。综合运用考虑非期望产出的Super-SBM模型和Malmquist生产率指数对2011—2020年中国30个省份展览业的生态效率进行测度，利用标准差椭圆勾勒展览业生态效率空间演变轨迹，并借助莫兰指数分析其空间关联格局。结果表明：(1)2011—2020年，全国省域展览业生态效率呈波动下降趋势，处于较低效率阶段，且形成“东部>东北>西部>中部”的空间分布格局，纯技术效率驱动生态效率优化发展效用有待加强。(2)中国展览业生态效率存在集聚特征，生态效率重心呈现向“东北—东南—东北”方向移动的趋势。(3)各省份展览业生态效率呈现由强向弱的空间关联格局，其发展模式以低—低集聚为主、低—高集聚次之，空间集聚模式待优化。     

基于节约集约利用对策的农村居民点用地分析——以广东省连南瑶族自治县为例

长期以来，我国很多地区农村居民点建设基本处于自发状态，散、乱、差是其基本特点，土地利用程度低，土地资源浪费现象普遍存在。在对连南瑶族自治县农村居民点用地问题分析研究的基础上，指出了存在问题的根源，并且提出了农村居民点用地节约集约利用对策。     

Quantifying sources of climate uncertainty to inform risk analysis for climate change decision-making

Quantitative estimates of future climate change and its various impacts are often based on complex climate models which incorporate a number of physical processes. As these models continue to become more sophisticated, it is commonly assumed that the latest generation of climate models will provide us with better estimates of climate change. Here, we quantify the uncertainty in future climate change projections using two multi-model ensembles of climate model simulations and divide it into different components: internal, scenario and model. The contributions of these sources of uncertainty changes as a function of variable, temporal and spatial scale and especially lead time in the future. In the new models, uncertainty intervals for each of the components have increased. For temperature, importance of scenario uncertainty is the largest over low latitudes and increases nonlinearly after the mid-century. It has a small importance for precipitation simulations on all time scales, which hampers estimating the effect which any mitigation efforts might have. In line with current state-of-the-art adaptation approaches, we argue that despite these uncertainties climate models can provide useful information to support adaptation decision-making. Moreover, adaptation decisions should not be postponed in the hope that future improved scientific understanding will result in more accurate predictions of future climate change. Such simulations might not become available. On the contrary, while planning adaptation initiatives, a rational framework for decision-making under uncertainty should be employed. We suggest that there is an urgent need for continued development and use of improved risk analysis methods for climate change adaptation.     

THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND IRRIGATION ON CRITERION LOW STREAMFLOWS USED FOR DETERMINING TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOADS1

ABSTRACT: This paper addresses the possible impacts of global climate change on low streamflows in the Midwest, both directly, through lower precipitation, and indirectly, by rendering irrigation profitable in areas where it has found little application in the past. In the analysis presented here, streamflow data are altered to represent the effect of climate change and stream-supplied irrigation, and then used to estimate new values for two low-flow criteria, the one- and seven-day-ten-year low flows (₇Q₁₀ and ₁Q₁₀) under 20 climate change and irrigation scenarios. Additionally, the frequencies of violation of these two criteria, and multiple violations in a three-year period, are determined. Results show that the potential impact of the assumed climate change scenarios on low flow standards is substantial. A 25 percent decrease in mean precipitation results in a 63 percent reduction in design flow, even in the absence of irrigation. With irrigation, the reduction can be as much as 100 percent. The frequency of single violations of low flow criteria is found to increase several fold with irrigation. The frequency of multiple violations of low flow criteria in a three-year period is sensitive to climate change, increasing from around 20 percent to nearly 100 percent as the climate change becomes more severe.     

Adaptation potential of ecosystem-based management to climate change in the eastern Canadian boreal forest

Ecosystem-based management (EBM) of forests is gaining acceptance for its focus on the maintenance of the long-term integrity of ecosystem processes, but climate change challenges this view because of its impacts on these very processes. We have therefore evaluated the robustness of EBM to projected climate change, considering the role of climate on forest growth and fire regime in a boreal forest of eastern Canada. A climate sensitive growth index model was calibrated for three commercial species and used to project the evolution of merchantable volume for two climate scenarios (B1 and A2) under conventional and EBM strategies. Current burn rate and burn rates under future climate scenarios were also considered. Under the most extreme projected climate scenario, the periodic timber supply could be reduced by up to 79% through direct (growth reduction) and indirect (fire) effects. However, ecological indicators show that EBM is a more robust forest management strategy than conventional one demonstrating its adaptation potential to climate change at least in the short term.     

Towards socially just adaptive climate governance: the transformative potential of conflict

Conflict is an important factor in ongoing climate change debates and its role in management is under increasing scrutiny. In this paper, I present the results of an advanced discourse analysis that analyses trends in the relationship between conflict and climate change. I present two primary discourses dominate discussion: (i) climate as a security risk and (ii) climate as one of many factors affecting power relations that may lead to conflict. Both narratives implicitly or explicitly discuss climate conflict as a cause–outcome relationship, and further primarily construct conflict and climate change within normative frames. Yet, conflict has transformative potential and can be incorporated into management in ways that harness its capacity to drive innovation and lead to more robust and just adaptive governance. I argue for a shift in the discursive frame from a cause– outcome-oriented approach to a process-driven approach, one that treats conflict as an integral part of adaptive governance processes, thus being more just and equitable. Such a shift in focus can lead to positive on ground climate adaptation outcomes, in ways that respect rather than are counter-intuitive to dominant political and societal imbalances and institutional structures.     

Climate change,natural hazards,and risk perception: the role of proximity and personal experience

Understanding public risk perception related to possible consequences of climate change is of paramount importance. Not only does risk perception have an important role in shaping climate policy, it is also central in generating support for initiatives for adaptation and mitigation. In order to influence public knowledge and opinion, there is a need to know more about why people have diverging attitudes and perceptions related to climate change and its possible consequences. By using representative survey data for Norway and multivariate analysis, the authors of this article show that differences in attitudes and perceptions are partially explained by factors such as gender, educational background, and people's political preferences. However, an important factor explaining people's perception of climate change and its possible consequences is their direct personal experience of damage caused by climate-related events such as flooding or landslide. Furthermore, the results show that personal experience of damage has the largest impact on the respondents' belief that there will be more natural-resource hazards locally than in Norway or globally. The results also show that merely living in a more exposed area but not having a personal experience of damage does not affect the respondents' concern towards climate change.     

THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE VARIATION ON THE ESTIMATION OF LOW FLOWS USED TO PROTECT WATER QUALITY: A NATIONWIDE ASSESSMENT1

ABSTRACT: Historical flow records are used to estimate the regulatory low flows that serve a key function in setting discharge permit limits through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, which provides a nationwide mechanism for protecting water quality. Use of historical records creates an implicit connection between water quality protection and climate variability. The longer the record, the more likely the low flow estimate will be based on a broad set of climate conditions, and thus provides adequate water quality protection in the future. Unfortunately, a long record often is not available at a specific location. This analysis examines the connection between climate variability and the variability of biologically based and hydrologically based low flow estimates at 176 sites from the Hydro‐Climatic Data Network, a collection of stream gages identified by the USGS as relatively free of anthropogenic influences. Results show that a record of 10 to 20 years is necessary for satisfactory estimates of regulatory low flows. Although it is possible to estimate a biologically based low flow from a record of less than 10 years, these estimates are highly uncertain and incorporate a bias that undermines water quality protection.     

WEATHER AND CLIMATE EXTREMES,CLIMATE CHANGE,AND PLANNING: Views of Community Water System Managers in Pennsylvania's Susquehanna River Basin1

ABSTRACT: This research examines the sensitivity and vulnerability of community water systems (CWSs) to weather and climate in the Pennsylvania portion of the Susquehanna River Basin. Three key findings emerge from a survey of 506 CWS managers. First, CWSs are sensitive to extreme weather and climate, but that sensitivity is determined more by type of system than system size. CWSs that rely partly or wholly on surface water face more disruptions than do groundwater systems. Larger systems have more problems with flooding, and size is not a significant determinant of outages from storms or disruptions from droughts. Second, CWS managers are unsure about global warming. Few managers dismiss global warming; most think global warming could be a problem but are unwilling to consider it in their planning activities until greater scientific certainty exists. Third, the nature of the CWS, its sensitivity to weather and climate, and projected risks from weather and climate are insignificant determinants of how managers plan. Experienced, full-time managers are more likely to consider future weather and climate scenarios in their planning, while inexperienced and part-time managers are less likely to do so. Implications of these findings include support for efforts to move away from surface water, for clear communication of climate change information, and for the hiring and retention of full-time professional CWS managers.     

Population,Development, and Waste Management in Botswana: Conceptual and Policy Implications for Climate Change

Based on government and other relevant documentation, this paper explores the conceptual linkage between population, development, and waste management in Botswana and the implications of this relationship for global climate change. Population is increasing, albeit at a decreasing rate. Spatially, the population is becoming more and more concentrated as the rates and level of urbanization increase. Economic growth has remained consistently high. The combined effect of population dynamics and economic development are having a noticeable imprint on the environment in the form of increased waste generation. Poor waste management poses a real threat to environmental sustainability in general and climate change in particular because of inadequate technology, weak institutional mechanisms to enforce regulations, and low levels of sensitization among the public to deal with the problem. Mitigation measures are suggested to minimize the negative effects of waste management on climate change.     

The Value of Linking Mitigation and Adaptation: A Case Study of Bangladesh

There are two principal strategies for managing climate change risks: mitigation and adaptation. Until recently, mitigation and adaptation have been considered separately in both climate change science and policy. Mitigation has been treated as an issue for developed countries, which hold the greatest responsibility for climate change, while adaptation is seen as a priority for the South, where mitigative capacity is low and vulnerability is high. This conceptual divide has hindered progress against the achievement of the fundamental sustainable development challenges of climate change. Recent attention to exploring the synergies between mitigation and adaptation suggests that an integrated approach could go some way to bridging the gap between the development and adaptation priorities of the South and the need to achieve global engagement in mitigation. These issues are explored through a case study analysis of climate change policy and practice in Bangladesh. Using the example of waste-to-compost projects, a mitigation-adaptation-development nexus is demonstrated, as projects contribute to mitigation through reducing methane emissions; adaptation through soil improvement in drought-prone areas; and sustainable development, because poverty is exacerbated when climate change reduces the flows of ecosystem services. Further, linking adaptation to mitigation makes mitigation action more relevant to policymakers in Bangladesh, increasing engagement in the international climate change agenda in preparation for a post-Kyoto global strategy. This case study strengthens the argument that while combining mitigation and adaptation is not a magic bullet for climate policy, synergies, particularly at the project level, can contribute to the sustainable development goals of climate change and are worth exploring.     

Leveraging the power of learning to overcome negotiation deadlocks in global climate governance and low carbon transitions

ABSTRACT

Learning among actors within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations helped transferring climate policies across countries and changed negotiation positions. Together with group pressure and leadership by key governments and non-national actors, experience, knowledge and belief-based learning types altered the UNFCCC negotiation dynamics and facilitated the Paris Agreement. Governments, the UNFCCC secretariat and NGOs created opportunities for government representatives to explore policy options and learn from each other’ successes of designing and implementing low carbon policies. These experience exchanges during and beyond the UNFCCC meetings were established to help countries share their experiences with low carbon economic development plans to address climate change while decoupling economic growth. Based on elite interviews, participant observation and document analysis, this contribution examines how learning facilitated breakthroughs in international climate negotiations. It finds that structured experience exchange of and reflection on other countries’ and non-national actors’ successful policy experiences can modify national interests as policymakers increasingly understand that climate action can support economic growth. This resulted in a higher willingness to take on more ambitious climate action commitments. Sharing experiences with climate policies can facilitate other actor’s learning how they can adapt successful policies to their specific framework conditions.