A Fuzzy Model for Assessing Risk of Occupational Safety in the Processing Industry

Abstract

Managing occupational safety in any kind of industry, especially in processing, is very important and complex. This paper develops a new method for occupational risk assessment in the presence of uncertainties. Uncertain values of hazardous factors and consequence frequencies are described with linguistic expressions defined by a safety management team. They are modeled with fuzzy sets. Consequence severities depend on current hazardous factors, and their values are calculated with the proposed procedure. The proposed model is tested with real-life data from fruit processing firms in Central Serbia.     

木制家具生产行业的职业危害与个体防护

通过对木制家具生产工艺流程及加工过程的调研分析,归纳出木粉尘、噪声、有机挥发物、机械伤害等10种主要危害因素,将各种危害因素对安全健康的影响和致病形式进行总结,并对木制家具生产企业进行现场调查。指出企业在职业危害防护措施方面的欠缺与不足,同时对木制家具生产行业职业危害的防护措施、个体防护装备的选用以及防护装备使用中的注意事项进行说明。研究认为,木制家具生产行业中危害因素多且危害程度严重,安监部门应加强对企业的监督管理,企业应为职工提供有效防护措施和个体防护装备。     

《废气治理环保项目劳动安全卫生设计专篇》编写要求

强调了劳动安全卫生设计的重要性，就《废气治理环保项目劳动安全卫生设计专篇》的编写方法进行了说明。指出了环保项目中常见的危险危害因素，并提出相应的防范技术措施。     

实施清洁生产,预防职业性危害

随着经济的发展 ,环境问题日趋严峻 ,同时由职业性危害因素导致的职业性危害或灾难也日趋增加 ,为了遏制环境的日益恶化 ,目前世界上大多数国家都实施了清洁生产 ,从源头控制环境污染已成为潮流。而在一定的劳动条件下或生产经营活动中 ,职业性危害因素主要存在于生产过程、劳动过程和生产环境 3个方面 ,而企业在实施清洁生产时 ,为诊断企业“不清洁”的因素 ,也要从这 3个方面来识别和评价。基于上述观点 ,笔者提出了结合企业的清洁生产来识别职业性危害因素 ,以预防职业性危害的发生和发展 ,并提出了具体预防职业性危害的清洁生产措施以及用职业健康监护来检验这些措施的效果 ,以实施安全生产 ,保护劳动者的生命安全与健康。     

某市区重点行业职业病危害因素现状调查研究

对某市区重点行业15家企业职业病危害因素进行检测与评价,对普查结果进行综合分析。结果表明:15家企业工作场所化学有害因素职业卫生现状情况良好,但噪声危害程度较大;在6个重点行业中,电子制造行业有害因素合格率最低,为84%,其次是纺织行业,有害因素合格率为85%,其他化学原料及化学制品、化工、木制家具、石材加工四个行业合格率均较高;市直以上企业职业卫生现状情况优于区属企业,300-2000人之间较大规模的企业职业卫生现状情况优于300人以下的企业。同时,对企业提出了职业危害现状的改进措施与建议。     

造船厂职业病危害因素识别与分析

尽管采用了新型的造船模式,而且在我国的现代化造船厂中得到了广泛的应用,但是造船企业的职业病危害问题并没有得到根本性的解决;那么,如何有效控制造船行业职业病的发生,就成了所有造船企业面临的一个共同难题。本文通过识别某造船厂存在的主要职业病危害因素,检测危害因素的浓度或强度,并结合现场调查结果,分析造船企业工作场所中相关的危害因素超标原因,确定超标作业点,也就明确了造船企业职业病危害关键因素和严重危害区域,达到根据作业特点、场所、工种的不同,有针对性地采取职业病危害工程技术和个体防护措施的目的,为帮助造船企业在日常生产中进一步做好职业病危害因素的防控工作具有现实意义。     

基于二元语义和AHP法的矿山职业危害综合评价方法

为科学评价矿山企业职业危害风险,提出一种基于二元语义和层次分析法(AHP)的矿山职业危害风险综合评价方法。首先,在分析企业生产活动的过程和相关文献的基础上,应用相关性分析方法,优化建立地下矿山职业危害风险评价体系;其次,在分析二元语义理论的基础上,给出原始数据标准化处理方法和详细的建模步骤;最后,通过实例进行应用。实例分析结果表明:利用语言短语处理定性信息的准确性高;职业危害风险的负面因素主要为粉尘等致灾因子,通过提高作业者素质和安全管理水平可大大降低其风险。     

高科技制造业环安卫风险管理系统

只要有危害源就会存在一定的风险。由于生产过程的需要,高科技制造行业往往使用大量有毒、危险化学品,生产环境与生产设备也不同于传统产业,也因此,如何运用有效地环安卫(环境保护、工业安全、职业健康)风险管理机制来避免各种危害源可能对企业造成的负面冲击,以降低高科技行业营运过程可能遭遇的环安卫风险一直是高科技行业风险管理者所面临的挑战。本文将介绍如何以PDCA持续改善的架构来贯穿高科技行业环安卫风险管理流程与风险管理概念。     

基于层次分析法的有毒作业场所职业危害程度分级指标研究

我国目前职业危害形势依然严峻,急、慢性职业中毒案例时有发生。对可能引起急、慢性职业中毒的有毒作业场所,按照其职业危害严重程度实施分级、分重点监管,成为我国职业危害监管工作需要解决的迫切需求。实施有毒作业场所分级监管的关键,是确定合理的分级指标,从而将有毒作业场所区分开。本文应用层次分析法,对有毒作业场所的各项评价指标进行分析,并最终确定毒物浓度超标倍数作为最终的分级指标,从而为制定有毒作业场所分级标准,开展有毒作业场所分级监管提供科学的依据。     

风险矩阵法在危险有害因素分级中的应用

为减少风险分级时产生的风险结,采用Borda序值法改进原有的风险矩阵法。改进后的风险矩阵法通过计算Borda数,依据Borda数的大小对风险进行排序,使得风险等级数量大量增加,从而减少风险矩阵中风险结的数量。将该方法应用于某烧碱装置危险有害因素分级管理,对生产过程中的9种主要危险有害因素进行排序,得出它们可以分为6级,而应用原始的风险矩阵法得到的分级数为3级。然后,依据分级结果提出针对性的安全对策措施。     

矿井安全状况的解释结构建模法(ISM)分析

依据影响矿井安全状况的 13个因素之间存在的逻辑关系 ,运用系统工程中的解释结构建模(ISM)方法进行了定性处理 ,建立了影响矿井安全状况因素的多级递阶结构模型。在该模型中 ,13个因素分为 6个级别 ,即事故和职业病 ;危险因素和有害因素 ;安全技术 ;开采和生产装备 ;矿井自然条件、矿区环境和安全投入 ;生产人员素质、安全管理和发展。通过模型 ,揭示了因素之间的纵向和横向关系 ,明了各因素对矿井安全状况的影响程度 ,为建立和完善矿井安全状况评价结构模型 ,确定模型中各因素的权重值 ,以及制定矿井生产安全对策措施提供了科学依据。     

基于风险的危险品道路运输安全容量研究

为了确定危险品道路运输安全容量,保障危险品道路运输安全,基于风险理念,使用对比研究方法,提出危险品道路运输个人风险基准,建立改进的危险品道路运输定量风险评估模型。结合提出的风险基准,提出危险品运输安全容量确定方法,解决了单一类别和多种类别危险品运输安全容量确定问题。研究结果表明:在某城市化工集聚区的实例应用该方法,能够大幅度降低危险品道路运输潜在生命损失,有助于保障危险品道路运输安全。     

涂料生产过程中的毒性分析

涂料生产所使用的原料和产品绝大部分是易燃、易爆和有毒的化学危险物质,这就决定了在涂料的生产过程中极易引发火灾和职业病伤害,其中职业中毒是较为突出的问题.对涂料生产过程中的有害因素、毒物分布、中毒途径以及中毒原因作了较为详细的介绍.     

Safety metaphors and theories,a review of the occupational safety literature of the US,UK and The Netherlands,till the first part of the 20th century

The 19th century and first half of the 20th century is one of those periods in history of rapid economical, technical and social changes. There is an ongoing mechanization, followed by a movement to rationalize production and to make it cost effective. This has created a heavy burden of occupational deaths amongst workers. In this period occupational safety is developing into a professional field. Engineers are enclosing hazards and fencing heights, shaping up safety technique, and writing very practical publications on occupational safety. These publications, predominantly published in the United States, are leading to quite some safety related metaphors, with the iceberg and the domino’s as the most famous ones. Sociologists, psychologists, and physicians are more concerned with questions related to accident causation, and these specialists are conducting research leading to two different safety theories. Causes of occupational accident are found either in the workers’ capacity to handle hazardous situations, or in external causes, like very long working hours, dangerous machines and the increased pressures of work and speed of production. The Pittsburgh survey, the first extended analysis of occupational accidents in a steel district, strongly advocated the environmental hypothesis, while the so-called ‘individual hypothesis’ is favored by the American Safety First Movement, starting as a private initiative in 1906 by US Steel, and later spreading out over Western European countries. The British Industrial Fatigue Board has given the individual hypothesis its scientific justification. Despite scientific criticism just after World War II on the concept of accident proneness and ‘unsafe acts’, its popularity is not fading. Even nowadays the famous metaphors are still part of the vocational training of safety experts, also in The Netherlands. Apparently professional and scientific developments in occupational safety are belonging to two separate worlds. Before World War II, The Netherlands is not a leading country in occupational safety but a follower, first of France and the German speaking countries. After World War I its focus is directed towards the Anglo-Saxon countries.     

岗位有害物质控制效率用于局部通风设施防护效果评估的探讨

工程防护是消除和控制职业病危害因素的重要方法,而职业病危害工程防护设施防护效果评估的首要任务是明确其评价指标与评估标准。针对局部通风设施防护效果评估,提出了岗位有害物质控制效率评价指标,并对比分析了职业接触限值、控制风速、有害物质捕集效率和该指标的优缺点;提出了岗位有害物质控制效率的定义、检测方法和评估标准,对该指标用于局部通风设施防护效果评价存在的问题进行了讨论,并提出了下一步的研究方向。     

某木材加工企业安全评价中的危险因素辨识

木材加工生产中危险有害因素较多,发生人员伤害事故的风险比较高. 用安全系统的理论和方法,以某木材加工企业生产过程为研究对象,通过危险有害因素辨识,对造成人员伤害的危险事件发生的可能性和导致伤害后果的严重程度进行了分析,为提出相应的安全对策措施提供了依据.     

某垃圾焚烧热电联产项目职业病危害控制效果评价

对某垃圾焚烧热电联产项目职业病危害控制效果进行评价,确定其主要的职业病危害因素。根据项目职业病危害的特点,通过职业卫生现场调查、职业卫生检测、职业健康检查等方法收集数据和资料,并结合职业病防护设施、个人职业病防护水平和定量分级结果,对试运行期间作业人员的职业病危害因素接触水平及职业健康影响进行评价。该项目主要职业病危害因素有硫化氢、氨、氢氧化钠、氯化氢、氟化氢、粉尘、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、NOX、SOX、重金属（如铅、汞、镉等）、二噁英等有毒气体（或有毒粉尘）和噪声、高温等物理因素。项目除输煤系统4#皮带头作业点煤尘浓度和5#皮带头、5#皮带卸煤口、碎煤机（三楼）检测点的噪声强度不符合国家职业卫生标准外,其余均符合国家职业卫生标准。该项目职业病危害控制效果基本符合国家职业卫生标准。建议改进完善部分岗位的职业病防护设施,建立健全职业卫生管理制度,完善现场职业病危害警示标识和警示说明。     

Occupational injuries and health problems in the Egyptian Mediterranean fisheries

Marine fishing is one of the most dangerous occupations. So far, no studies addressing occupational safety and health in the Egyptian fisheries have been conducted. The objective of this study is to explore and identify the types and causes of, as well as some factors associated with, occupational accidents and illnesses in the Egyptian marine fisheries. A sample of 686 fishermen in El-Maaddiya fishing port were interviewed for collecting relevant data. This paper presents the types of injuries mentioned by the interviewed fishermen and their potential causes in terms of accident type and involved agency/agency part. Also, major health problems and potential causes are presented. Furthermore, a logistic regression analysis was performed to study the significance of the association of some factors, such as age, experience, education and fishing gear with the occurrence of injuries and illnesses. The results of this study show that the Egyptian fishing industry involve many hazardous work conditions and practices that result in high morbidity and mortality rates, and high injury rates. The study recommends further research on suitable measures for the management of this problem.     

基于季节性因素的安全生产灰色时序分析预测—以陕西省为例

为了探索安全生产和季节性因素的关系,建立X-12-ARIMA模型对2007-2012年安全生产月度数据进行分析,得到了分离季节性影响之后的时间序列、不规则因素、季节性因素和趋势循环因素,在此基础上建立考虑季节性因素的安全生产灰色SARIMA预测模型。研究结果表明,陕西省工矿商贸领域的安全生产受季节性因素的影响,每年的7月和12月是陕西省安全生产受到季节性影响最严重的月份;SARIMA预测结果与实际的陕西省安全生产走势较为吻合,精度较为可靠。研究结果对安全监管和安全生产政策制定有一定的指导意义。     

Refinery firefighters: assessing fitness for duty.

Firefighting is a hazardous and physically demanding activity. The demanding nature of the tasks involved in firefighting requires a high level of fitness both for the safety of the firefighting personnel as well as for the adequate performance of their tasks. Here, the characteristics (body weight, lung function, etc.) of a small group of refinery firefighters were investigated using exploratory factor analysis and discriminant analysis. The results indicated that there is a group of factors that characterize those individuals meeting minimum fitness requirements as described previously in the literature. The factors that were identified included those related to anthropometry (such as body composition and weight) and those related to physical capabilities (such as push-ups). Since these data are collected relatively easily in most occupational settings, they may offer an efficient surrogate method to determine fitness for duty among firefighters.