共沉富集——单缝石英管火焰原子吸收法测定水中痕量铜,铅,锌,镉

采用共沉富集与单缝石英管技术，以火焰法测定地面水，地下水中的痕量铜，铅，锌，镉，检测限分别为０．５，１．８，０．２，０．１μｇ／Ｌ，四种痕量元素１１次测定的变异系数分别为２．８％，２．３％，３．１％和３．９％。     

L-半胱氨酸对氢化物发生原子吸收法测定砷增强信号作用的研究

将生化试剂Ｌ－半胱氨酸用于砷氢化物发生体系，在ｐＨ１．７～２．０，Ｌ－半胱氨酸用量大于１．５ｍ ｇ／ｍ ｌ时，Ｌ－半胱氨酸的存在使砷信号增强最大，该条件下使砷检出限低了２．６ 倍，水样加标加收率为９６％ ～９８．８％ ，应用于自来水和地表水中痕量砷的测定，获得了满意的结果。     

高效富集——火焰原子吸收法测定清洁水中痕量铜,铅,锌,镉

采用高效富集技术，以火焰原子吸收法测定清洁水中痕量铜，铅，锌，镉，检测限分别为０．３，１．６，１．１和０．２ｍｇ／ｌ，精密度好，准确度高，满足日常分析要求。     

氢化物发生—原子荧光法测定水中痕量铅

以过硫酸铵为氧化剂将铅氧化成亚稳四价态，与ＫＢＨ４作用生成ＰｂＨ４，应用氢化物发生—原子荧光测定水中痕量铅。本法灵敏度较高，检测限为０．６８μｇ／Ｌ；其回收率在９０—１０５％之间；变异系数为２．１—３．４％。     

光离子化检测器便携式气相色谱仪快速测定空气中苯系物

本文研究了使用光离子化检测器便携式气相色谱仪，直接测定空气中ｍｇ／ｍ３级苯系物（苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻、间、对位的二甲苯及异丙苯）的快速分析方法。方法的线性范围为０～１００ｍｇ／ｍ３，相关系数均在０．９９９以上，方法的变异系数分别为２．９～１２．５％（５ｍｇ／ｍ３），３．４～７．９％（３０ｍｇ／ｍ３），方法最低检测限达０．２～１．０ｍｇ／ｍ３。     

食用油烟气浓度的分析方法研究

以３种常见食用油的蒸馏抽提冷凝物为标准品，用紫外分光光度法研究食用油烟气浓度的分析方法。结果表明油烟标准品和样品的最大吸收波长均为２６４ｎｍ；标准管油烟含量为０￣１００μｇ围时，吸光度与油烟量间呈良好的线性关系（相关系数ｒ为０．９９４￣０．９９９）；该法测油烟含量的准确度即变异系数（ＣＶ％）为１．３％￣８．５％（Ｘ＝３．９％），回收率为９０．８３％￣１０６．６９％（９９．４％），检测下限０．１μｇ     

溶剂浮选吸光光度法测定工业废水中痕量酚

本文拟定了以ＣＰＢ（溴化十六烷基吡啶）为捕收剂，正戊醇为有机溶剂，浮选苯酚偶氮盐的溶剂浮选吸光光度法测定痕量苯酚的方案．表观摩尔吸光系数为２．６×１０６Ｌｍｏｌ－１．Ｃｍ－１，检测下限为０．２ｐＰｂ，用于炼油厂总排污水中苯酚的测定，７次的相对标准偏差为０．６％。     

气相色谱法测定环境空气中的乙醛

建立了环境大气中乙醛的气相色谱测定方法。采样效率在９９５以上，回收率为９２．８％－９９．５％，变异系数为２．５６％－３．２４％。当采样体积为１０Ｌ时，最低检出浓度为０．１４ｍｇ／ｍ＾３。     

气相色谱法测定废水中的丙烯腈

用４０５有机担体填充体,氢火焰检测器直接进样的气相色谱法测定废水中丙烯腈,检测限０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ,加标回收率９３．８％￣１０７．８％,变异系数１．３％￣３．７％。同时可检测乙腈、丙酮等组分。样品经酸化于４℃冷藏可保存９ｄ。     

乡镇工业废水对农业环境影响的典型调查

选择较有代表性的宁波市郊慈镇作为典型，调查分析了铜业乡镇企业对周围农业环境的污染情况。调查结果表明，污染源附近水域水质铜含量为０．００９～８．４６１ｍｇ／Ｌ，超标率为４３．８％，锌为０．０２～５．９２ｍｇ／Ｌ，超标率为３７．５％。土壤中铜的含量为３３．１～３２６．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，超标率为７２．２％。粮食中铜含量为２．１９～２４．２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，超标率为３７．５％。     

Mercury in Tree Swallow Food, Eggs, Bodies, and Feathers at Acadia National Park, Maine, and an EPA Superfund Site, Ayer, Massachusetts

We monitored nest boxes during 1997–1999 at Acadia National Park, Mt. Desert Island, ME and at an old-field site in Orono, ME to determine mercury (Hg) uptake in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) eggs, tissues, and food boluses. Also, in 1998–1999 we monitored nest boxes at Grove Pond and Plow Shop Pond at a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site in Ayer, MA. We recorded breeding success at all locations. On average among locations, total mercury (THg) biomagnified 2 to 4-fold from food to eggs and 9 to 18-fold from food to feathers. These are minimum values because the proportion of transferable methyl mercury (MeHg) of the THg in insects varies (i.e., 35%–95% of THg) in food boluses. THg was highest in food boluses at Aunt Betty Pond at Acadia, whereas THg in eggs was highest at the Superfund site. A few eggs from nests at each of these locations exceeded the threshold (i.e., 800–1,000 ng/g, wet wt.) of embryotoxicity established for Hg. Hatching success was 88.9% to 100% among locations, but five eggs failed to hatch from 4 of the 11 clutches in which an egg exceeded this threshold. MeHg in feathers was highest in tree swallows at Aunt Betty Pond and the concentration of THg in bodies was related to the concentration in feathers. Transfer of an average of 80%–92% of the Hg in bodies to feathers may have enhanced nestling survival. Residues of Hg in tissues of tree swallows in the Northeast seem higher than those of the Midwest.     

The occurrence of glyphosate, atrazine, and other pesticides in vernal pools and adjacent streams in Washington, DC, Maryland, Iowa, and Wyoming, 2005–2006

Vernal pools are sensitive environments that provide critical habitat for many species, including amphibians. These small water bodies are not always protected by pesticide label requirements for no-spray buffer zones, and the occurrence of pesticides in them is poorly documented. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of glyphosate, its primary degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid, and additional pesticides in vernal pools and adjacent flowing waters. Most sampling sites were chosen to be in areas where glyphosate was being used either in production agriculture or for nonindigenous plant control. The four site locations were in otherwise protected areas (e.g., in a National Park). When possible, water samples were collected both before and after glyphosate application in 2005 and 2006. Twenty-eight pesticides or pesticide degradation products were detected in the study, and as many as 11 were identified in individual samples. Atrazine was detected most frequently and concentrations exceeded the freshwater aquatic life standard of 1.8 micrograms per liter (microg/l) in samples from Rands Ditch and Browns Ditch in DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge. Glyphosate was measured at the highest concentration (328 microg/l) in a sample from Riley Spring Pond in Rock Creek National Park. This concentration exceeded the freshwater aquatic life standard for glyphosate of 65 microg/l. Aminomethylphosphonic acid, triclopyr, and nicosulfuron also were detected at concentrations greater than 3.0 microg/l.     

A survey of Pb,Cu, Zn,Cd, Cr,As, and Se in earthworms and soil from diverse sites

Earthworms and soils were collected from 20 diverse sites in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, and were analyzed for Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, and Se. Correlation coefficients relating concentrations of the elements in earthworms to concentrations in soil were low (–0.20<r<+0.57). Species differences and ecological variables contributed to the variability in concentrations of these elements in earthworms. The maximum concentrations of Pb (2100 ppm), Zn (1600 ppm), Cd (23 ppm) and Se (7.6 ppm) detected in earthworms were in the range reported to be toxic to animals fed diets containing these elements; however, even in the absence of any environmental contamination, some species of earthworms may contain high concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Se. Earthworms of the genus Eisenoides, for example, were exceptional in their ability to concentrate Pb. When earthworms are used as indicators of environmental contamination, it is important to identify the species, to report the soil characteristics, and to collect similar earthworms from very similar but uncontaminated soil.     

Testing Bioassessment Metrics: Macroinvertebrate, Sculpin, and Salmonid Responses to Stream Habitat, Sediment, and Metals

The purpose of this article is to report on the testing of responses of multimetric macroinvertebrate and habitat indices to common disturbances to streams: stream habitat alteration, excessive sediment, and elevated metals concentrations. Seven macroinvertebrate community metrics were combined into a macroinvertebrate biotic index (MBI), and 11 channel morphology, riparian, and substrate features were combined into a habitat index. Indices were evaluated by comparing the habitat results to fish population surveys and comparing the macroinvertebrate results to habitat ratings, percent fine sediments measured by Wolman pebble counts, and copper concentrations. Macroinvertebrate scores decreased with increasing percentages of fine sediments measured either across the bankfull or instream channel widths. Macroinvertebrate scores decreased with increasing copper. One metric, richness of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa, was more responsive to both copper and sediment than was the multimetric MBI. Habitat scores corresponded well with the age class structure of salmonids, but not with that of benthic sculpins. Both salmonid and sculpin age classes declined with increasing percentages of fine sediments. The decline was graded with the sculpin age classes, whether fine sediments were measured across the instream or bankfull channel, whereas salmonids consistently responded only to the instream fine sediments.     

The impact of terrorism and FDI on environmental pollution: Evidence from Afghanistan,Iraq, Nigeria,Pakistan, Philippines,Syria, Somalia,Thailand and Yemen

In this study, the relationships among environmental pollution, terrorism, foreign direct investments (FDI), energy consumption and economic growth is investigated for Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Syria, Somalia, Thailand and Yemen covering the 1975–2017 period utilizing Panel cointegration tests, ANOVA tests, long-run estimators and panel trivariate Causality tests. ANOVA results are in favor of evidence of homogeneity between the selected countries. Long-run estimators reveal that terrorism, FDI, energy consumption and economic growth have statistically significant effects on environmental pollution. Panel trivariate Causality test determines the causal relationship between the variables. Accordingly, one-way causal nexus from terrorism to Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and from FDI inflows to CO₂ emissions are found in the short-run. In the long-run, with strong causality results, the evidence of bi-directional causality between CO₂ emissions and other variables, namely, terrorism, FDI inflow energy consumption and economic growth are detected.     

吹扫捕集气质联用法同时测定水中氯乙烯、乙醛、丙烯醛、丙烯腈、吡啶和松节油

建立了一种采用吹扫捕集气质联用法同时测定水中氯乙烯、乙醛、丙烯醛、丙烯腈、吡啶和松节油的分析方法,研究并优化了吹扫捕集前处理条件参数。结果表明,吹扫时间、吹扫温度和脱附时间是影响目标物的吹扫捕集效率的关键因素;优化后方法线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999,检出限范围为0.20~1.48μg/L,加标回收率范围为86.9%~105%,相对标准偏差为1.1%~9.8%。建立的吹扫捕集GC-MS联用法简便、快速、灵敏度高、定性定量准确可靠,可同时满足对自来水、地表水、地下水等水样中痕量氯乙烯、乙醛、丙烯醛、丙烯腈、吡啶和松节油监测的要求。     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.