高浓度基质冲击后厌氧氨氧化菌活性恢复研究

试验研究了阶段式负荷提高法对高浓度基质抑制后反应器中厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)菌的活性恢复特性的影响,考察了活性恢复过程反应器各阶段的脱氮性能、胞外聚合物(EPS)组分及Anammox菌丰度的变化.结果表明,通过逐步提高氮负荷率,反应器中Anammox菌活性于57d内即可恢复至受损前状态,最终氮去除负荷达2.21 kg·m-3·d-1;Anammox泥中的EPS含量、紧密型EPS和松散型EPS中蛋白质与多糖的比例均呈现先降低后上升的趋势,当进水总氮(TN)为500 mg·L-1时,EPS含量及二者的比例均最低;Anammox菌丰度对废水中氮浓度的敏感度较高,在活性恢复过程中,TN浓度为700 mg·L-1时丰度最高,达2.4×1010copies·g-1VSS.     

活性污泥处理偶氮染料废水过程中胞外聚合物特性研究

采用序批式反应器(SBR)考察了偶氮染料浓度对活性污泥的污染物去除性能及胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)的影响.结果表明,COD、染料及营养物的去除率均随着进水染料浓度的增加而下降,但进水染料浓度对EPS的影响却呈现不同的趋势.当进水染料浓度为5 ～40 mg·L-1时,EPS含量随着染料浓度的增加而增加;当进水染料浓度超过40 mg·L-1时,EPS含量却随着染料浓度的增加而减少.染料的加入导致活性污泥EPS中蛋白质的含量增加,且其变化趋势与EPS变化一致;EPS中腐殖酸的浓度低于蛋白质浓度;而EPS中多糖的浓度最低,为8 mg·g-1.三维荧光光谱结果显示,不同染料浓度下EPS荧光吸收峰数量及位置相同,分别为类蛋白峰(λEx/λEm=240 nm/375 ～394 nm)和类富里酸类峰(λEx/λEm =270 nm/410～416 nm),但两个吸收峰的荧光强度不同.     

模拟自然水体中藻-溞-草间的相互作用研究

为了解氮磷浓度对生物操纵效果及同时恢复水生植被的影响,以小球藻、大型溞和金鱼藻分别作为浮游植物、浮游动物和大型沉水植物的代表,模拟自然条件研究了不同氮磷浓度对三者生长和相互作用的影响.结果表明:金鱼藻和小球藻共培养时,在氮浓度介于2.92～12.60mg·L-1、磷浓度介于0.06 ～0.85 mg·L-1,金鱼藻增长不明显,甚至出现负增长;而小球藻的增长率则远高于金鱼藻.小球藻和大型溞共培养时,氮、磷浓度分别为1.26～ 10.53 mg·L-1和0.04～1.16 mg·L-1时均占据优势,对小球藻的抑制效果显著,抑藻及氮磷去除效果明显好于金鱼藻和小球藻共培养,而且磷的去除效果优于氮.三者共培养时,在氮浓度介于3.15 ～23.92 mg·L-1、磷浓度介于0.07 ～0.64 mg·L-1时,大型溞与金鱼藻的增长率都较高,而小球藻则维持在较低的增长水平,水质改善效果较好;当氮、磷浓度分别升至25.95 mg·L-1和1.18 mg·L-1时,大型潘和金鱼藻的增长率均下降,水质变差.大型溞和金鱼藻的联合控藻效果好于其单一的控制效果,该效果明显受到氮磷浓度的影响.     

进水氨氮浓度对生物除磷颗粒系统的影响

在SBR反应器中接种成熟的生物除磷颗粒,通过分阶段提高进水中氨氮浓度,研究了进水氨氮浓度对生物除磷颗粒系统的影响,确定系统对进水氨氮负荷的承受能力。结果表明,进水氨氮浓度低于45mg·L-1时,生物除磷颗粒系统具有良好的性能,TP去除率在96%以上,COD去除率在89%以上,出水TP浓度和COD浓度分别在0.4mg·L-1和25mg·L-1以下,颗粒粒径在950μm以上,SVI在45mL·g-1以下;进水氨氮浓度为60mg·L-1时,TP去除率在95%以上,出水TP浓度在0.5mg·L-1以下,颗粒粒径为760μm,SVI为56mL·g-1,系统中生物除磷颗粒出现部分解体,PAOs代谢和生长开始受到抑制。进水氨氮浓度达到70mg·L-1时,TP去除率为70%,出水TP浓度在3mg·L-1左右,颗粒粒径为570μm,SVI为75mL·g-1,PN/PS值达到7.50左右,系统中生物除磷颗粒严重解体,PAOs代谢和生长被严重抑制。随着进水氨氮浓度上升,导致生物除磷颗粒中微生物分泌蛋白质增加和多糖减少,PN/PS值增大,出现生物除磷颗粒解体,颗粒粒径减小和SVI上升,生物除磷颗粒的结构和功能被破坏。     

溶解氧对好氧/延长闲置SBR除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,乙酸钠为外加碳源,考察不同溶解氧(DO)浓度下好氧/延长闲置(O/EI)序批式反应器的除磷效果,并通过分析典型周期内磷元素及微生物体内各储能物质的变化,探究DO浓度对O/EI工艺除磷性能的影响机制.结果表明,低DO浓度(1 mg·L-1)条件下,O/EI系统具有良好的除磷效果,除磷率高达96%,单位污泥除磷量为5.02 mg·g-1;而当DO浓度较高(4 mg·L-1)时,反应器内磷的去除率降至50%,单位污泥除磷量仅2.81 mg·g-1.研究表明,在DO浓度为1 mg·L-1时,微生物能合成较多聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs),糖原的合成及利用较少,系统好氧吸磷量远高于其他反应器,并在闲置期释放出更多聚磷酸盐.可见,DO可通过影响微生物体内PHAs和糖原的合成及转化,闲置期释磷,好氧前期释磷及好氧吸磷,进而影响系统的除磷性能.     

不同磷浓度下生物除磷颗粒系统的COD需求

本试验采用SBR反应器,接种成熟的生物除磷颗粒,通过分阶段改变进水中总磷(TP)和COD浓度,研究了不同磷浓度条件下COD负荷对生物除磷颗粒系统的影响,得出不同磷浓度下生物除磷颗粒系统具有良好性能所需最低COD浓度.结果表明,进水TP浓度为10 mg·L-1时,生物除磷颗粒系统维持良好性能所需最低COD浓度为175 mg·L-1,出水TP浓度在0.5mg·L-1以下,颗粒粒径和SVI分别为1 020μm和36 m L·g-1,PN和PS含量(以MLSS计)分别为78 mg·g~(-1)和39 mg·g~(-1),PN/PS较低,颗粒具有较好的结构和性能.进水TP浓度为6 mg·L-1时,生物除磷颗粒系统良好除磷性能所需最低COD浓度为150 mg·L-1,出水TP浓度在0.3 mg·L-1以下,颗粒粒径和SVI分别为960μm和35 m L·g-1,PN和PS含量分别为75 mg·g~(-1)和35 mg·g~(-1),PN/PS较低,颗粒具有较好的结构和性能.整个运行过程中,COD去除率在83%以上,出水COD浓度在25mg·L-1以下.在不同磷浓度条件下,随着进水COD浓度降低,微生物分泌PN和PS含量均减少,PN/PS增大,颗粒粒径减小,SVI增加,颗粒的结构和性能恶化.     

nZVI对亚硝化颗粒污泥性能的冲击性影响研究

本研究采用批次试验,考察了不同浓度纳米零价铁(n ZVI)对亚硝化颗粒污泥(NGS)性能的冲击性影响,并对氮形态转化规律、氨氧化菌比耗氧速率(SOUR-A)、胞外聚合物(EPS)与溶解性微生物产物(SMP)组成、铁元素分布情况进行了系统分析.结果表明,当n ZVI投加量从0mg·L~(-1)提高至10 mg·L~(-1)时,SOUR-A值显著提高,NGS对氨氮的去除率始终保持在95%以上,亚硝态氮比累积速率(μ(NO-2-N))由27.3mg·g~(-1)·h-1提高至30.7 mg·g~(-1)·h-1,EPS中多糖与蛋白质含量均明显上升.然而,当原水中n ZVI浓度高于25 mg·L~(-1)时,SOUR-A值大幅降低,EPS与SMP中的多糖组分出现此消彼长的现象.当n ZVI投加量达到700 mg·L~(-1)时,NGS对氨氮的去除率降至58.9%,μ(NO-2-N)值为17.5 mg·g~(-1)·h-1,仅相当于对照组的64.1%.此外,扫描电镜与能谱分析的结果表明,n ZVI在NGS表面的大量吸附不仅严重抑制了功能微生物的活性,也会显著改变污泥表面的微生态环境.     

溶解氧对Biolak型A2O工艺脱氮除磷性能的影响

通过对Biolak型A2O工艺处理生活污水工程应用的研究,考察了好氧段溶解氧(DO)浓度对该工艺脱氮除磷的影响.试验结果表明,DO浓度变化对系统COD、NH+4-N处理效果的影响不大,而对系统总氮及总磷的去除效果影响显著.当DO浓度控制在0.80~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统总氮去除效果最佳,可以达到69.5%,系统好氧段可实现同步硝化反硝化除氮.通过对系统氮进行物料衡算发现,23.7%的总氮通过好氧段多级A/O反硝化脱氮去除.当DO浓度为1.00~3.00 mg·L-1时,总磷(TP)去除率较高,可以达到74.0%.DO浓度控制在1.00~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统脱氮除磷效果最佳,此时TN、TP的去除率分别为68.9%、73.7%,二级生化处理段出水TN、TP分别为12.02、0.95 mg·L-1.     

温度对ABR-MBR复合工艺处理生活污水的影响及其微生物群落分析

将厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)与膜生物反应器(MBR)优化组合(CAMBR)用于处理实际生活污水,研究温度对该反应器处理效能的影响,并采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术对其内部微生物群落结构进行分析.试验水力停留时间为7.5 h、混合液回流比R1为200%,R2为50%、pH为6.5~8.5、溶解氧3 mg·L-1左右.控制3个温度梯度:中温(25℃±5℃),低温(10℃±5℃),高温(35℃±5℃).结果表明系统稳定运行后,温度对系统去除COD的影响很小,COD的去除效果很好.中温和高温环境,系统出水水质较好,TN平均去除率为70%,出水平均浓度为9 mg·L-1,TP平均去除率为73%,出水平均浓度低于0.8 mg·L-1.低温环境,TN平均去除率仅为57%,出水平均浓度为15 mg·L-1;TP平均去除率降至67%,出水平均浓度为1 mg·L-1.DGGE图谱表明,整个试验过程,系统内微生物类群保持多样性分布,同时优势菌群突出;在同一时期内,各反应池菌群相似性较高,但各隔室微环境的改变使得ABR和MBR内微生物菌群结构仍存在明显差异,强化了ABR和MBR的各自功能,有效保证了系统脱氮除磷效果.     

纳米乳化油修复硝酸盐污染地下水过程中的微生物特征模拟实验研究

为探寻纳米乳化油原位修复地下水硝酸盐氮污染过程中微生物堵塞的形成原因,本研究采用市售的反硝化细菌接种微生物,以纳米乳化油为碳源,中砂为介质,分别建立2组反应器进行模拟实验,分析不同反应器中硝氮的降解情况,同时采用MiSeq高通量测序技术表征不同反应器的微生物菌落结构和多样性.结果表明,纳米乳化油作为碳源具有良好的降解效果,添加纳米乳化油的反应器,反应周期内硝酸盐氮的总降解效率为91.76%,而对照反应器的降解效率仅为38.11%.在硝酸盐氮降解过程中,均存在以蛋白质和多糖为主的代谢产物胞外聚合物增加的趋势,且蛋白质的含量均显著高于多糖.反应结束时,实验组和对照组的胞外聚合物累积量分别为384.49 mg和279.45 mg,单位质量硝氮降解产生的胞外聚合物分别为1.79 mg·mg^-1和39.43 mg·mg^-1.高通量测序结果显示,添加纳米乳化油会引起细菌浓度的升高及细菌群落多样性的降低,但具有反硝化作用的微生物相对丰度增加.实验组和对照组反应器中共同的优势菌门为Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes和Actinobacteria,相对丰度分别为73.35%、6.77%、8.49%及33.46%、47.15%、7.15%,纳米乳化油的添加会刺激Proteobacteria等具有较高反硝化作用的微生物增多,因此,以纳米乳化油作为碳源能够有效提高硝酸盐氮的降解效率,但与此同时纳米乳化油也会刺激微生物的生长及影响微生物群落演变.Sphingamonas、Rhodopseudomonas和Microbacterium菌属相对丰度增加,会引起粘性代谢产物增多,造成多孔介质渗透性下降和生物堵塞.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.