硝酸体系微波消解-偏钼酸铵分光光度法测定固废中总磷方法的研究

固体废物经硝酸体系微波消解,其中难溶盐和含磷有机物分解形成正磷酸盐进入溶液,在酸性条件下,正磷酸盐与偏钒酸铵和钼酸铵反应,生成黄色的三元杂多酸,于波长420nm处进行比色测定.样品量为0.5g,定容体积50ml,使用3cm比色皿,方法检出限为1.1mg/kg,测定下限为4.4mg/kg,满足固废总磷的监测要求.     

An automatic monitor of formaldehyde in air by a monitoring tape method

An automatic monitor has been developed for measuring formaldehyde in air using a sensitive tape for formaldehyde. It is based on the color change of the tape on reaction with formaldehyde. The porous cellulose tape, containing silica gel as an absorbent and impregnated with the processing solution containing hydroxylamine sulfate, Methyl Yellow (pH indicator; pH 2.9-4.0, red-yellow), glycerin and methanol, was found to be a highly sensitive means of detecting formaldehyde and maintains a stable sensitivity. When the tape was exposed to a sample of air containing formaldehyde, the color of the tape changed from yellow to red. The degree of color change was proportional to the concentration of formaldehyde at a constant sampling time and flow rate, and it could be recorded by measuring the intensity of reflected light (555 nm). The tape could be used to detect down to 0.08 ppm (World Health Organization standard) of formaldehyde with a sampling time of 30 min and a flow rate of 100 mL min-1. Reproducibility tests showed that the relative standard deviation of response (n = 10) was 3.8% for 0.1 ppm formaldehyde. The monitor is simple, specific, capable of unattended operation and is recommended for both laboratory and field operation.     

水和废水中黄磷的测定

试验了黄磷在紫外光区的吸收光谱,建立了紫外分光光度法测定水和废水中黄磷的方法.该方法不需酸化、氧化,可在萃取后直接比色测定.当样品中含有石油类干扰物质时,可用含氧化剂的酸性水溶液对萃取液进行反萃取即能将其排除.该方法灵敏,具有测定范围宽、准确度高、精密度好、操作简便等特点.     

Evaluation of Point and Diffuse Sources of Nutrients in a River Basin on Base of Monitoring Data

The methodology of materials accounting is presented and applied to developing nutrient balance (nitrogen and phosphorus) in a river basin. The method is based on the balance principle: inputs and outputs of each nitrogen and phosphorus related sub-systems were balanced. The application of the methodology strategies was illustrated by means of a case study of the Krka river, Slovenia. Different pathways of emission to surface waters were taken into account: WWTP discharges, direct discharges, erosion/runoff and baseflow. Total annual emission into the river Krka was estimated to be 362 tonnes N/year and 73.3 tonnes P/year. The main sources of nitrogen are diffuse sources, emitted via baseflow (52%). Other important sources are effluents from WWTP, which account for 36% of total emissions. Other sources like erosion and direct discharges to surface water (animal manure, industry, households) are of lower magnitude. Erosion is main source of phosphorus emission (55% of total emission), WWTP effluents account for 37% of total emission, while other sources are less important. Besides reduction of point sources by means of wastewater collection and implementation of nutrient removal technology, managing agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus to protect water quality should become a major challenge in the Krka river basin.     

碳酸氢钠浸提-钼锑抗分光光度法测定土壤中的有效磷

用0.50 mol/L碳酸氢钠溶液浸提中性和石灰性土壤中的有效磷.碳酸氢钠可以抑制溶液中Ca2+的活度,使某些活性较大的磷酸钙盐被浸提出来,同时也可使活性磷酸铁、铝盐水解而被浸出.浸提液与钼锑抗显色剂反应生成磷钼蓝,在波长880 nm处测量吸光度.当取样量为2.50 g时,使用50 mL碳酸氢钠溶液浸提,使用1 cm比...     

Performance optimization of a membrane assisted passive sampler for monitoring of ionizable organic compounds in water

A thin-walled silicone rubber hollow fibre membrane has been developed as a passive sampler. The inside of the tube is filled with an aqueous solution at an appropriate pH. The tube is sealed at both ends and then immersed in a water sample. In order for the ionizable permeating compounds to be trapped in the aqueous receiving phase, the pH is adjusted such that the compounds are ionized and trapped. The major advantages are its simplicity, low cost and high selectivity, since only ionizable organic compounds are trapped. Additionally, the sampler uses no organic solvent. By adjusting the pH of the acceptor phase, it is possible to control the extraction process and whether the sampler is used in the kinetic or equilibrium regime. Since it is very selective, no further clean-up of the extract is required. The membrane assisted passive sampler has been tested for extraction of chlorophenols under laboratory conditions. The extraction process was found to be linear over a 72 h sampling period. Selectivity of the passive sampler in river water was demonstrated and the extraction process was independent of sample concentration, even at lower concentration levels of analytes. However, the sample matrix in some river water samples led to incomplete trapping, thereby reducing the amount trapped in the acceptor phase. Detection limits (three times signal to noise ratio) were dependant on sample matrix and type of detection system and ranged from 0.05 microg L(-1) to about 1 microg L(-1) with a UV photodiode detector in water samples from one river and 1.0 microg L(-1) to 20 microg L(-1) in another but with an ordinary UV detector. The enrichment factors in river water were 28 for 2-chlorophenol and 44 for 2,4-dichlorophenol over a 72 h sampling period. 4-chlorophenol was poorly extracted and its enrichment factor was 3.     

南通市区河流底泥营养物质污染特征及环境风险分析

以南通市区的学田河、南川河、法伦寺河、城山河及西山河为研究对象,测定了河流表层底泥中的有机质、总氮、氨氮、硝氮、总磷、无机磷及活性有机磷等营养物质指标,分析了污染最重的监测点的污染原因。此外,采用有机指数法、营养物质比值法进行了环境风险评价。得出各条河流底泥均为肥污染级,尤其污染最重的是西山河;各研究河流底泥的碳氮比都很高,说明其营养物质主要来源于周围环境;学田河和西山河底泥的氮磷比较高,说明它们的富营养化程度相对较高。通过回归分析,得出学田河、南川河、法伦寺河及城山河底泥中有机质与总氮及南川河有机质与总磷之间具有良好的线性相关性。     

环境空气中二甲胺的测定

利用二甲胺与氯化铜及二硫化碳作用生成黄棕色二甲氨基二硫代甲酸铜的反应，分析测试环境空气中二甲胺的含量。确定了环境空气中二甲胺分析测试的显色温度和时间，采用2cm比色皿，以水为参比，在430nm处比色测定。结果表明，当采样流量为0．5L／min、采样时间为60min时，本方法检出限为0．007mg／m^3。该方法操作方便，精密度较好，能够满足环境空气中二甲胺的分析测试要求。     

Assessment of elemental contaminants in water and fish samples from Aba river

The elemental contaminants in water and fish samples from Aba river were studied. The elements studied were Zn, Ni, As, Hg, Co and Mn. Three water samples and three samples of different fish species were collected from different locations in the river. The water and fish samples were analysed for elemental contaminants using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The elemental toxicants Zn and Mn were identified in appreciable amounts in fresh fish species namely, Lates niloticus and Oriochronis niloticus, of mean values 8.012 ppm and 0.861 ppm, respectively. The analysis also shows arsenic concentration of mean value 0.01 ppm in Lates niloticus. The analysis of frozen fish samples purchased from the Waterside market located near the river shows Ni and Hg levels of mean values 0.83 ppm and 0.02 ppm, respectively. The levels of elemental contaminants As, Zn, Hg and Mn from the water samples have mean values 0.082 ppm, 11.284 ppm, 0.201 ppm and 1.024 ppm, respectively. There are five industries that discharge waste products into Aba river. In view of this, there is a need to determine the level of pollution of the river, since the inhabitants depend on the river for their drinking water, fishing and other domestic uses. This study is aimed at determining the level of heavy metal toxicants in fish and water samples from the river. The effect of these elemental contaminants and the associated health hazards were examined.     

Multivariate statistical study of seasonal variation of BTEX in the surface water of Savitri River

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) analysis was carried out for the surface water of the Savitri river during the period of June 2005 to June 2007. BTEX compounds (Benzene, Toluene, Xylene & Ethyl benzene) were analyzed by using micro extraction technique (Purge & Trap). Concentrations of these BTEX compounds were ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 ppm during sampling period. Higher concentrations of BTEX were found at sampling location VI. Concentration of ethyl benzene was very low as compare to other compounds. However, the concentration of benzene was very high. Seasonal variations in conc. of BTEX compounds were observed and higher concentration was detected during the summer season. Salting-out effect had given higher quantification values. In PCA and PFA, the component loading for all the variables are positively correlated. Death of fishes was observed in the river that is indication of severe pollution problem.     

A Budget Model to Scale Nutrient Biogeochemical Cycles in Two Semienclosed Gulfs

The nutrient dynamics of the Strymonikos and Ierissos Gulfs, two semienclosed coastal water bodies, are studied using a simple steady-state budget model, according to the Land–Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone modeling guidelines. Strymon river plume dynamics prevailed in the area of the Inner and Outer Srymonikos Gulfs, comprising two layers, while the Ierissos Gulf was defined as a one-box system. Seasonal and mean annual model input data for river discharge, precipitation, evaporation, and concentrations of salt, phosphorus, and nitrogen were obtained during four field campaigns. Results from the nitrogen and phosphorus cycling revealed the importance of river discharge in the horizontal and vertical transport of these substances within the system. Furthermore, it occurred that the major biogeochemical transformation of nitrogen and phosphorus takes place in the immediate nearshore zone (Inner Strymonikos Gulf), while the outer system sustains its nutrient dependence on oceanic exchanges. Therefore, under the summer low flow conditions, the river-influenced inner system acts as a net source of nitrogen and phosphorus, while under increased Strymon River discharge, phosphorus is transferred to the biological material (and the sediments), and the system moves to an autotrophic state. The outer system showed an opposite behavior being autotrophic throughout the year and heterotrophic in February. The Ierissos Gulf, a system not directly influenced by significant river discharge, experienced a seasonally independent behavior with net heterotrophic and denitrification processes prevailing. Model scenarios demonstrated that phosphate concentration increases, even under low river flow conditions and stimulates primary production in excess of respiration, resulting in nitrogen fixation prevalence in the Inner Strymonikos Gulf.     

Determination of some mineral contents of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L.) seed flours

The aim of this study was to determine some mineral contents of prickly pear (Opuntia f?cus-indica L.) seeds collected from different locations. The mineral contents of seeds were established by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. All the seeds contained Ca, K, Mg and P at high levels. Calcium content ranged between 268.5 (sample no. 11) and 674.8 ppm (sample no. 4). The level of K changed between 346.7 (sample no. 1) and 676.1 ppm (sample no. 13). Phosphorus content of seeds varied between 1,173.6 (sample no. 14) and 1,871.3 ppm (sample no. 1). It is apparent that seeds are good sources of the macro and micro minerals and can be consumed as a food ingredient to provide nutrition.     

Estimation of phosphorus flux in rivers during flooding

Reservoirs in Taiwan are inundated with nutrients that result in algal growth, and thus also reservoir eutrophication. Controlling the phosphorus load has always been the most crucial issue for maintaining reservoir water quality. Numerous agricultural activities, especially the production of tea in riparian areas, are conducted in watersheds in Taiwan. Nutrients from such activities, including phosphorus, are typically flushed into rivers during flooding, when over 90 % of the yearly total amount of phosphorous enters reservoirs. Excessive or enhanced soil erosion from rainstorms can dramatically increase the river sediment load and the amount of particulate phosphorus flushed into rivers. When flow rates are high, particulate phosphorus is the dominant form of phosphorus, but sediment and discharge measurements are difficult during flooding, which makes estimating phosphorus flux in rivers difficult. This study determines total amounts of phosphorus transport by measuring flood discharge and phosphorous levels during flooding. Changes in particulate phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus, and their adsorption behavior during a 24-h period are analyzed owing to the fact that the time for particulate phosphorus adsorption and desorption approaching equilibrium is about 16 h. Erosion of the reservoir watershed was caused by adsorption and desorption of suspended solids in the river, a process which can be summarily described using the Lagmuir isotherm. A method for estimating the phosphorus flux in the Daiyujay Creek during Typhoon Bilis in 2006 is presented in this study. Both sediment and phosphorus are affected by the drastic discharge during flooding. Water quality data were collected during two flood events, flood in June 9, 2006 and Typhoon Bilis, to show the concentrations of suspended solids and total phosphorus during floods are much higher than normal stages. Therefore, the drastic changes of total phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, and dissolved phosphorus in rivers during flooding should be monitored to evaluate the loading of phosphorus more precisely. The results show that monitoring and controlling phosphorus transport during flooding can help prevent the eutrophication of a reservoir.     

Phosphorus contamination of Al-Khair river,Baghdad

Phosphorus in one of the most important biogenous substances affecting water quality and connected with water pollution from man-associated sources. Concentrations of various phosphorus forms in Al-Khair river, Baghdad, showed that its water contained high levels of phosphorus and these concentrations increased significantly down the stream where the domestic sewage effluents are discharged. Total phosphorus (TP) concentrations reached 2.65 mg L^-1 during October 1984, where total soluble phosphorus (TSP) formed the major constituent of TP at these affected sites. A flooding condition was established to dilute different species of contaminants as an attempt to control the pollution of Al-Khair river. During this stage, phosphorus concentrations decreased although the TP concentrations did not fall below 0.03 mg L^-1 (with few exceptions). Moreover, higher phosphorus concentrations were recorded during summers VS. winter months during both stages of the work. This probably was due to the internal load where TP concentrations in the bottom sediments showed also high levels of phosphorus concentration (maximum 180 g g^-1 dry wt.).     

成都市河流生态健康评价

研究以成都市域内河流为研究对象,通过采样分析得到水质、生境状况、浮游藻类、底栖动物等相关指标,利用综合指标体系法,评价成都市域内河流生态系统健康状况,并结合成都市人口、土地利用、地区生产总值等因素分析人类活动与河流生态健康的关系。结果表明:成都市河流浮游藻类以硅藻和绿藻为主,部分中下游采样点出现以蓝藻为主的情况;底栖动物以指示有机污染的颤蚓科出现的频率最高,约48%的采样点以颤蚓科为优势种;约74%的河流生态健康状况为"差"或"很差",河流生态健康状况整体呈现中上游优于下游、城市周边优于市区的特征;人口密度、人类活动用地比例与河流中氨氮呈显著正相关,人类活动会显著影响河流生态系统健康。     

Sandbar-regulated hydrodynamic influences on river hydrochemistry at Mengabang Telipot River, Peninsular Malaysia

Influences of river hydrodynamic behaviours on hydrochemistry (salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen saturations and dissolved phosphorus) were evaluated through high spatial and temporal resolution study of a sandbar-regulated coastal river. River hydrodynamic during sandbar-closed event was characterized by minor dependency on tidal fluctuations, very gradual increase of water level and continual low flow velocity. These hydrodynamic behaviours established a hydrochemistry equilibrium, in which water properties generally were characterized by virtual absence of horizontal gradients while vertical stratifications were significant. In addition, the river was in high trophic status as algae blooms were visible. Conversely, river hydrodynamic in sandbar-opened event was tidal-controlled and showed higher flow velocity. Horizontal gradients of water properties became significant while vertically more homogenised and with lower trophic status. In essence, this study reveals that estuarine sandbar directly regulates river hydrodynamic behaviours which in turn influences river hydrochemistry.     

太湖流域河流入河污染负荷通量与入湖水质响应关系分析——以殷村港为例

以2020年1—12月太湖主要入湖河流殷村港水质自动监测站的监测数据及2020年太湖水位资料为依据,构建了一维水量水质耦合数学模型,建立了入河污染负荷通量与入湖控制断面水质响应关系,以入太湖控制断面殷村港站达Ⅲ类水质水为目标,模拟计算了殷村港站主要污染物入湖水质变化过程。结果表明,殷村港站高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷等水质指标浓度最大值均明显的降低,其中氨氮浓度降低幅度相对较大,主要集中于3—6月;高锰酸盐指数和总磷日均入河污染负荷通量变化相对较小,氨氮日均入河污染负荷通量降低幅度相对较大;殷村港站高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷等水质指标年入河污染负荷削减量分别为24.17,41.43,3.87 t。提出,基于核算出的削减量需进一步结合污染负荷通量过程和污染源溯源分析,确定不同水质指标下入河污染负荷控制方向,为科学合理规划殷村港主要污染物的入河污染负荷总量控制提供科学依据。     

Determination of adrenal steroids by microfluidic chip using micellar electrokinetic chromatography

This paper describes a sensitive and convenient method to separate progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxy progesterone, cortexolone, hydrocortisone and cortisone, all of which are steroids and have similar structures, using microfluidic chip-based technology with UV detection at 252 nm. We successfully obtained high-speed separation of the five steroids within 70 s in optimized microfluidic controls and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) separation conditions. Fairly good linearity with correlation coefficient of over 0.98 from 10 or 20 to 100 mg/l steroid chemicals was obtained. The limits of detection obtained at a signal to noise ratio of 3 were from 3.89 to 7.80 mg/l. The values of the relative standard deviation (RSD) were 0.98-1.34% for repetitive injection (n = 12) and the intraday and interday RSDs were below 6%. The highly stable response reflected the feasibility of this method.     

NPD与FPD气相色谱法测定水中的黄磷

实验采用优化条件,对甲苯萃取水和废水中黄磷进行测定。萃取液经气相色谱仪毛细色谱柱分离后,氮磷检测器（NPD）或火焰光度检测器（FPD,带磷滤光片）检测,根据色谱峰的保留时间定性,外标法定量。使用NPD检测器分析时,本方法检出限为0.04μg/L;使用FPD检测器分析时,本方法检出限为0.1μg/L。     

Adsorption of Cotton Fabric Dyestuff Waste Water on Nigeria Agricultural Semi-Activated Carbon

The Kaduna river in Nigeria is in such great environmental stress that the self-purifying capacity of the river has been exceeded as a result of industrial discharges. The river water is blue-green and pollution build-up is evident on the river banks. Techniques were designed to rid the river of visible signs of pollution by incorporating the principles of adsorption and incineration.Semi-activated carbon from agricultural wastes were used to treat the waste water. Residual colors, amber, yellow and orange, were obtained and the solute removed ranged from 96-99.8% and the volatile residue removed by carbon treatment ranged from 3-3.8%. Incineration of 1 kg waste water yielded 40 g solid residue.Adsorption of dyestuff present in the waste water was linear and increased with concentrations of waste water per unit mass of guinea corn carbon. Replicate results yielded: y = 2.5 + 0.130x y = 2.306 + 0.017x where x =log10% concentration of dyestuff waste water (independent variable); y = log10 adsorption of dyestuff waste-weight gramme-1 carbon. Unit of weight = milligramme (dependent variable).For maize carbon, adsorption was linear but decreased with increasing concentrations. Replicate results were: y = 1.583 - 0.21x y = 0.52 - 0.32x x and y here are the same as above; with cane sugar carbon, adsorption was independent of concentrations. Student t-test showed no statistical difference between the replicates at the 99.5% level.