抗生素菌渣催化热解特性的研究

为了将生物质转化为高品质的液体燃料,以青霉素菌渣为催化热解实验原料,在温度为400,500,600,700℃下进行热解实验,以生物质油产率最大化为目的,探究最佳热解温度。在此基础上,选用CoO/HZSM-5和NiO/HZSM-5作为催化剂,对青霉素菌渣进行催化热解实验,探究催化剂对生物油催化提质的作用。结果表明:不添加催化剂时,青霉素菌渣在500℃条件下热解所得的生物质油产率达到最高。在此温度条件下,添加催化剂CoO/HZSM-5和NiO/HZSM-5时,生物质油的产率相对降低,但催化热解后生物油中烃类物质含量分别增加8.66,7.41百分点,达到25.34%和24.09%;含氧类物质如醇类、酯类和醛类物质含量分别降低9.68,12.49百分点,为31.74%和30.34%;含氮杂环类物质含量分别降低5.96,12.49百分点,为32.51%和35.07%。天冬氨酸、组氨酸、谷氨酸和中间产物DKP的催化热解实验进一步解释了青霉素菌渣催化热解的机理。     

Two-step fast microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass for bio-oil production using microwave absorbent and HZSM-5 catalyst

A novel technology of two-step fast microwave-assisted pyrolysis(f MAP) of corn stover for bio-oil production was investigated in the presence of microwave absorbent(Si C) and HZSM-5catalyst. Effects of f MAP temperature and catalyst-to-biomass ratio on bio-oil yield and chemical components were examined. The results showed that this technology, employing microwave, microwave absorbent and HZSM-5 catalyst, was effective and promising for biomass fast pyrolysis. The f MAP temperature of 500°C was considered the optimum condition for maximum yield and best quality of bio-oil. Besides, the bio-oil yield decreased linearly and the chemical components in bio-oil were improved sequentially with the increase of catalyst-to-biomass ratio from 1:100 to 1:20. The elemental compositions of bio-char were also determined. Additionally, compared to one-step f MAP process, two-step f MAP could promote the bio-oil quality with a smaller catalyst-to-biomass ratio.     

MO_x-CeO_2/HZSM-5催化剂催化氧化含氯挥发性有机物研究

采用浸渍法制备了不同过渡金属掺杂的MOx-CeO2/HZSM-5（M分别表示Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cu）催化剂,研究了各催化剂对1,2-二氯乙烷（DCE）的催化降解性能.结果表明,过渡金属掺杂后,MOx-12%CeO2/HZSM-5催化剂催化氧化1,2-二氯乙烷（DCE）的活性明显提高.各催化剂（记为M-CeO...     

Efficient degradation of chlorobenzene in a non-thermal plasma catalytic reactor supported on CeO2/HZSM-5 catalysts

Chlorobenzene removal was investigated in a non-thermal plasma reactor using CeO₂/HZSM-5 catalysts. The performance of catalysts was evaluated in terms of removal and energy efficiency. The decomposition products of chlorobenzene were analyzed. The results show that CeO₂/HZSM-5 exhibited a good catalytic activity, which resulted in enhancements of chlorobenzene removal, energy efficiency, and the formation of lower amounts of by-products. With regards to CO₂ selectivity, the presence of catalysts favors the oxidation of by-products, leading to a higher CO₂ selectivity. With respect to ozone, which is considered as an unavoidable by-product in air plasma reactors, a noticeable decrease in its concentration was observed in the presence of catalysts. Furthermore, the stability of the catalyst was investigated by analyzing the evolution of conversion in time. The experiment results indicated that CeO₂/HZSM-5 catalysts have excellent stability: chlorobenzene conversion only decreased from 78% to 60% after 75 hr, which means that the CeO₂/HZSM-5 suffered a slight deactivation. Some organic compounds and chlorinated intermediates were adsorbed or deposited on the catalysts surface as shown by the results of Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses of the catalyst before and after the reaction, revealing the cause of catalyst deactivation.     

Synergistic effects of Cu species and acidity of Cu-ZSM-5 on catalytic performance for selective catalytic oxidation of n-butylamine

In this work, a series of Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts with different SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios (25, 50, 100 and 200) were synthesized and investigated in n-butylamine catalytic degradation. The n-butylamine can be completely catalytic degradation at 350°C over all Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts. Moreover, Cu-ZSM-5 (25) exhibited the highest selectivity to N₂, exceeding 90% at 350°C. These samples were investigated in detail by several characterizations to illuminate the dependence of the catalytic performance on redox properties, Cu species, and acidity. The characterization results proved that the redox properties and chemisorption oxygen primarily affect n-butylamine conversion. N₂ selectivity was impacted by the Brønsted acidity and the isolated Cu²⁺ species. Meanwhile, the surface acid sites over Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts could influence the formation of Cu species. Furthermore, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectra was adopted to explore the reaction mechanism. The Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts are the most prospective catalysts for nitrogen-containing volatile organic compounds removal, and the results in this study could provide new insights into catalysts design for VOC catalytic oxidation.     

One-pot synthesis of Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst and its highly efficient performance for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide with ammonia

Series of Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts with different Fe loading content were synthesized by simple one-pot strategy. The obtained catalysts were subjected to selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x with NH₃ and were characterized by various techniques. The results show that Fe_0.63/Cu_1.50-SSZ-13 catalyst with proper Fe content exhibits excellent catalytic activity with widest operation temperature window from 160 to 580°C, excellent hydrothermal stability as well as good resistance to sulfur poisoning when compared with Cu-SSZ-13, signifying its great potential for practical applications. Further characterizations reveal that the synthesized Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts present typical chabazite (CHA) structure with good crystallinity, while isolated Cu²⁺ and monomeric Fe³⁺ are revealed as the predominant copper and iron species. At low temperatures, isolated Cu²⁺ species act as primary active sites for SCR reaction, while monomeric Fe³⁺ species provide sufficient active sites for sustain the SCR activity at high temperature. Moreover, Fe over doping would lead to the damage of zeolite structure, destruction of isolated Cu²⁺ site, as well as the formation of highly oxidizing Fe₂O₃, thus causing deterioration of catalytic performances.     

Low-temperature VOCs oxidation performance of Pt/zeolites catalysts with hierarchical pore structure

Different zeolites supported Pt catalysts with micro-mesoporous structure were prepared by organic base tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) treatment and their catalytic oxidation activity for various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were evaluated. The results reveal that the synergistic effect between Pt nanoparticles and surface acid sites plays an important role in VOCs low-temperature removal. The small size and high dispersion of Pt nanoparticles on the surface of the zeolites would promote the catalytic oxidation of aromatics and alkanes over the Pt/zeolite catalysts, while strong acidity and abundant acid sites of catalysts are in favour of the oxidation of the VOCs containing N and O heteroatoms. In addition, it was found that Pt/ZSM-5 catalyst exhibits the highest oxidation activity for various VOCs low-temperature removal amongst all the catalysts due to the balance of both Pt dispersion and abundant acid sites in the catalyst. This comprehensive consideration should be very helpful when designing and preparing novel catalysts for the low-temperature removal of VOCs.     

Effects of support acidity on the reaction mechanisms of selective catalytic reduction of NO by CH4 in excess oxygen

The reaction mechanisms of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) by methane (CH₄) over solid superacid-based catalysts were proposed and testified by DRIFTS studies on transient reaction as well as by kinetic models. Catalysts derived from different supports would lead to different reaction pathways, and the acidity of solid superacid played an important role in determining the reaction mechanisms and the catalytic activities. Higher ratios of Br?nsted acid sites to Lewis acid sites would lead to stronger oxidation of methane and then could facilitate the step of methane activation. Strong Br?nsted acid sites would not necessarily lead to better catalytic performance, however, since the active surface NO_y species and the corresponding reaction routes were determined by the overall acidity strength of the support. The reaction routes where NO₂ moiety was engaged as an important intermediate involved moderate oxidation of methane, the rate of which could determine the overall activity. The reaction involving NO moiety was likely to be determined by the step of reduction of NO. Therefore, to enhance the SCR activity of solid superacid catalysts, reactions between appropriate couples of active NO_y species and activated hydrocarbon intermediates should be realized by modification of the support acidity.     

Mn/Fe-Mn改性HZSM-5在NH3-SCR中的催化性能

采用离子交换法制备了不同Mn含量及不同Fe/Mn物质的量比的HZSM-5改性分子筛,并以NH3为还原剂,在体积空速为12000 h-1条件下,考察了上述催化剂选择性催化还原NO性能.同时,运用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)、比表面积(BET)和X-射线衍射(XRD)等方法对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,改性催化剂中活性组分在载体表面呈高度分散形式,催化活性较高,复合改性较单独改性性能更为优越,适量Fe的加入提高了催化剂催化活性和稳定性;(0.25)Fe-Mn/HZSM-5(Fe/Mn物质的量比为0.25)的NO转化率于300℃时最高达到98%,在300～500℃范围内NO转化率均保持在90%以上.实验还研究了不同焙烧温度下制备的(0.25)Fe-Mn/HZSM-5对NO转化率的影响.结果表明,焙烧温度对催化剂的活性影响较大,550℃为最佳焙烧温度.     

烧结过程中解耦燃烧与烟气返回共脱硝新工艺Ⅱ:模拟燃烧带的脱硝机理

通过模拟烧结过程中焦炭的分布,研究了返回烟气、热解气主要组分与焦炭耦合燃烧降低NO,排放的规律.结果表明,热解气主要组分与焦炭耦合燃烧可使NO,排放降低10%左右,烟气返回到焦炭燃烧过程可使Nox的排放降低15%.耦合燃烧和烟气返回结合可使Nox的排放降低20%以上,在新工艺过程中,焦炭层厚度由150mm增大到300mm时,Nox排放的降低率由23%增大到40%.烧结过程解耦耦合燃烧与烟气返回脱硝工艺可有效减少Nox的排放.     

不同硅铝比Fe-ZSM-5催化剂对氧化亚氮催化分解性能的研究

以不同硅铝比的H-ZSM-5分子筛为载体,采用离子交换法和化学气相沉积法制备Fe-ZSM-5催化剂,并用XRD、BET、TEM、UV-vis和NH3-TPD等表征手段对催化剂进行分析,研究催化剂中铁的存在状态.结果表明,分子筛的硅铝比影响铁在分子筛中的分布形态,化学气相沉积法和热离子交换法制得硅铝比为25的Fe-ZSM-5-25分子筛催化剂上均匀地分布着粒径为8 nm左右的纳米氧化铁颗粒,并且Fe-ZSM-5-25分子筛催化剂比Fe-ZSM-5-300更容易形成Fe3+x O y团簇.制得的Fe-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂催化分解氧化亚氮(N2O),结果表明,相同的制备方法,硅铝比小的Fe-ZSM-5-25催化剂对N2O分解活性更好;相同硅铝比的Fe-ZSM-5催化剂,采用化学气相沉积法制得的对N2O分解活性最好.另外,O2的存在对Fe-ZSM-5上N2O催化分解活性有抑制作用,而NO对N2O催化分解活性展示了一定的正效应.最后,经过100 h的连续反应,Fe-ZSM-5催化剂依然能够保持催化活性.     

不同孔径HZSM-5协同低温等离子体催化降解甲苯性能研究

研究了HZSM-5分子筛孔径对其在等离子体场内催化降解甲苯的影响.采用化学液相沉积法对HZSM-5分子筛进行改性,利用XRD、氮气吸附脱附等方法表征样品的骨架结构和表面性质,并用择形吸附实验对样品孔径进行表征.同时,评价了HZSM-5分子筛体系中降解甲苯的性能,研究了分子筛吸附甲苯性能及臭氧的产量,并采用飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了反应产生的有机副产物.结果表明:液相沉积法成功调控了HZSM-5孔径,样品孔径随沉积剂用量增加而减小;同时,样品均具有相同的MFI骨架结构,比表面积和孔容相差不大.HZSM-5的孔径尺寸对甲苯去除率影响不大,但对碳平衡有影响,孔径越大,碳平衡越好.孔径较大的HZSM-5分子筛对甲苯具有更大的吸附速率和吸附容量,同时更多臭氧参与反应,生成·OH和O·,促进甲苯深度氧化,减少副产物,提高碳平衡.     

城市污泥两段式催化热解制合成气研究

为了把城市污泥中温热解产生的挥发性产物转化为可直接利用的洁净可燃性气体或重要的化工原料合成气,采用两段式热解装置对城市污泥进行了催化热解实验研究,讨论了不同催化剂对城市污泥热解挥发性产物的催化裂解能力,结果表明:城市污泥在热解终温500℃,热解液产率最大,超过500℃,热解液产率减少,热解气增多,固相产率基本不变;城市污泥热解液的裂解温度需在900℃以上,产生的气体组分主要为H2、CO、CH4等小分子非冷凝性气体;Ni/分子筛复合催化剂对热解液转化为合成气的作用效果较好,合成气体(H2+CO)体积含量占气体总量的85%以上.     

Effects of metal and acidic sites on the reaction by-products of butyl acetate oxidation over palladium-based catalysts

Catalytic oxidation is widely used in pollution control technology to remove volatile organic compounds. In this study, Pd/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Pd contents and acidic sites were prepared via the impregnation method. All the catalysts were characterized by means of N2 adsorption- desorption, X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, HE temperature programmed reduction （H2-TPR）, and NH3 temperature programmed desorption （NH3-TPD）. Their catalytic performance was investigated in the oxidation of butyl acetate experiments. The by-products of the reaction were collected in thermal desorption tubes and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It was found that the increase of Pd content slightly changed the catalytic activity of butyl acetate oxidation according to the yield of CO2 achieved at 90%, but decreased the cracking by-products, whereas the enhancement of strong acidity over Pd-based catalysts enriched the by-product species. The butyl acetate oxidation process involves a series of reaction steps including protolysis, dehydrogenation, dehydration, cracking, and isomerization. Generally, butyl acetate was cracked to acetic acid and 2- methylpropene and the latter was an intermediate of the other by-products, and the oxidation routes of typical by-products were proposed. Trace amounts of 3-methylpentane, hexane, 2-methylpentane, pentane, and 2-methylbutane originated from iso4merization and protolysis reactions.     

有机酸在金属氧化物上的吸附对催化臭氧氧化的影响

以苯甲酸(BA)、邻苯二甲酸(PA)、商品腐殖酸(CHA)和反渗透法提取的松花江水腐殖酸(SHA)为目标物,研究了臭氧氧化及羟基氧化铁(FeOOH)和二氧化铈(CeO₂)为催化剂时的吸附与催化臭氧氧化去除这些有机物的效果.结果表明,BA在FeOOH表面没有吸附,FeOOH对BA催化氧化的去除率比臭氧单独氧化高45%;PA在FeOOH上的吸附使其溶液中的浓度减少了5%,此时FeOOH对PA的氧化没有催化作用.CeO₂有助于催化臭氧氧化在其表面吸附较强的PA,且对氧化产生的草酸根有催化去除作用,但对不吸附在其表面的BA没有催化臭氧氧化作用.CeO₂对腐殖酸的吸附比FeOOH强,其催化臭氧氧化去除腐殖酸的作用比FeOOH更显著;当无机阴离子和腐殖酸竞争金属氧化物表面的吸附位时,催化作用受到抑制.     

Catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol with functionalized carbon materials as catalysts：Reaction mechanism and pathway

The development of highly active carbon material catalysts in catalytic wet air oxidation（CWAO）has attracted a great deal of attention. In this study different carbon material catalysts（multi-walled carbon nanotubes,carbon fibers and graphite） were developed to enhance the CWAO of phenol in aqueous solution. The functionalized carbon materials exhibited excellent catalytic activity in the CWAO of phenol. After 60 min reaction,the removal of phenol was nearly100% over the functionalized multi-walled carbon,while it was only 14% over the purified multi-walled carbon under the same reaction conditions. Carboxylic acid groups introduced on the surface of the functionalized carbon materials play an important role in the catalytic activity in CWAO. They can promote the production of free radicals,which act as strong oxidants in CWAO. Based on the analysis of the intermediates produced in the CWAO reactions,a new reaction pathway for the CWAO of phenol was proposed in this study. There are some differences between the proposed reaction pathway and that reported in the literature. First,maleic acid is transformed directly into malonic acid. Second,acetic acid is oxidized into an unknown intermediate,which is then oxidized into CO2 and H2O. Finally,formic acid and oxalic acid can mutually interconvert when conditions are favorable.     

生物质内在碱金属催化特性的TG-FTIR实验研究

用热重分析仪和傅里叶红外光谱联用(TG-FTIR)技术对稻秆、谷壳及其经过不同预处理的水洗样、硝酸洗样进行实验研究,分析了生物质内在碱金属对其热解过程的影响.对比原样、水洗样和硝酸洗样的热解TG曲线与产气组分发现:内在碱金属的存在对生物质热解具有较大的催化作用,促进了样品半纤维组分的热分解,明显降低了最大反应速率,使样品分解能够在较低温度段完成,提高了热解过程中焦的生成率,强化了去甲烷化反应,促使热解向羟基乙醛、酸类等低小分子液体产物的方向转化,增大了CO_2和CO的生成量.     

不同SAPO分子筛负载MnOx催化剂的低温NH3-SCR性能研究

以磷酸硅铝分子筛SAPO-5、SAPO~(-1)1和SAPO-34为载体,采用乙醇分散法制备了用于低温氨选择性还原(NH_3-SCR)NO_x的分子筛负载MnO_x催化剂.活性测试结果显示,3种分子筛催化剂均展现出优良的NH_3-SCR活性,但三者在低温区间的SCR活性存在较明显差异,其SCR活性顺序如下:MnO_x/SAPO-34MnO_x/SAPO-5MnO_x/SAPO~(-1)1.借助XRD、N2吸附-脱附、XPS、H2-TPR、NH_3-TPD、NH_3FT-IR等技术对催化剂的表面活性物种及表面酸性等进行表征分析,结果表明,MnO_x主要以无定型状态分散于载体上,负载后载体的比表面积和孔体积均有所下降.XPS和H2-TPR分析证实,不同分子筛载体上MnO_x的表面浓度与氧化态明显不同.NH_3-TPD和NH_3FT-IR分析揭示了催化剂表面均存在Bronsted酸位和Lewis酸位,其中,Lewis酸性位对低温SCR反应起着关键作用.研究表明,催化剂的催化性能会因载体不同而存在差异,高Mn4+表面浓度和丰富的Lewis酸性位对催化剂在低温区间实现优良的催化活性尤为重要.     

Ultrasound-assistant preparation of Cu-SAPO-34 nanocatalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3

The influence of the various preparation methods of Cu-SAPO-34 nanocatalysts on the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃ under excess oxygen was studied. Cu-SAPO-34 nanocatalysts were prepared by using four techniques: conventional impregnation (IM), ultrasound-enhanced impregnation (UIM), conventional deposition precipitation (DP) using NaOH and homogeneous deposition precipitation (HDP) using urea. These catalysts were characterized in detail by various techniques such as N₂-sorption, XRD, TEM, H₂-TPR, NH₃-TPD and XPS to understand the catalyst structure, the nature and the dispersed state of the copper species, and the acid sites for NH₃ adsorption. All of the nanocatalysts showed high activities for NO removal. However, the activities were different and followed the sequence of Cu-SAPO-34 (UIM) > Cu-SAPO-34 (HDP) > Cu-SAPO-34 (IM) > Cu-SAPO-34 (DP). Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the NO conversion on Cu-SAPO-34 nanocatalysts was mainly related to the high reducibility of the isolated Cu^2 + ions and CuO species, the number of the acid sites and the dispersion of CuO species on SAPO-34.     

Pd/TiO2对水体中2,4-二氯酚的催化加氢脱氯研究

分别采用沉淀-沉积法和浸渍法合成了Pd/TiO2催化剂,采用透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)对材料进行了表征,并对2,4-二氯酚的催化加氢脱氯反应进行了研究.结果表明,2种方法制备的催化剂在加氢脱氯反应中均具有较好的效果,沉淀-沉积法制备的催化剂活性更高,当反应物初始浓度为3.11 mmol.L-1,pH为12,催化剂用量为50 mg时,45 min内2,4-二氯酚可以完成脱氯过程.酸性条件有利于反应的进行.当催化剂用量在15～80 mg时,反应初活性没有明显变化,因此催化反应过程不受传质阻力的影响.当反应物初始浓度在0.62～3.11 mmol.L-1时反应初活性随浓度的提高显著增加,但进一步增加反应物的浓度时初活性没有明显提高,因此2,4-二氯酚在催化剂上的加氢脱氯行为符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood模型,表明2,4-二氯酚的加氢脱氯受表面吸附所控制.