Water quality issues in the Nakdong River Basin in the Republic of Korea

A framework for evaluating alternative management strategies for the Nakdong River Basin in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) was developed and applied jointly by Argonne National Laboratory in Argonne, Illinois, USA, and the Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology in Pohang, South Korea. Water from this basin, the second largest in South Korea, supports a total population of more than 13 million people. Rapid industrial expansion, urbanization, and population growth have dramatically increased the demand for water and have severely degraded water quality, particularly near large industrial complexes and in the lower portion of the basin. Management strategies for the entire basin through to the year 2011 were evaluated with a computer model for basin-wide predictions of water flow and quality (HSPF). This continuous-event model was developed and calibrated using site-specific data for the basin over a two-year period (1994-1995) that included periods of both high (monsoonal) and low (drought) flows. Water quality impacts for different wastewater treatment strategies were assessed in terms of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) levels. The results of the study indicate that BOD levels in the main stem of the Nakdong River below the Kumhogang (a major tributary with low flow and heavy pollution loads) cannot be significantly improved by reducing direct BOD loads from point sources along the river. To reduce main stem BOD levels, the nutrient loading to the river must be reduced. In order to reduce these loads, additional advanced treatment methods (i.e., tertiary treatment) must be incorporated in the treatment facilities to remove N and P. The discharge inventory data further suggest that a large portion of N and P loads are derived from non-point agricultural practices. Reduction of these loads is difficult to accomplish and may require extensive modifications in agricultural and land-use practices. The modeling framework developed provides a means to evaluate these and other basin management strategies.     

Mini-review on river eutrophication and bottom improvement techniques,with special emphasis on the Nakdong River

Water quality in rivers is vital to humans and to maintenance of biotic and ecological integrity. During the Four Major Rivers restoration of South Korea, remarkable attempts have been made to decrease external nutrient loads and moveable weirs were designed to discharge silt that may deposit in pools. However, recently eutrophication of the Nakdong River, which was limited to the lower reaches, is seen to be spreading upstream. The reduction of external nutrient loads to rivers is a long-term goal that is unlikely to lead to reductions in algal blooms for many years because of the time required to implement effective land management strategies. It would therefore be desirable to implement complementary strategies. Regulating the amount of water released is effective at preventing algae blooms in weir pools; so, the relationship between discharge, stratification and bloom formation should be understood in this regard. However, pollutants are likely to accumulate in the riverbed upstream from release points. Thus, to control phosphorus levels, total phosphorus density should be lowered by applying in-river techniques as well. As many ecosystem properties are controlled by multiple processes, simultaneous river bottom improvement techniques, such as combined dissolved oxygen supply and nutrient inactivation, are likely to be effective. The purpose of this review is to present a series of technological approaches that can be used to improve the river bottom area and hence sediment nutrient release, and to illustrate the application of these techniques to the Nakdong River.     

Mini-review on river eutrophication and bottom improvement techniques, with special emphasis on the Nakdong River

Water quality in rivers is vital to humans and to maintenance of biotic and ecological integrity.During the Four Major Rivers restoration of South Korea, remarkable attempts have been made to decrease external nutrient loads and moveable weirs were designed to discharge silt that may deposit in pools. However, recently eutrophication of the Nakdong River, which was limited to the lower reaches, is seen to be spreading upstream. The reduction of external nutrient loads to rivers is a long-term goal that is unlikely to lead to reductions in algal blooms for many years because of the time required to implement effective land management strategies. It would therefore be desirable to implement complementary strategies. Regulating the amount of water released is effective at preventing algae blooms in weir pools; so, the relationship between discharge, stratification and bloom formation should be understood in this regard. However, pollutants are likely to accumulate in the riverbed upstream from release points. Thus, to control phosphorus levels, total phosphorus density should be lowered by applying in-river techniques as well. As many ecosystem properties are controlled by multiple processes, simultaneous river bottom improvement techniques, such as combined dissolved oxygen supply and nutrient inactivation, are likely to be effective. The purpose of this review is to present a series of technological approaches that can be used to improve the river bottom area and hence sediment nutrient release, and to illustrate the application of these techniques to the Nakdong River.     

汉江中下游水质模拟与预测--QUAL2K模型的应用

南水北调中线工程计划实施后,对汉江中下游的社会经济和生态环境都将产生影响.本文运用美国环保局最新推出的QUAL2K模型,探讨了汉江中下游的水质变化趋势.QUAL2K模型进行了部分修改,以克服QUAL2E的缺陷.将QUAL2E和QUAL2K都应用到研究河流的同一河段并比较模拟结果发现,QUAL2K比QUAL2E能更好的拟合野外观测数据.水质预测为2010年,南水北调中线工程从汉江年调水145×108m3,汉江中下游水质变化情况,预测因子为BOD,结果表明:BOD在汉江中下游江段普遍升高,这说明汉江中下游的水质总体下降,最大浓度变化分别为19.8%和21.8%.     

考虑面源污染的农业开发流域生态安全评价研究

随着农业开发的进程,流域生态安全会发生相应变化,在考虑面源污染的基础上,以挠力河为例开展该研究.该流域14年来的土地利用类型发生较大变迁,耕作方式改变,破坏了流域的生态安全,同时大量农药化肥的使用,使得大量氮、磷为主的营养污染物引发农业面源污染,面源污染将成为生态安全评价的一项重要指标.为了对农业面源污染进行量化,对生境质量进行直观评价,考虑面源污染做出流域生态安全的变化评估,选取SWAT模型和InVEST模型（生态系统服务和交易的综合评估模型）,同时考虑面源污染及生境质量,对比挠力河流域2000年、2006年、2014年三个年份的生态安全变化.根据输出结果,分析时空变化模式,得到氮磷负荷、生态环境质量对时空变化的响应,讨论提出有效的防控建议.     

基于MEA情景的长江流域氮平衡及溶解态无机氮通量:流域-河口/海湾氮综合管理

以长江流域氮循环为研究对象,基于千年生态系统评估框架下的4种情景,预测了2050年长江流域的氮循环在不同驱动因子作用下的未来变化趋势,并提出长江流域生态系统的优化管理的建议.研究结果表明,在1970—2010年期间,长江流域氮输入量增加了5倍,长江向河口输出的溶解态无机氮(DIN)通量增加了8倍,流域土壤中的氮已经达到饱和并且氮过剩量持续增加,流域对氮的截留率下降,水体输送的DIN通量增加,区域氮循环失衡问题日益严重.在千年生态系统评估框架下,预测在2050年,在采取积极措施的预测情境下,河流向河口和近海输送的溶解态无机氮通量将会比2000年有所下降,而在消极应对的预测情境下,河流向河口和近海输送的溶解态无机氮通量将会继续增加,从而加剧河口和近海地区水体的污染程度.非点源氮输入将是长江溶解态无机氮输出通量的主要来源,其中以化肥氮输入为主,其次为禽畜粪便氮输入,贡献率最低的是点源污水氮输入.情景预测及源解析研究表明,2050年长江流域-河口/海湾氮污染控制的重点在于减少长江下游-太湖流域、沅江-湘江-洞庭湖流域、赣江-鄱阳湖流域及岷江流域的化肥及畜禽粪便排放,2050年要实现长江水系水质全面达标,长江流域的氮输入量需要削减29%,其中长江下游-太湖流域削减40%,汉江流域削减43%,沅江-湘江-洞庭湖流域削减31%.从子流域尺度制定氮污染管理策略更适用于流域-河口/海湾系统框架下的综合管理.     

南京市黑臭河流水体中细菌多样性的研究

以南京市城南河为研究对象,分别提取上中下游的水体样本,分析水质中的氮、磷、COD等水质指标,并利用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE)分析了城南河不同位置的细菌多样性。结果表明:城南河水体中的平均总氮为30.06 mg/L,总磷为6.14 mg/L,COD为42.03 mg/L,均超过国家V类水质标准。结合外观,城南河属于严重污染的典型黑臭河流。DGGE分析的结果表明:城南河具有较高的细菌多样性,优势菌群主要是变形菌门和拟杆菌门2大类群,且不同取样点细菌种类差别不大。     

基于模糊数学和GIS的松花江流域水环境质量评价研究

应用模糊数学原理,以松花江流域1990—2006年15个国控断面的监测资料为依据,选择13种污染物为评价参数,运用模糊综合评价方法进行运算,得出综合评价结果. 在评价过程中充分利用GIS的数据管理与空间表达能力, 从产业结构特征上分析松花江流域水体污染的变化趋势,并运用地理信息手段表征流域水质的时空变化规律. 结果表明:松花江流域整体水质呈现好转的趋势;河流水质的季节变化明显,其中嫩江区域受面源污染的影响,丰水期水质劣于枯水期,第二松花江和松花江干流区域枯水期污染较重,污染主要来源于工业废水和生活污水的排放;流域水质区域差异性表现为支流污染重于干流,大城市附近水域的水质明显劣于其他水域水质. 流域主要污染物为石油类,COD_Mn,BOD₅,氨氮和六价铬等.      

2007年京杭大运河扬州市区段和里下河段水质变化比较及对策的研究

通过对京杭大运河扬州市区段和里下河段pH、COD、DO、BOD、氨氮及石油类指标监测,分析2007年水质变化及主要污染物。得出京杭大运河扬州段主要为有机污染,里下河水质优于市区。大运河春秋季水质相对较差,夏、冬季相对好转。市区比里下河pH低0．5左右,COD含量高0．5～0．3mg·L^-1,DO含量高0．8mg·L^-1,春季BOD,含量高2．3mg·L^-1,氨氮含量高0．44mg·L^-1。因此,市区段春、秋季应重点针对削减BOD5、COD、氨氮进行水污染治理。里下河段春季针对降低COD进行治理,秋季针对降低COD、BOD5氨氮进行水污染治理。两区在夏季重点应针对提高水体中DO含量进行治理。提出的植物治理技术及管理对策措施,不仅为扬州到2010年建成生态市不断改善水环境质量,提供技术支撑和决策依据,也为如何提高具有跨流域、区域和内城河多重功能的水体水质提供启示。     

流溪河水库流域非点源溶解态氮磷污染负荷估算

流溪河水库作为广州市最重要的水源地之一,其水环境质量受到广泛关注. 利用基于SCS模型的污染负荷输出,对流溪河水库流域非点源溶解态氮磷污染负荷进行估算. 结果表明:流域非点源溶解态氮污染负荷为384.31 t/a,溶解态磷污染负荷为20.68 t/a.其中氮贡献最大的为林地,占50.93%;其次为园地,占18.10%.磷贡献最大的亦为林地,占49.22%;其次为旱地,占15.85%.溶解态氮单位面积污染负荷道路最高,为50.57 kg/(hm2·a);其次是水田,为33.60 kg/(hm2·a).而溶解态磷单位面积污染负荷最大是水田,为3.43 kg/(hm2·a);其次是道路,为3.19 kg/(hm2·a). 与水库流域颗粒态氮磷污染负荷比较表明,溶解态氮大于颗粒态氮,氮以溶解态迁移为主;溶解态磷则小于颗粒态磷,但由于颗粒态磷易随泥沙受阻或沉降,溶解态磷对水库水质的影响依然是总磷关注的重点.      

三峡库区巫山段三期蓄水前后水质状况及其变化趋势研究

根据长江巫山段六个断面2005年和2007年枯、平、丰的水质监测结果,通过对培石断面2005年和2007年的对比,可以看出三期蓄水前后长江水质比较稳定,仍为Ⅱ类水质。通过对2005年和2007年培石断面的各实测指标比较分析可以看出DO、CODMn、BOD5、TP指标2007年均出现不同程度的下降,而NH3-N、TN则呈现升高的趋势。但各支流由于受干流回水顶托影响,水环境趋于复杂,部分河段出现水华现象,需引起高度重视。     

Evaluating the e ects of granular and membrane filtrations on chlorine demand in drinking water

In this study, chlorine decay experiments were conducted for the raw water from Nakdong River that is treated by Chilseo Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) situated in Haman, Korea as well as the e uents from sand and granular activated carbon (GAC) filters of CWTP and fitted using a chlorine decay model. The model estimated the fast and slow reacting nitrogenous as well as organic/inorganic compounds that were present in the water. It was found that the chlorine demand due to fast and slow reacting (FRA and SRA) organic/inorganic substances was not reduced significantly by sand as well as GAC filters. However, the treated e uents from those filters contained FRA and SRA that are less reactive and had small reaction rate constants. For the e uents from microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration the chlorine demand because FRA and SRA were further reduced but the reaction rate constants were larger compared to those of sand and GAC filter e uents. This has implications in the formation of disinfection by products (DBPs). If DBPs are assumed to form due to the interactions between chlorine and SRA, then it is possible that the DBP formation potential in the e uents from membrane filtrations could be higher than that in the e uents from granular media filters.     

韩国地表水水质标准研究与启示

韩国现行地表水水质标准由保护人体健康的水质标准和保护生态环境的水质标准两部分组成。采用风险评价的方法制定有毒物质的水质标准,并根据美国EPA推导环境水质基准的公式,对制定水质基准的方法进行了改进。韩国环境部计划于2015年将水质标准扩展到30种化学物质,同时将推导得出的生态风险基准纳入水质标准,旨在推进我国地表水水质标准的制订与完善。     

Water quality characteristics along the course of the Huangpu River （China）

Huangpu River is about 114.5 km from upriver Dianfeng to downriver Wusong,near the estuary of the Yangtze River.It plays a key role in supplying water for production,life,shipment and irrigation.With the industrial development,the pollution of the Huangpu River has become serious recently.The biological oxygen demand (BOD),total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP),oil,phenol and suspended solids (SS) were lower in the upstream sites than in the downstream sites,indicating pollutants being input along its course. Water quality was the worst in the Yangpu site,near the center of Shanghai City.Dissolved oxygen (DO) content was less than 2 mg/L in the site of Yangpu in July.Among relations between thirteen characteristics,relations between BOD,DO,TN,TP,NH_4~ -N, NO_3~--N and the count of total bacteria or Escherichia coli were significant and interdependent.Inner relationships between these main characteristics in the Huangpu River were studied.High nutrient concentration led to growth of microorganisms,including E.coli. Degradation of organic matters and respiration of bacteria made oxygen concentration decreased in the water body,and DO was a key factor for nitrification-denitrification process of nitrogen.In the Yangpu site,DO was decreased to less than 3.0 mg/L with BOD higher than 7.5 mg/L in May and July.Low DO concentration will decrease nitrification rate.Nitrification need at higher DO value than other organic substrate oxidation.Consequently,river water contains low NO_3~--N values with high amounts of TN and NH_4~ -N there.This will block the self-purification of surface water,by decreasing the rate of nitrification-denitrification transformation process in the water body.     

长春南湖水质分析评价与污染趋势预测

本文剃用内梅罗污染指数法时2000至2010年期间长春南湖水环境质量进行了综合分析评价,选取将氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总氮、总磷、COD和BOD,作为水环境评价的主要参评参数。结果表明自2000至今南湖水体内梅罗综合指数呈现增加趋势,南湖水体污染等级处于中度污染水平,并有再次爆发水华现象的可能,因此应加大南湖水体污...     

长江流域污染物输出对河口水质的影响

基于EFDC模型建立长江口及邻近海域三维水质模型,模拟2004—2007年不同水期的ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(DIN)、ρ(PO₄3--P)状况,分析水质分布的变化特征,研究流域污染物输出对河口水质分布的影响. 根据GB 3097—1997《海水水质标准》,长江口门以上ρ(COD_Mn)为Ⅱ类水质,ρ(DIN)、ρ(PO₄3--P)为劣Ⅳ类,并且有明显的分层现象. 枯水期各指标等值线均向东北方向延伸,丰水期和平水期向东南延伸,丰水期流域污染物输出对河口水质的影响最大,不同类别水体的分布形态和水体面积年际变化不明显. 按不同时期ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(DIN)、ρ(PO₄3--P)分布面积进行统计,长江口ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(DIN)、ρ(PO₄3--P)分布与流域污染物输出之间有显著关系,河口水质分布面积与流域污染物输出之间存在定量的压力-响应关系.ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(DIN)、ρ(PO₄3--P)达Ⅳ类以上水体面积(y)与流域污染物输出通量(x)的关系分别为:y_CODMn=2 061.4 ln x_CODMn-15 357.0,y_DIN=1 386.8 ln x_DIN-6 546.1,y_PO43--P=2 219.3 ln x_PO43--P-6 166.1.      

紧凑式污水处理系统处理回用校园生活污水

介绍了紧凑式污水处理系统（Bever反应器）在处理回用校园生活污水中的应用,并介绍了Bever反应器的构造。系统运行结果表明：在进水ρ（COD）、ρ（BOD5）、ρ（SS）和ρ（NH3-N）分别为400,300,200,80 mg/L的条件下,该系统对COD、BOD5、SS和NH3-N的去除率均大于93%,系统运行稳定...     

人工湿地在处理小城镇生活污水中的应用

目前，小城镇污水处理是中国急需解决的环境问题。通过介绍人工湿地的概念、类型、机理．并结合永川市某污水处理厂的运行效果得出人工湿地处理技术在处理小城镇生活污水中具有投资低、操作简单和运行费用低等优点，具有广阔的应用前景。该组合工艺对CODCr、BOO5、SS、NH3-N、TP处理效果进行了研究，对CODCr、BOD5、SS的去除率均在90％左右，对NH3-N、TP的去除率分别可达到83％和72％，表明人工湿地对N、P的去除效果较其他处理工艺要为显著。该人工湿地出水均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）第二类污染物最高允许排放浓度一级A类标准。     

改进的模糊层次分析法在南苕溪临安段水质评价中的应用

南苕溪是太湖的源头水系,其水质状况对杭嘉湖平原居民饮用水安全和太湖流域的污染治理有重要意义.为了了解南苕溪的水质状况,在临安段开展了2年的水质监测,分别在2009年7月、10月和2010年1月、4月采集了水样并进行水质评价.同时,为了克服以往模糊层次分析法存在的低估污染的严重性及不能评价劣Ⅴ类水质的缺点,建立了一个改进...     

梁平县境内高滩河水质的空间分布及其对土地利用方式的响应

以梁平县境内高滩河流域为研究对象,综合应用GIS空间分析、Pearson相关分析和RDA冗余分析方法,研究在子流域尺度上COD、BOD5、氨氮和总磷4种水质要素对土地利用方式的生态响应。结果表明:高滩河流域土地利用类型对水质要素有着重要影响,林地能够改善河道水环境,旱地和城镇村和工矿用地是COD、BOD5和氨氮的主要污染来源,园地、交通运输用地以及水域对污染物的影响较弱,说明农业面源污染和农村居民生活污染是高滩河水质恶化的主要原因。