好氧颗粒污泥细菌藻酸盐对Cu~(2+)的生物吸附和机制探讨

以好氧颗粒污泥中提取的细菌藻酸盐为原料制备干藻酸钙吸附剂,对水溶液中的Cu2+进行了吸附研究.对比了不同pH值和吸附剂投加量对吸附性能的影响,同时对吸附过程进行了模型拟合,测定了该吸附剂的解吸性能,并用傅立叶变换红外二阶导数光谱和原子力显微镜分析对吸附机制进行了探讨.结果表明,藻酸钙对Cu2+的吸附反应是一个比较快速的过程.当Cu2+初始浓度为100 mg/L,吸附剂投加量为0.7g/L时,吸附最佳pH值为4,吸附能力为67.67 mg/g.吸附过程可用Langmuir和Freundlich模型来描述.好氧颗粒污泥藻酸钙吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附过程中有离子交换和pH值升高现象发生,溶液中的Cu2+与吸附剂上Ca2+交换的同时需要有H+的参与来维持电荷平衡.傅立叶变换红外二阶导数光谱和原子力显微镜分析表明,好氧颗粒污泥藻酸钙吸附剂中MG嵌段与Cu2+和Ca2+结合的方式不同,Cu2+能与吸附剂表面的MG嵌段发生螯合,使藻酸钙表面的结构更加有序.以100 mmol/L HCl为解吸剂,解吸效率可达到91%.     

蚯蚓粪对重金属Cu (Ⅱ)的吸附性能研究

研究了蚯蚓粪对溶液中Cu2+的吸附特性。实验结果表明,蚯蚓粪吸附剂在常温条件下对溶液中Cu2+仍具有较强的吸附能力,溶液pH值对吸附效率影响较大。吸附效率在50min内增加极快且随吸附剂投加量的增加而增加。以Cu2+初始质量浓度、pH值、时间、温度、粒径为影响因素,进行正交实验确定最佳吸附条件:Cu2+初始质量浓度为128mg/L、pH=5、投加60目吸附剂3.5g、温度为50℃条件下振荡120min,吸附效率为93.5%,吸附量为3.42mg/g。     

壳聚糖对Cu~(2+)的吸附与解吸

研究了溶液pH值、Cu2+初始浓度、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间及温度对壳聚糖吸附Cu2+的影响,并对达到吸附平衡的壳聚糖进行了解吸研究。结果表明,壳聚糖对Cu2+的吸附量随pH值的升高而增大,在pH值为4.7时,基本达到吸附平衡;吸附过程同时符合Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型,最大吸附量为142.9 mg/g;与拟一级动力学模型相比,拟二级动力学模型可以更好地描述吸附过程;吸附剂最佳投加量为1 g/L。用0.03 mol/L H2SO4溶液做脱附液,搅拌10 min,脱附率为73.4%;经过4次脱附-吸附循环,壳聚糖平衡吸附量变化不大,具有良好的重复使用性。     

固定化铜绿假单胞菌吸附Cu~(2+)的特性

首次利用聚丙烯酰胺与壳聚糖形成的互融聚合物网络凝胶固定非活性的铜绿假单胞菌,并研究了这种新型的固定化微生物颗粒对Cu2+的吸附特性。该固定化微生物吸附剂表现出较好的吸附性能,对Cu2+的吸附很迅速,在40min内吸附基本达到平衡。对吸附动力学及平衡的研究表明,Cu2+在固定化微生物吸附剂上的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,吸附平衡符合Langmuir模型。     

Sphaerotilus natans对Zn~(2+)吸附的研究

以球衣菌作为生物吸附剂,研究了球衣菌对Zn2+吸附过程中的影响因素,包括吸附时间,pH,菌龄等。结果表明:Zn2+浓度为1.0mg/L,菌体浓度为0.5g/L,菌龄32h,pH7.0,吸附时间30min时,吸附的效果最好,吸附率达到77.2%,吸附量为3.86mg/g。吸附作用是一个快速的过程,30min就基本达到平衡。     

微生物发酵米糠对Pb~(2+)的吸附研究

利用微生物对米糖进行发酵处理,制备出微生物发酵米糠重金属吸附剂,对微生物发酵米糠吸附Pb2+进行了研究,结果表明,微生物发酵米糠对Pb2+吸附效果好,吸附率可达96.5%。该吸附剂的最佳用量为20g/L。最优吸附条件为:pH4.5,温度30℃,Pb2+浓度不超过50mg/L,最佳吸附时间30min。     

黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）对Pb2+的吸附特性研究

以黑曲霉菌丝体作为吸附剂,通过静态吸附实验研究了各种因素对其吸附去除废水中Pb2+的影响。结果表明：当Pb2+初始浓度为50 mg/L,吸附剂用量为1．0 g/L,吸附时间为45 min,pH为5．0时,吸附效果最佳。此时吸附量为44．1 mg/g,去除率为90．86%。使用准二阶动力学方程可较好的拟合黑曲霉对Pb2+的吸附,表明该吸附过程以化学吸附为主。等温吸附过程可用Freundlich方程描述,说明该吸附为多分子层吸附。傅立叶红外光谱分析表明,黑曲霉吸附剂表面的酯羰基(-COO-)、羧基(-COOH )和羟基(-OH )在吸附Pb2+的过程中发挥主要作用。     

活性炭对含铜制药废水的吸附特性

以粉末活性炭为吸附剂,采用批式试验,研究静态吸附对黄连素脱铜废水中Cu2+的去除效果,分析了吸附剂投加量(5～50 g/L),pH(1.0～5.0)和接触时间(20～600 min)对吸附效果的影响. 当pH为2.4,吸附剂投加量为30 g/L时,反应300 min即可达到吸附平衡状态. 通过对吸附动力学和吸附等温线的模型分析发现,二级吸附动力学模型能够更好地描述试验结果,对吸附平衡数据的拟合采用Langmuir吸附等温线优于采用Freundlich吸附等温线.      

黑木耳菌糠对Cu2+的生物吸附及其机理

针对现代工业废水中铜离子的污染及黑木耳产业链中菌糠废弃物资源化等问题,以黑木耳菌糠为吸附剂去除废水中的Cu2+.通过单因素试验确定响应面的高水平条件,并用响应面方法对其优化,确定最佳吸附条件;采用SEM-EDX、FTIR和XRD等手段对吸附前后的菌糠进行表征,初步探索了菌糠吸附的机理.结果显示:最佳单因素条件为菌糠投加量30.0 g·L-1、pH 7.0、Cu2+初始浓度75 mg·L-1、吸附时间120 min、温度25℃、转速150 r·min-1,吸附率为77.96%.响应面分析显示投加量、吸附时间和pH为显著因素.优化后投加量为31.6 g·L-1,吸附时间134 min,pH 7.0,吸附率可达80.51%,吸附符合Langmuir等温方程.菌糠表面疏松多孔,极易通过物理吸附方式吸附Cu2+,菌糠表面的氨基、羟基、酮基和羧基可以有效配位络合Cu2+.研究结果表明,黑木耳菌糠作为一种高效廉价环保的吸附剂,可用于Cu2+废水的处理.     

软锰矿改性污泥活性炭对Cu~(2+)吸附特性的研究

文章对比研究了污泥活性炭(AC)和1%软锰矿改性的污泥活性炭(ACP)对溶液中Cu2+的吸附特性,考察了时间、pH值和吸附剂投加量等因素对吸附反应的影响。结果表明:室温下,180 min后Cu2+吸附达到平衡,pH=4.8时吸附效果最优;伪二阶动力学方程和Langmuir吸附等温方程能很好地拟合两种污泥活性炭的吸附反应。通过计算,室温下,改性前后的污泥活性炭Langmuir模型的饱和吸附量Qm分别是78.13 mg/g和94.34 mg/g。在初始浓度200 mg/L,pH=5,吸附剂投加量为2g/L时,1%软锰矿改性的污泥活性炭对Cu2+的最大吸附量为90.15 mg/g,比未改性时提高了23.33%。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.