"循环经济"概念辨析

基于对循环经济在德国、日本产生和发展状况的考察和我国目前关于循环经济的着干代表性定义的分析，指出循环经济是相对于传统的“资源-产品-废弃物”单向流动的线形经济而言的，是建立在生态学规律之上的一种以“减量化、再利用、资源化”为原则。以资源（特别是物质资源）的节约和循环利用为核心，以低消耗、低排放、高效率为基本特征，以避免、减少、再利用、资源化、热回收、无害化处置作为处理废弃物的先后次序，构造上高度接近于“资源-产品-再生资源”反馈式闭路循环，符合可持续发展理念的经济增长模式，是解决我国资源环境与经济发展之间矛盾的重要途径之一。最后分析了循环经济与节约型社会、清洁生产、节约能源、资源综合利用等概念之间的分析，进而提出支持我国建设节约型社会的法律体系至少应当包括《循环经济与资源综合利用促进法》、节约型社会的基本目标、原则和法律制度。以此为基础，再考虑进一步制定针对包装物、电子垃圾、废旧汽车等的法律法规。     

面向循环经济的共享单车可持续发展治理路径——基于上海市实践案例的政策模拟北大核心CSCDCSSCI

共享单车作为新时代居民低碳出行的典型交通工具,探讨如何实现其全生命周期的可持续发展意义重大。立足于中国城市共享单车发展挑战,文章创新性提出了面向循环经济的共享单车可持续发展治理框架以及基于3R原则的治理路径,构建了集故障车辆减量化、故障车辆再利用和报废车辆资源化三个子模块为一体的复杂系统动力学模型。在此基础上,基于上海市实践案例,对循环经济视角下共享单车可持续发展路径进行了多情景仿真模拟。研究发现:(1)用户使用行为治理、回收参与行为治理、城市投放总量控制、故障车辆回收监控和生产者责任延伸制五种策略均对共享单车行业的可持续发展起到显著作用;(2)就单一策略而言,生产者责任延伸制和故障车辆回收监控是政府治理故障和报废车辆、运营商降低生产和回收处置成本,进而提升行业资源利用效率的两种最佳治理举措,城市投放总量控制次之;(3)就组合策略而言,五种策略的综合集成实施是促进中国共享单车可持续发展的最优治理路径,全面实施后,2021—2031年上海市报废单车总量将减少71.15%,运营商的生产和回收处置成本节约73.77%,碳排放减少8.78万t。基于上述研究结果,文章提出实施生产者责任延伸制度、“科学谨慎”执行城市投放总量控制、“引导+规范+约束”用户可持续使用行为、提高用户回收参与意愿、加强故障车辆回收监控等政策建议。这项研究旨在为共享单车可持续发展的顶层设计提供决策参考,为国家“交通强国建设、碳达峰与碳中和”三重战略目标的实现提供助力。此外,文章为共享经济产品的可持续发展研究开辟了新的视角,为后续循环经济与共享经济的集成探究奠定了重要基础。     

德国废物管理立法的制度特色与启示

自然资源的过度消耗和废物排放引起环境退化与污染。资源节约利用和有效的废物管理是循环经济的应有之意。德罾建立了以绿点计划为代表的较为完善的废物回收、循环利用系统。废物再生利用率居世界首位，积累了发展循环经济的有益经验。德国废物管理立法主要有以下制度特色和环境政策蕴涵：“与环境相协调”的环境政策导向，延伸生产者责任，政府与民间社会分工合作的废物管理体制，生产者责任组织的成功运作。立法设定包装物回收、循环利用的目标和时间表，一次性饮料包装的强制性押金制度。     

循环经济促进法律责任研究

循环经济促进法律责任是主体共同而有区别的责任,主要体现为清洁生产、能源节约、生态设计、可持续的消费和环境友好的废物管理等方面的义务要求.环境外部性理论和环境法基本原则为循环经济促进法律责任设计提供了理论依据.国家的循环经济促进法律责任的主要内容是制定并监督实施符合循环经济要求的基本法律、政策、标准和要求等.企业的循环经济促进法律责任主要是采用无毒、易降解、资源和能源消耗少、耐用、便于回收和再生利用的环境友好产品设计和生产技术等.消费者的循环经济法律赍任是:通过支付价格为产品的环境影响承担经济责任.同时对责任配置的规则、延伸生产者责任的合理性与限度进行了探讨,主张我国循环经济促进法律责任设计应重视成本收益分析、考虑具体国情,实行强制与经济激励并重.     

废旧家电回收主体的利益和责任分析

在推进废旧家电资源化的进程中,合理界定回收处置阶段各相关主体的利益和责任至关重要.目前相关研究大多是定性的阐述,本文对回收主体的利益和责任进行了定量研究.依据受益者负担原则,废旧家电污染的责任发生在产品消费后阶段,造成的环境外部成本应由制造商、分销商、消费者和政府等受益主体来承担;基于Stackelberg博弈理论,考虑制造商参与销售和回收渠道不同情形下的经济效益、回收废旧家电的生态效益,建立了回收主体的利益数学模型;依据责权利对等原则,确定相关主体应承担的责任比例,并通过例证予以说明.结果表明:参与回收的主体不同,制造商参与渠道的程度不同,主体间的利益分配比例、应承担的环境外部成本和回收处置阶段的责任比例也会发生变化.研究结论为建立规范的回收体系,实现废旧家电的再生利用,促进循环经济的发展提供了借鉴.     

关于青岛市废旧电器循环利用对策的思考

随着科技的不断进步，家电产品更新换代的速度不断加快，由于废旧电器的不当处置所引发的环境问题日益突出。如何在保障环境安全的前提下，建立有效的废旧电器回收体系，实现废旧电器的资源最大化和环境无害化处置是当前我国大力发展循环经济主要面对和重点要解决的问题之一。本文以青岛市电器产品的生产和保有状况、废旧电器排放和资源化利用状况调查为基础，分析了静脉产业类生态工业园区的建设对促进废旧电器“3R”化的重要作用。揭示了建立合理的回收体系是青岛市废旧电器循环利用的主要因素。结合“延伸生产者责任制度”，提出青岛市废旧电器循环利用的对策及各相关方责任。为青岛市制订废旧电器相关地方性法规提供了重要依据，同时也为国家相关立法工作提供了重要借鉴。     

基于基准值的碳排放责任核算方法北大核心CSCDCSSCI

当前全球气候变化与碳减排形势严峻,减少碳排放需要生产者、消费者的共同努力,也需要世界各国的携手合作。科学合理的碳排放责任评价方法辅以针对性的减碳政策可以建立正确的价值导向,有效促进各方采取减碳行动,同时也有利于各利益相关方接受并承担自身相应的减排义务促进国家之间的减排合作,是推动解决气候变化问题的重要基础。基于上述出发点,并借鉴已有的环境责任核算研究,碳排放责任应同时符合标准化原则、一致性原则和有效性原则,以实现尽可能有效促进多方碳减排行动的目标。目前现有的碳排放责任核算方法主要有生产者责任法、消费者责任法和各类责任分摊法,但这些方法均尚存争议,不能同时满足以上三个原则,具有较大的局限性。针对以上问题,作者在对已有的碳排放责任分摊方法进行研究的基础上提出了碳排放责任分摊的新方法“基于基准值的碳排放责任核算方法”。新方法基于产品碳排放基准值划分排放责任,在能耗与材耗的问题上统一了核算边界,并且在使生产者和终端消费者共同承担责任的基础上,实现了其排放责任与可采取的减排行动相对应,形成了核算生产和消费各环节碳排放责任的框架体系。在这一框架下,生产者追求生产时的节材与高效,而终端消费者则追求减少非生产能耗和高碳产品的消费。同时,通过管控消费领域的碳排放责任即可实现对全社会直接碳排放的控制,避免了碳排放配额对生产侧产业结构调整的影响。新方法为碳减排政策的制定提供了新的参考依据,有助于促进中国生产和消费两侧的碳减排行动,也为国际社会的碳排放责任核算提供了新视角。     

开放经济条件下国家碳排放责任比较研究

在开放经济条件下,对国际贸易中隐含碳排放的研究是科学界定各国碳排放责任的基础。本文通过构建多区域投入产出模型对包括中国在内的25个世界贸易组织成员国的隐含碳排放进行了测算,同时基于"生产者消费者共担"原则对各国的碳排放责任进行了核算,并将其与"生产者负担"原则下各国的碳排放责任进行了比较。研究结果表明,各国的碳排放呈现出不同的特征,共担原则对各国碳排放责任的界定更加公平和有效;中国是发展中国家中生产者责任最大和消费者责任位居第二的国家,然而中国的生产者责任是美国生产者责任的1.4倍,消费者责任却只有美国消费者责任的十分之一;中国和美国分别是"生产者负担"原则和共担原则下碳排放责任最大的国家,同时中国也是共担原则下碳排放责任减少幅度最大的国家。资源禀赋状况、经济发展阶段以及贸易结构特征是导致我国的碳排放责任呈现上述特征的主要原因。本文据此对开放经济条件下我国碳排放责任的界定以及如何减少我国的碳排放量提出了相应的对策建议。     

论推进循环经济发展的"两个替代"

循环经济的终极目标。是以尽可能少的资源消耗创造尽可能高的社会福利。因此，我们应该以减物质化为首要原则，依靠人的发展，来实现经济增长和社会生活对自然资源的依赖程度下降。探讨了如何通过“两个替代”．即以服务流替代物质流，以人力资本替代自然资本．来改变原先那种过度消耗自然资源的经济生活方式。推进循环经济的发展。最后．对应“两个替代”的路径选择，提出了制度重构设想：①使价格体系正确反映资源稀缺程度和真实成本；②使市场主体为资源消耗和生态环境负责；③建立社会资谭投向机制。     

我国发展循环经济的政策与法律体系探讨

建立和完善循环经济政策应遵循三个原则：服务于我国循环经济概念与内涵原则。服务于循环经济实践的原则。用足用好现有政策和补充缺位政策相结合的原则。我国发展循环经济的政策与法律体系应包括四大类：基本政策、核心政策和基础性政策。技术政策可以融入这四类政策之中。基本政策是统领循环经济所有政策的根本。是资源环境与社会经济发展相融合的综合性政策。基础性政策是指为循环经济重点领域实践创造良好制度环境的政策。大致包括宏观经济政策、基本经济制度、基础性激励政策和考核政策等。核心政策是直接推动循环经济重点实践领域的政策。在核心政策中。需要切实落实和用足用好的现有对循环经济发展较有利的政策有：生态工业政策（包括产业结构调整政策、清洁生产政策）。资源综合利用和环保产业税费优惠政策。能源节约和再生能源政策。环境友好型产品标志（标识）政策；需要完善的薄弱政策有：生态工业园建设政策。废弃物回收、再利用、资源化和无害化产业政策。生态农业政策。资源开发利用政策；需要新建立的缺位政策主要涉及消费领域、环境友好型和资源能源节约型城镇基础设施和建筑领域。     

Background, Pattern and Policy of China for Developing Circular Economy

Circular economy has become one of China＇s important strategies to realize scientific development and build ecological civilization at present. As in China circular economy was put forward as a new economic pattern, the international community generally holds that this is an innovative move for China＇s economy to realize leap-forward development and hopes to learn more about the theory, policy and practice relating to China＇s circular economy. This article introduces and comments on the necessity to develop circular economy in China, implications and characteristics of China＇s circular economy, and China＇s main practices and policies to promote it at present.     

Spatial Variation and Space Optimization of the Development of China’s Circular Economy

Abstract

China’s circular economy is still at the initial stage, whose development has many difficulties and problems requiring immediate resolution theoretically and practically. Due to the differences of regions on the scale of land, endowment of resources, economic basis and cultural background, the developmental levels and capabilities of circular economy are inevitably different. Based on establishing the indicator system for assessing the developmental level of regional circular economy, spatial variation of China’s circular economy is measured by the quantitative measurement using principal component analysis, and the existing problems are also analyzed and discussed. On one hand, the differences of the development capability of the circular economy of different provinces (cities) are profound in China; Difference between the first category (strong) and the second category (relatively strong) is 1.1264 points. Difference between the second category and the third category (relatively weak) is 0.3867 points. Difference between the third category and the fourth category (weak) is 1.0238 points. Difference between the first category and the fourth category reaches up to 2.0869 points. Average difference between the area where the developmental level of circular economy is relatively strong and the area where the developmental level of circular economy is relatively weak is 1.3617 points. The differences of the distribution of the areas, with different development capability of circular economy, which are located in the three economic regions of China, are also profound. The regions with a relatively strong development capability of circular economy are mainly located in the eastern economic area, which account for 22.58% of the whole regions, while only account for 12.90% in the middle and western economic areas. On the contrary, the regions with a relatively weak development capability of circular economy account for 48.39% in the middle and western area, while account for 16.13% in the eastern area. On the other hand, among regions with different development capability of circular economy, the regions with a relatively weak development capability of circular economy are in a dominant position, which account for 64.52% of all the provinces (cities), which indicates that the development of the China’s circular economy still has a long way to go. Though certain achievements have been made in the development of China’s circular economy, in general, there are still some obstacles to be tacked in the development of China’s circular economy which require the economic, legal and administrative methods.     

新汶矿业集团发展循环经济的思路和方法

企业是经济发展主体．国家加快推进循环经济的发展．必须落实到企业的行动中。新汶矿业集团适时提出了“煤炭产业集中化、非煤产业集优化、产业发展生态化”的新思路．创新发展模式．改变单一的产业和产品结构．围绕煤炭生产这一主导产业．积极延伸产业链．着力构建“煤、电、化（煤化工、盐化工）、建材”的新型产业格局。着眼于煤炭相关产业的全面升级．大力发展“煤基多元化”产业集群;着眼于资豫型城市的转型．全力构筑“非煤集优化”产业链条;着眼于提升矿井技术创新能力．全面提高矿区煤炭资豫综合利用水平。以四大工业园区为依托．构建特色区域经济．探索出一条煤炭企业发展循环经济的成功之路。     

循环经济示范区建设体系的理论思考

发展循环经济是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径，而建设循环经济示范区则成为我国推动区域社会经济可持续发展的重要举措。积极稳妥地推进循环经济示范区建设，促进生态环境的改善，推动国民经济持续、健康发展是当前的一项重要工作内容。通过对循环经济示范区的内涵和建设意义的初步分析。提出了循环经济示范区的建设思路和保障体系。     

南京市循环经济体系建设规划研究

综合评价结果显示南京市循环经济发展水平远高于全国平均,约有9年的发展差距。居民社会文化素质高、大中型企业多、科技教育力量雄厚、经济发展水平较高等是南京市循环经济发展的有利条件,匮乏的矿产资源则是南京市发展循环经济的动力。石化、电子信息、汽车、钢铁、电力等是南京市循环工业发展的重点行业,拉长产业链,减量化生产是循环工业及其生态园区建设的重点;大力发展绿色餐饮,合理布局物流业是循环服务业的主要建设方向;建立绿色社会消费体系,实施垃圾的分类收集和处理,加强废旧物资的回收管理是循环社会建设的关键;降低化肥农药的施用量,积极发展无公害绿色有机食品及继续加强循环型农业示范区建设是循环农业发展的内涵。     

新疆工业循环经济建设研究

新疆地处中亚,属于典型的干旱半干旱区,生态系统脆弱,传统的工业发展模式对其生态环境和绿洲稳定已构成一定的威胁.循环经济抓住了新疆当前资源相对稀缺而又大量消耗的症结,对突破其深层次矛盾和自然资源约束的瓶颈具有迫切的现实意义.该文根据循环经济的内涵和原则,结合地区特点,提出新疆工业循环经济建设应运用多学科进行综合研究,实现产业循环组合与资源循环利用,建立配套的循环经济管理实施体系和综合评价体系.以新疆国家级循环经济试点城市石河子市为典型案例,对新疆工业循环经济建设思路的分析表明:"一个综合"是科学构建新疆工业循环经济的前提,"两类循环"可促进新疆产业生态化与污染治理产业化、动脉产业与静脉产业的有机统一,"两个体系"将为疆内工业循环经济的持续推进和优化完善提供有力的保障机制.     

循环经济产业体系论纲

循环经济的核心是物质在产业间和产业与环境间的循环流动。发展循环经济要落实到具体的产业和企业上。需搞清具有物质循环利用关系的产业及其间的关系。为区别传统经济产业间的关系，避免走入用传统产业理论指导循环经济建设的误区，本文提出产业体系和循环经济产业体系的概念。并将若干与某种生产要素有关的产业相互联系、相互制约而构成的整体称为产业体系。以物质要素循环利用关系为纽带的产业体系称为循环经济产业体系。根据物质在环境社会系统中的流动模式。将循环经济产业体系中的产业分成物资产业、人的产业和环境产业三大类。要在传统（线性）经济的基础上发展循环经济。需理性地按生态学原理规范经济活动。重点强化废弃物再生和回用的环境产业。使之同物资产业和人的产业相协调。产业体系是对产业结构概念的发展。循环经济产业体系是循环经济理论和建设的重要内容。构建循环经济理论体系、出台有关法律法规和产业政策。是循环经济建设工作的重点。     

物质流分析方法的理论及其应用研究

物质流分析既是发展循环经济重要的辅助手段，也是衡量循环经济发展水平的方法。目前，世界上的一些主要发达国家已经开展了物质流分析的研究与实践。我国物质流分析的研究尚处于起步阶段，特别是以城市为对象的区域物质流分析研究在我国尚处于起步和尝试阶段。为促进循环经济在我国的健康发展．应该结合我国实际，逐渐开展区（县）层面的物质流分析。本文在借鉴国外物质流分析的实践经验的基础上，以青岛市城阳区为例，运用物质流分析方法，首次对区（县）级行政区域进行了研究。此外，结合物质流分析结果，运用IPAT方程，建立了城阳区循环经济建设的指标体系，为其他地区实施区域层面物质流分析、建立循环经济建设指标体系提供了借鉴。研究表明．物质流分析对区域循环经济的规划建设具有重要意义。     

Spatial Variation and Space Optimization of the Development of China’s Circular Economy

China's circular economy is still at the initial stage, whose development has many difficulties and problems requiring immediate resolution theoretically and practically. Due to the differences of regions on the scale of land, endowment of resources, economic basis and cultural background, the developmental levels and capabilities of circular economy are inevitably different. Based on establishing the indicator system for assessing the developmental level of regional circular economy, spatial variation of China's circular economy is measured by the quantitative measurement using principal component analysis, and the existing problems are also analyzed and discussed. On one hand, the differences of the development capability of the circular economy of different provinces (cities) are profound in China; ①Difference between the first category (strong) and the second category (relatively strong) is 1.1264 points. Difference between the second category and the third category (relatively weak) is 0.3867 points. Difference between the third category and the fourth category (weak) is 1.0238 points. Difference between the first category and the fourth category reaches up to 2.0869 points. Average difference between the area where the developmental level of circular economy is relatively strong and the area where the developmental level of circular economy is relatively weak is 1.3617 points. ②The differences of the distribution of the areas, with different development capability of circular economy, which are located in the three economic regions of China, are also profound. The regions with a relatively strong development capability of circular economy are mainly located in the eastern economic area, which account for 22.58% of the whole regions, while only account for 12.90% in the middle and western economic areas. On the contrary, the regions with a relatively weak development capability of circular economy account for 48.39% in the middle and western area, while account for 16.13% in the eastern area. On the other hand, among regions with different development capability of circular economy, the regions with a relatively weak development capability of circular economy are in a dominant position, which accountfor 64.52% of all the provinces (cities), which indicates that the development of the China's circular economy still has a long way to go. Though certain achievements have been made in the development of China's circular economy, in general, there are still some obstacles to be tacked in the development of China's circular economy which require the economic, legal and administrative methods.     

Sustainable Development and Strategic Thinking

From an economic point of view, the industrial economy is efficient to overcome situations of a scarcity of goods. From a technological point of view, the resource efficiency of the manufacturing processes of the industrial economy has been permanently improved during the last 200 years. In addition, cleaner processes have been developed. However, from an ecologic point of view, an increasing world population with increasing consumption has produced a ＂global footprint＂ which approaches the carrying capacity of the planet. A circular economy and its high-value spin-offs-a lake economy and a performance or functional service economy-can fulfil customers＇ needs with considerably less resource consumption, less environmental impairment in production and considerably less end-of-life product waste, especially in situations of affluence, when a considerable stock of physical goods and infrastructures exists. Also, in situations of a scarcity of natural resources, both energy and materials, often characterised by rapidly rising resource prices, the economic actors of a circular economy have a high competitive advantage over the actors of the industrial economy, due to much lower procurement costs for materials and energy. From a social point of view, a circular economy increases the number of skilled jobs in regional enterprises. However, the shift from a linear manufacturing economy to a circular or service economy means a change in economic thinking from flow （throughput） management to stock （asset） management： in a manufacturing economy with largely unsaturated markets, total wealth increases through accumulation as resource throughput （flow） is transformed into a higher stock of goods of better quality （but in a manufacturing economy with largely saturated markets, wealth represented by the stock of goods will no longer increase）; in a circular or service economy, total wealth increases through a smart management of existing physical assets （stock） that are adapted to changes in both technology and customer demand. This second approach not only applies to physical capital but equally to social capital, such as health and education and green GDP. To measure the social wealth of a population, it is not the amount of money spent on schools and hospitals that matters, butif this expenditure has led to a better education of the students, and a better health of the people.