骆马湖地区水体、沉积物中农药筛查和分布特征

采用气相色谱/质谱（GC/MS）非靶向筛查技术,分别于2019年11月5—7日（枯水期）、2020年4月24—26日（平水期）和2020年7月15—16日（丰水期）对骆马湖地区水体和沉积物中的农药残留进行了筛查并对其空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明,水中筛查出主要农药13种,除草剂占比62%,检出率＞95%的农药有丁草胺、环嗪酮、异丙甲草胺、多效唑、噻氟菌胺、稻瘟灵、毒死蜱、阿特拉津、避蚊胺和莠灭净,阿特拉津检出质量浓度最高（ND～10 599 ng/L,平均值为725.5 ng/L）,其次为多效唑（ND～2 089 ng/L,平均值为237.0 ng/L）和噻氟菌胺（ND～1 991 ng/L,平均值为237.2 ng/L）。与国内其他地区相比,骆马湖地区水中农药污染处于中等水平,其中阿特拉津、稻瘟灵和毒死蜱的生态风险值得重点关注。骆马湖及入湖河流水中农药总质量浓度呈现丰水期＞平水期＞枯水期的特点,与地表径流、农药的性质及其在水体中的释放等因素有关,丰水期入湖口和省界来水中农药对饮用水水源地的影响较大。沉积物中筛查出9种农药,总体含量不高,且仅扑灭净和避蚊胺检出率>95%,其余<20%。     

鸭绿江水体中有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的浓度水平及污染特征

于2021年4月对鸭绿江干流及其主要支流水体中14种目标有机磷酸酯(OPEs)的浓度水平及污染特征进行了调查研究。结果表明,鸭绿江中∑OPEs的浓度从上游到下游逐渐升高,质量浓度为11.6~557.0 ng/L,平均质量浓度为202.5 ng/L,处于世界偏低,全国中下水平。鸭绿江水体中ρ(氯代OPEs)>ρ(烷基代OPEs)>ρ(芳基代OPEs)。14种OPEs中,磷酸三(1氯2丙基)酯(TCPP)质量浓度最高,其次是磷酸三(2氯乙基)酯(TCEP),平均占比分别为31.8%和20.9%。鸭绿江上游水体中OPEs的质量浓度为11.6~135.5 ng/L,平均值为52.8 ng/L,质量浓度最高的是烷基代OPEs;下游水体中OPEs的质量浓度为179.1~557.0 ng/L,平均值为382.3 ng/L,质量浓度最高的是氯代OPEs。上游水体中OPEs主要来源于大气沉降、径流携带等环境迁移,下游水体则主要受到丹东市区生活污水和沿江工业园区废水排放的影响。研究可为今后科学评估此类物质的环境风险并采取精准管控措施,提供数据支持和科学依据。     

丰水期沱江水系环境内分泌干扰物分布特征

采集丰水期沱江水系德阳至泸州水样,分析6种环境内分泌干扰物的含量和分布特征。主要检出双酚A、壬基酚,双酚A的平均浓度为3.93~198 ng/L,与国内外河流浓度相比处于中等水平;壬基酚平均浓度为5.23~150 ng/L,与国外河流水平相当,但低于目前已有报道的国内河流。沱江水系中双酚A、壬基酚的分布整体均呈现出北高南低,上游高于中游、下游,干流低于支流的特征。     

胶州湾入海河流和排污口水体中壬基酚的污染状况调查及入海通量核算

调查了2009年枯水期和丰水期胶州湾河流入海口和污水处理厂排污口壬基酚污染状况,并初步估算了胶州湾陆源壬基酚的入海通量。结果显示,入胶州湾各河流水体中壬基酚浓度差异较大,枯水期和丰水期分别为0.11～3.17 μg/L和0.09～10.8 μg/L,其中墨水河污染最为严重,其次为娄山河、海泊河、跃进河、李村河、大沽河、镰湾河和白沙河,而洋河污染则相对较轻;各污水处理厂出水口壬基酚浓度相对稳定,枯水期和丰水期为0.11～0.17 μg/L和0.15～0.29 μg/L。枯水期和丰水期胶州湾壬基酚入海通量分别为6.5 kg/d和11.8 kg/d。     

梁子湖水体和沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征及生态健康风险评价

对枯水期、平水期和丰水期梁子湖水体和沉积物中7种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的污染水平及分布特征进行了研究,并评价了其健康风险和生态风险。结果表明,枯水期、平水期和丰水期梁子湖水体中7种PAEs总量（∑PAEs）分别为0.10~3.56、0.16~1.78、0.57~2.16 μg/L,沉积物中∑PAEs分别为0.10~0.41、0.21~0.66、0.12~4.49 μg/g,3个水期的水体和沉积物中均以邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DiBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）占主要组分。与国内外其他河流/湖泊相比,梁子湖水体和沉积物中各PAE单体的含量均处于中等偏低水平。健康风险评价结果表明,梁子湖水体中PAEs的总非致癌风险值均远低于1,不会对人体产生明显的非致癌健康危害;3个水期绝大部分或全部采样点位中DEHP对人体存在潜在的致癌风险。生态风险评价结果表明,枯水期和丰水期沉积物中PAEs总量对水藻类和鱼类达到中等风险程度,对其存在较大的毒性。     

大伙房水库多介质中全氟化合物赋存特征、源解析及健康风险评估

大伙房水库属于全国城市供水九大重点水源地之一,作为辽宁省重要的饮用水水源地,库区水质直接影响该区域人民饮水安全及身体健康。对大伙房水库表层水体、沉积物和鱼类样品中全氟化合物（PFAS）的赋存特征及可能的来源进行分析,并运用健康风险商值法评估PFAS的潜在健康风险。结果表明,库区表层水体中ρ（ΣPFAS）为1.18~8.19 ng/L,主要污染物为全氟辛酸及其盐类化合物（PFOA）和全氟戊基羧酸（PFPA）,其浓度水平随时间呈下降趋势;沉积物中只检出3种污染物,分别为PFOA、全氟十一烷基羧酸（PFUnA）和全氟十二烷基羧酸（PFDoDA）,ω（ΣPFAS）为0.16~0.48 ng/g;不同鱼类样品中ω（ΣPFAS）由高到低依次为：武昌鱼（2.49 ng/g）>鲤鱼（2.30 ng/g）>白鲢（2.02 ng/g）>花鲢（2.01 ng/g）,主要污染物均为PFPA。基于主成分分析与相关性分析可知,大伙房水库库区的PFAS主要来自采矿、电镀、涂料等工业污染废水和生活污水;健康风险评估结果表明,表层水体和鱼类样品中的PFAS不存在健康风险。     

太湖以西常州区域水体中典型PPCPs污染特征

为进一步了解环太湖区域药品及个人护理用品（PPCPs）环境污染现状,于2016年9月对太湖以西常州区域水体中典型PPCPs污染水平进行了调查。利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC MS/MS）检测分析了24种PPCPs在常州区域水体中的赋存和空间分布特征。结果表明,常州区域水体中24种目标PPCPs均被检出,PPCPs质量浓度总量范围为51.08～325.79 ng/L,20个监测点位中,红凌桥检出PPCPs总量最高,达325.79 ng/L;水体中优势污染物为双酚A和诺氟沙星,双酚A在黄埝桥检出的质量浓度最高,达158.53 ng/L,其次是新河口和红凌桥,质量浓度分别为65.57和57.86 ng/L;诺氟沙星在红凌桥检出的质量浓度最高,达75.12 ng/L。喹诺酮类抗生素、磺胺类抗生素在常州流域内基本呈均匀分布;激素类、大环内酯抗生素、神经镇痛类和心脏病类药物质量浓度与人口密度大致呈正相关。     

桂林市相思江流域氮磷分布特征解析及空间变化预测

通过2019年6—12月对相思江流域（临桂段）丰水期和枯水期的水质监测分析,并采用主成分分析（PCA）对污染初步溯源和反距离加权插值（IDW）对氮磷质量浓度空间变化插值预测。结果表明：研究区内氮磷污染严重,TN和TP质量浓度范围分别为0.312 mg/L～14.744 mg/L和0.004 mg/L～0.452 mg/L,TN质量浓度枯水期高于丰水期,TP两水期大致相等。研究区内非点源氮磷呈现出明显空间变异性,上游氮磷污染最为严重。农业面源污染中禽畜养殖和生活污水是流域内主要污染因子。     

饮用水处理中多环芳烃和卤代多环芳烃的变化特征及健康风险

饮用水安全直接关系到千家万户的身体健康。为了解饮用水中多环芳烃（PAHs）和卤代多环芳烃（HPAHs）的污染现状、来源以及健康风险,选择了以长江、太湖和三河（淮安）为水源水的3个自来水厂,采用气相色谱-质谱的测定方法,分别在丰水期和枯水期对其各工艺段出水进行了采样分析。结果表明,PAHs和HPAHs在自来水厂原水和出水中普遍存在,PAHs的质量浓度为9.74～61.00 ng/L,氯代多环芳烃（Cl-PAHs）的质量浓度为0.32～9.17 ng/L,溴代多环芳烃（Br-PAHs）的质量浓度为未检出（ND）～4.15 ng/L,且整体呈现枯水期质量浓度大于丰水期的特征。原水中PAHs主要来源于石油污染以及各种燃烧活动,HPAHs与PAHs的质量浓度呈正相关;出水中HPAHs主要来源于原水以及氯化消毒。现有的自来水处理工艺对原水中PAHs和HPAHs都有一定的去除作用,但是氯化消毒可能产生新的HPAHs污染。人体健康风险评价结果表明,3个水厂出水的终生致癌风险为10^-9～10^-8,处于低致癌风险水平。     

丹江口水库流域氮素时空分布特征

为全面了解丹江口水库流域氮素污染状况,对库区26个点位及10条主要入库河流入库口处的表层水样进行了丰水期、平水期、枯水期采样与监测,探讨了氮素时空分布特征。入库口总氮检出范围为1.31~10.96 mg/L,其中泗河和神定河入库口总氮最高。总氮为库区水质主要限制因子,年均总氮质量浓度为1.13~2.71 mg/L;汉江库区整体上总氮污染水平略高于丹江库区,且与丹江库区相比,汉江库区受点源排放的影响较大。10条入库河流总氮的总年均输入量为63 347.31 t/a,其中汉江的总氮输入量最大;入库河流总氮控制的关键在于溶解性有机氮和硝酸盐氮的控制。     

城市空气质量周报效用分析

介绍了世界上一些发达国家的空气污染预报的做法和采取的措施，阐述了我国开展空气质量预报的方针和方法，指出了周报是预报的基础工作。叙述了我国空气质量周报的污染参数的选取、污染指数的分级及其浓度限值和污染指数计算及确定，分析并总结了开展城市空气质量周报所发挥的效用是提高公众的环保意识，加大了治理污染的力度，转变了环境监测的职能，促进了环境监测事业的发展     

锅炉烟尘测试中锅炉负荷率的计算方法探讨

GB5468 -91规定 ,锅炉烟尘测试时 ,必须对锅炉的运行负荷进行测试 ,而实际监测过程中 ,许多锅炉房不具备测试的计量条件 ,为了解决这一问题 ,文章提出利用烟气量和空气过剩系数计算锅炉负荷率。在实际监测工作中 ,该方法方便、易于操作 ,所得结果和标准规定方法所得结果有很好的一致性     

水中总硬度测量不确定度的评定

采用EDTA滴定法测定水质总硬度的测量不确定度评定。充分考虑测量重复性、标准溶液的配制、滴定等过程对测量的影响,计算水中总硬度的测量相对合成标准不确定度为1·81×10-3。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施GB/T15481-2000 idt ISO/IEC17025:1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》的过程中,通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析,识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节,提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法,对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Fractionation of heavy metals and assessment of contamination of the sediments of Lake Titicaca

Chemical weathering is one of the major geochemical processes that control the mobilization of heavy metals. The present study provides the first report on heavy metal fractionation in sediments (8–156 m) of Lake Titicaca (3,820 m a.s.l.), which is shared by the Republic of Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Both contents of total Cu, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Zn and also the fractionation of these heavy metals associated with four different fractions have been determined following the BCR scheme. The principal component analysis suggests that Co, Ni, and Cd can be attributed to natural sources related to the mineralized geological formations. Moreover, the sources of Cu, Fe, and Mn are effluents and wastes generated from mining activities, while Pb and Zn also suggest that their common source is associated to mining activities. According to the Risk Assessment Code, there is a moderate to high risk related to Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Co, and Ni mobilization and/or remobilization from the bottom sediment to the water column. Furthermore, the Geoaccumulation Index and the Enrichment Factor reveal that Zn, Pb, and Cd are enriched in the sediments. The results suggest that the effluents from various traditional mining waste sites in both countries are the main source of heavy metal contamination in the sediments of Lake Titicaca.     

“湖泛”恶臭物质分析及来源浅析

介绍了中国南方"湖泛"中的恶臭物质及检测情况,采用常规分析和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对"湖泛"水样进行检测,认为"湖泛"恶臭物主要是氨和硫醚类物质。根据"湖泛"发生的时间及频次,结合南方地区农业水稻秧田的农药使用情况,推断氨基甲酸酯类农药的使用可能是"湖泛"发生的诱因。     

贵州黔东南州三板溪水库春季拟多甲藻水华特征

2011年3月13日对贵州省黔东南州三板溪水库进行春季浮游植物调查的结果表明,三板溪水库Ⅱ号采样点(下革东)发生以佩纳形拟多甲藻为优势种的拟多甲藻水华,细胞密度高达1.15×10⁷cell/L;板溪水库总氮的最低值为2.09 mg/L,总磷的最低值为0.95 mg/L,三板溪水库的总氮、总磷含量较丰富,不存在总氮或总磷是限制性因子;通过SPSS16.0统计软件分别进行Pearson 积距相关系数分析表明,氮磷比是三板溪水库发生拟多甲藻水华的主要影响原因。     

Environmental Assessment of the Impact of Ozone to the Neuston of the Sea-Surface Microlayer of the Gulf of Mexico

Substantial amounts of NOx (146 000 t/y) and total hydrocarbons (294 000 t/y) are released to the marine atmosphere by the large number of oil and gas operations over Federal waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Under appropriate meteorological conditions these emissions react to form ozone (0–54 g/m3 over-water) which can affect the marine environment. Using a dry deposition model, this work examines the amount of ozone derived from oil and gas offshore operations and deposited in the sea surface of the Gulf of Mexico, and assesses its impact on the neuston of the sea-surface microlayer. Surface integrated estimates of ozone deposited from oil and gas operations over the sea surface ranges from 400 kg to 1800 kg which results in sea surface concentrations of 15 g/m3. This estimate and the actual toxic ozone levels suggest no acute, toxic impacts to the neuston. However, indirect effects may occur through changes to the pelagic foodwebs and organic carbon pathways. Another potential pathway for ozone impacting the environment is through the production of bromate. Based on the concentrations and time scales (11–139 days) only sublethal effects appear to occur, but uncertainties associated with this assessment need to be further studied. From an ecological perspective, the environmental impacts and risks of NOx and VOC discharges from offshore platforms need to be assessed for neuston and other components of the marine ecosystem.     

Evaluation of method of preparation of passive diffusion tubes for measurement of ambient nitrogen dioxide

This study was carried out in response to suggestions that the measurement of NO(2) by Palmes-type passive diffusion tubes (PDT) is affected by the method of preparation of the triethanolamine (TEA) absorbent coating on the grids. The following combinations of factors were investigated: TEA solvent (acetone or water), volume composition of TEA in solvent (50% or 20%), and grid coating method (dipping in solution prior to assembly or pipetting solution on after assembly). Duplicate PDTs prepared by each of the 8 methods were exposed in parallel, in urban air, for a total of 80 separate 1 week exposures. NO(2) concentrations derived from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were significantly less precise than concentrations from dipping methods, with mean RSDs for duplicate measurements of 13.8% and 8.5%, respectively (n= 316 each category). Pipetting methods using solutions of 50% TEA composition were particularly imprecise (mean RSD 17.2%). Data from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were systematically more poorly correlated with each other and with data from co-located chemiluminescence analysers, than corresponding data from PDTs prepared by dipping methods, indicating that more consistent accuracy was also obtained by the latter PDTs. The statistical evidence suggested that PDTs prepared by pipetting 50% TEA in water generally gave lower NO(2) concentrations. Although this is in agreement with a previous study, it is also possible that such an observation here may be a statistical artefact given the demonstrably poorer precision of this method. The general tendency of PDTs to show positive bias in NO(2) measurement in urban air in 1 week exposures was again evident in this study (mean biases at roadside and urban centre locations of +35% (n= 475) and +18% (n= 112), respectively) consistent with augmentation of within-tube NO(2) flux by chemical reaction between co-diffusing NO and O(3). Overall, it is recommended that the pipetting method of PDT grid preparation is avoided, or at least investigated further, because of the apparent degradation in precision and accuracy of NO(2) measurement. Potential reasons for the effect are discussed.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施GBT15481-2000(idtISOIEC17025:1999)标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》的过程中,通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析,识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节,提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的技术方法,为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了行动指南。