An air quality forecasting system in Beijing - Application to the study of dust storm events in China in May 2008

An air pollution forecast system, ARIA Regional, was implemented in 2007-2008 at the Beijing Municipality Environmental Monitoring Center, providing daily forecast of main pollutant concentrations. The chemistry-transport model CHIMERE was coupled with the dust emission model MB95 for restituting dust storm events in springtime so as to improve forecast results. Dust storm events were sporadic but could be extremely intense and then control air quality indexes close to the source areas but also far in the Beijing area. A dust episode having occurred at the end of May 2008 was analyzed in this article, and its impact of particulate matter on the Chinese air pollution index (API) was evaluated. Following our estimation, about 23 Tg of dust were emitted from source areas in Mongolia and in the Inner Mongolia of China, transporting towards southeast. This episode of dust storm influenced a large part of North China and East China, and also South Korea. The model result was then evaluated using satellite observations and in situ data. The simulated daily concentrations of total suspended particulate at 6:00 UTC had a similar spatial pattern with respect to OMI satellite aerosol index. Temporal evolution of dust plume was evaluated by comparing dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) calculated from the simulations with AOD derived from MODIS satellite products. Finally, the comparison of reported Chinese API in Beijing with API calculated from the simulation including dust emissions had showed the significant improvement of the model results taking into account mineral dust correctly.     

1995~2015年中国风蚀扬尘TSP、PM10和PM2.5排放清单及未来趋势预测

通过收集1995~2015年中国大陆31个省级行政区风速、降水量和气温地面站数据，结合各省、市自治区的土地利用分布及每种土地利用类型对应的土质类型，基于环保部推荐的起尘模型建立了1995~2015年中国风蚀扬尘颗粒物（TSP、PM₁₀和PM_2.5）排放清单.研究表明，在本研究的时间序列中，中国土壤风蚀扬尘颗粒物排放量呈现波动的趋势，2015年全国风蚀扬尘颗粒物TSP、PM₁₀和PM_2.5的年排放量分别约为2.27×10⁷、6.77×10⁶和1.17×10⁶t.排放量的空间分布总体上呈现"北强南弱"，并且以"黑河-腾冲"一线为界呈现"西强东弱"的排放格局，排放强度最大的地区出现在内蒙古西部和新疆大部.基于IPCC对于未来气候变化的预测情景，估计了未来风蚀扬尘颗粒物的排放变化趋势，在降水和气温共同作用下，不考虑风速变化，2100年的排放量相对2005年的变化幅度在-8.5%~7.7%之间，降水量增多会抑制风蚀扬尘颗粒物排放，温度升高则会使得地表更容易产生风蚀扬尘颗粒物.     

基于SPAMS的兰州市2018年冬季沙尘天气过程细颗粒物污染特征及来源研究

2018年11月22日-12月1日,兰州市经历了一次远距离传输的沙尘天气过程,为了解此次沙尘天气过程时段细颗粒物污染特征及其污染来源变化特征,本研究基于单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪（SPAMS）细颗粒物自动采集数据,并结合常规污染物自动监测数据和气象因子数据对沙尘天气前后及其过境期间细颗粒物化学组分及污染来源变化情况进行了分析,同时利用后向轨迹模型（HYSPLIT）研究了沙尘气溶胶的输送路径.研究结果表明：受沙尘天气过境影响,兰州市PM₁₀浓度大幅升高,PM_2.5/PM₁₀最小值仅为0.13,SO₂、NO₂、CO质量浓度出现明显降低,而O₃质量浓度在沙尘过境时有所升高;细颗粒物质量浓度与MASS数浓度变化趋势基本一致,细颗粒物的变化趋势可一定程度上反映大气细颗粒物的污染状况;利用自适应共振神经网络法分类后经人工合并将所采集到的细颗粒分为9类：OC、EC、HOC、OCEC、MD、HM、K、Na、LEV;所选时间段内SPAMS采集到的OC（24.8%）类颗粒物数量最多,沙尘过境时MD、LEV、Na类颗粒物占比不同程度增大,其余颗粒物占比减小;沙尘过境时扬尘源、生物质燃烧源、工业工艺源、餐饮及其它源贡献率增加,其中扬尘源增幅最大,而其余源贡献占比减小;后向轨迹HYSPLIT模型输送路径结果显示沙尘天气过程的起源地为塔克拉玛干沙漠,传输方向为经新疆的塔里木盆地塔克拉玛干沙漠进入青海中部,最后影响兰州地区.     

沈阳市春季一次沙尘天气过程分析

2008年5月27—28日中国北方发生了一次影响范围最大、持续时间长的沙尘暴天气过程,造成了严重的空气污染。受其影响沈阳市出现了一次以浮尘天气为主的轻度污染事件,给沈阳地区的生产和生活带来了影响。主要从天气形势上分析了此次沙尘天气形成的原因。结果表明,此次过程是由强冷空气和蒙古气旋引起的,蒙古气旋发展和地面冷锋移动经过蒙古国和华北北部等干燥、疏松的地表形成扬沙、沙尘暴,大量的细小沙尘粒子随高空偏西气流携带而至沈阳,形成浮尘天气。     

1995~2004年东亚沙尘气溶胶的模拟源汇分布及垂直结构

利用全球气溶胶模式GEM-AQ/EC的1995~2004年10年沙尘气溶胶模拟,探讨了东亚地区沙尘气溶胶源汇分布和垂直结构特征.结果表明,东亚大陆沙尘气溶胶源区主要集中在东亚的沙漠地区,有两大沙尘主要源区:覆盖蒙古国南部及中国内蒙中西部的沙漠地区和南疆的塔克拉玛干沙漠.东亚沙尘排放量春季最大,占全年排放总量的66.81%,四月份达15.29Mt,夏季下降,秋季小幅度回升,冬季最小;东亚沙尘排放量呈现明显的年际变化及增强的趋势.东亚沙尘沉降高值区与源区一致,源区及附近以干沉降为主,远距离传输到中国东北、长江以南及西太平洋包括日本、朝鲜半岛,湿沉降占主导地位;沙尘沉降具有季节变化,其趋势与东亚沙尘排放量的季节变化大致相同,且模拟的10年沉降量呈上升趋势.东亚沙漠地区排放的沙尘主导了东亚沙尘气溶胶的变化,最大的净沙尘汇区集中在紧邻净沙尘源区的黄土高原及华北平原西部.东亚地区春夏秋3个季节均是沙尘的净源区,而冬季强西风急流输入东亚以外的沙尘使东亚整体上为沙尘净接收区.东亚大陆大部分地区,沙尘垂直分布主要集中在对流层低层3km高度以下,在西太平洋地区包括日本、朝鲜半岛沙尘高值中心位于在对流层中层5km高度上下,在沙漠以北地区沙尘垂直廓线的高值出现在对流层中上层6~8km高度.     

北京沙尘暴的干盐湖盐渍土源——单颗粒物分析和XPS表面结构分析

2002年3月20日北京特大沙尘暴565个单颗粒物分析结果表明,S和Cl是唯一呈现显著正相关的一对元素.同时含有S和Cl的单颗粒物检出率高达82.5%,其中S和Cl的含量还高于所有颗粒物平均值.同时含有S、Cl和Na的颗粒物检出率为62.0%,其中Na的含量更比所有颗粒物平均值高出1.4倍.PMF因子分析显示NaCl和Na2SO4是北京沙尘暴S和Cl显著相关的那些单颗粒物的主要成分.沙尘暴样品中SO₄^2-和C^l-浓度呈高度线性相关.X射线光电子谱对气溶胶表面结构分析显示,Na和S在沙尘暴颗粒物表面的百分含量比北京非沙尘暴和内蒙古地区气溶胶样品高.这些同时含有S、Cl和Na,且S和Cl显著正相关,Na相对富集的颗粒物多数来自于沙尘暴途中所经过的其表层土成分富含氯化物和硫酸盐的干盐湖盐渍土地区.证明了北京沙尘暴不仅来自于其源头沙漠,沙尘暴所经过的包括干盐湖盐渍土的大范围干旱、半干旱地区的表层土也是其主要来源.     

北京市大气PM2.5中矿物成分的污染特征

为了解北京市大气细粒子中矿物成分的浓度水平和污染特征,在清华园和车公庄进行了连续1a的PM_2.5累积周采样和全样品分析.Al、Si、Ca、Mg和Fe等地壳元素的周变化相似,最大周均浓度均出现在春季有强沙尘天气的一周;其季节变化显著,显示季节性的源排放以及气象条件对矿物成分的含量影响显著.土壤尘的季节平均浓度从夏季逐步上升,至次年春季达到最高(21.1 μg·m^-3),表明春季频繁发生的沙尘天气对土壤尘细粒子有重要贡献.大量的建筑活动可能大大增加了北京细粒子中Ca的负荷,应加强其排放控制.     

Effects of Asian dust events on atmospheric bacterial communities at different distances downwind of the source region

Aeolian dust particles arising from arid and semiarid zones are known to carry microbes by air currents. The effect of wind-borne bacteria on atmospheric bacterial population at various downwind distances from the dust source regions must be clarified, but has not yet been reported. This study monitored the bacterial abundance and community composition in outdoor aerosol samples in Beijing, China, which is close to the Asian dust source regions, and compared them with the results obtained in a distant region(Osaka, Japan).The Asian dust collected in Beijing contained(4 ± 3) × 10~4 bacterial cells/m~3, approximately~4 times higher than in Osaka. On 15 April 2015, Beijing experienced severe Asian dust events with a 1000-fold increase in bacterial abundance, relative to non-Asian dust days. Dominant bacterial phyla and classes in Asian dust collected in Beijing were Actinobacteria, Bacilli and Acidobacteria, and the bacterial community composition varied more widely than in Osaka.The bacterial community compositions differed between the Beijing and Osaka dusts, even for the same Asian dust events. These results indicated that aerosol bacterial communities nearer the dust source are more affected by eolian dust than their distant counterparts.     

A case study of Asian dust storm particles: Chemical composition, reactivity to SO2 and hygroscopic properties

Mineral dust comprises a great fraction of the global aerosol loading, but remains the largest uncertainty in predictions of the future climate due to its complexity in composition and physico-chemical properties. In this work, a case study characterizing Asian dust storm particles was conducted by multiple analysis methods, including SEM-EDS, XPS, FT-IR, BET, TPD/mass and Knudsen cell/mass. The morphology, elemental fraction, source distribution, true uptake coefficient for SO₂, and hygroscopic behavior were studied. The major components of Asian dust storm particles are aluminosilicate, SiO₂ and CaCO₃, with organic compounds and inorganic nitrate coated on the surface. It has a low reactivity towards SO₂ with a true uptake coefficient, 5.767×10^-6, which limits the conversion of SO₂ to sulfate during dust storm periods. The low reactivity also means that the heterogeneous reactions of SO₂ in both dry and humid air conditions have little effect on the hygroscopic behavior of the dust particles.     

利用偏振-米散射激光雷达研究广州一次浮尘天气过程

利用偏振-米散射激光雷达、颗粒物监测仪数据,结合风廓线等气象资料分析讨论了2012年3月25日广州浮尘天气气溶胶污染事件,通过气团后向轨迹分析了沙尘气溶胶的来源及路径.结果表明本次污染过程与我国西北地区大部沙尘暴产生的浮尘远距离输送有关;浮尘期间相对湿度迅速下降,测点PM10中PM2.5所占的比例在28%~31%之间,与广州地区以细粒子污染为特征不同,本次气溶胶污染事件主要是由粗粒子引起;影响近地面的沙尘层主要分布高度在1000~2000m区域;沙尘过境期间探测到气溶胶最大退偏比为0.34.     

沙尘暴细颗粒物对人外周血淋巴细胞微核形成的影响

用胞质阻断微核试验法比较研究了内蒙古包头市和甘肃武威市沙尘暴和正常天气细颗粒物(PM2.5)及其无机与有机提取物对人外周血淋巴细胞微核形成的影响.结果表明本试验条件下,沙尘暴和正常天气PM2.5及其有机提取物均使淋巴细胞微核率(micronuclei frequency,MNF)显著增高,核分裂指数(nuclear division index,NDI)显著下降(p＜0.01),且存在剂量-效应关系,而无机提取物虽有剂量-效应关系,但各处理浓度之间及其与对照相比差异均不显著(p＞0.05);相同处理浓度下,除工业城市包头正常天气的PM2.5及其有机提取物处理的微核率显著高于沙尘(p＜0.01)外,沙尘暴和正常天气样品处理结果无显著差异(p＞0.05);城市之间相比,只有正常天气PM2.5及其有机提取物处理的微核率包头显著高于武威(p＜0.01),而沙尘暴PM2.5及其提取物的所有处理的微核率无城市间差异(p＞0.05).     

贵阳市冬季地表灰尘重金属含量动态变化及原因探析

本研究以贵阳市冬季地表灰尘和家庭燃煤为研究对象,分析了贵阳市冬季不同时段地表灰尘重金属含量的动态变化,以及家庭燃煤取暖排放的煤灰与煤尘对环境中重金属的排放影响.结果表明:贵阳市冬季前后不同时段地表灰尘重金属含量的动态变化规律为:As含量在初冬和晚冬时段均大于初春,Cu和Pb含量表现为晚冬初春初冬,Cd、Ni、Zn在3个时段的含量变化不大;冬季地表灰尘中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb累积较重;燃煤中元素As、Cd、Pb、Zn主要富集于煤尘中,Ni、Cu则主要富集于煤灰中.贵阳市地表灰尘在晚冬、初春时段,细粒级灰尘所占质量占比明显高于初冬,而且晚冬灰尘中粗粒级所占质量比最低,3个时段中,晚冬时段灰尘中大部分重金属含量随粒级减小而增大的特征表现得最明显.家庭燃煤排放对地表灰尘中的As、Pb含量有一定的影响.     

首都圈防沙治沙水土资源空间优化配置研究——以大兴、怀来、张北为例

首都圈是近年来北京沙尘暴天气日益严重的重要沙尘源区之一。研究区中大兴区代表的是华北平原北缘落叶阔叶林灌草丛典型区;怀来县代表的是桑干河、洋河盆地灌木草原典型区;张北县代表的是坝上高原西部干草原典型区。论文通过了解水土资源利用的变化情况,分析水土资源利用现状和存在问题;利用中国资源环境遥感数据库中的土地利用现状、中国1∶1000000土地资源图等数据,以水资源为最重要的限制因素,通过灰色线性规划模型,以防沙治沙和发展经济、实现区域可持续发展为目标,进行水土资源优化配置;结合不同区域水土资源利用的突出问题,将水土资源优化配置方案落实到空间;建立区域水土资源比较合理、有效利用的方案。大兴的重要措施是平原旱耕地转变为中覆盖度草地,怀来是陡坡地退耕,张北是提高草地的覆盖度。     

Long range trans-Pacific transport and deposition of Asian dust aerosols

The deposition of Asian dust aerosols during their trails-Pacific Uansport might cause significant marine phytoplankton biomass increases.However,the knowledge of the trans-Pacific dust transport,deposition,and spatial distribution is still poor due to a lack of continuous and simultaneous observations in the Asian subcontinent,the north Pacific Ocean,and North America.The severe Asian dust storm during 6 to 9 April 2001 provided an opportunity to gain a better understanding of trans-Pacific dust transport and deposition,using a comprehensive set of observations from satellites,ground-based light detection and ranging,aircraft,and surface observation networks.The observations and model simulations outline the general pattern of dust transport,deposition,vertical profile,and spatial distribution.The following points were observed(1)the surface dust concentrations decreased exponentially with the increasing dust transport distance from 80°E to 120°W along the transport pathway;(2)the altitude of the dust concentration peak increased with increasing transport distance in the north Pacific region;and (3) the spatial distribution of dust deposition mainly depended on the trans-Pacific transport route.     

Distribution characteristics of total mercury and methylmercury in the topsoil and dust of Xiamen, China

The levels and distribution of mercury (Hg) species, including total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in the topsoil and dust collected from twenty sampling stations located in di erent land function areas of Xiamen, China, were investigated. The THg concentrations in topsoil ranged from 0.071 to 1.2 mg/kg, and in dust ranged from of 0.034 to 1.4 mg/kg. For stations where the THg of dust was less than 0.31 mg/kg, THg concentrations in the topsoil were significantly correlated to those in the corresponding dust (r = 0.597, n = 16, P = 0.014). The MeHg concentrations in topsoil were varied between 0.14 and 5.7 g/kg. The ratios of MeHg/THg in the topsoil ranged from 0.069% to 0.74%. The range of MeHg concentration in the dust were 0.092–2.3 g/kg. The ratios of MeHg/THg in the dust were at the same level as those in the topsoil. The MeHg concentrations in both topsoil and dust were linked to corresponding THg concentrations and soil organic matter. Neither THg nor MeHg concentration in the topsoil and dust was obviously linked to the land function.     

Influence of different weather events on concentrations of particulate matter with different sizes in Lanzhou, China

The formation and development of weather events has a great impact on the diffusion, accumulation and transport of air pollutants, and causes great changes in the particulate pollution level. It is very important to study their influence on particulate pollution. Lanzhou is one of the most particulate-polluted cities in China and even in the world. Particulate matter (PM) including TSP, PM_>10, PM_2.5-10, PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 concentrations were simultaneously measured during 2005-2007 in Lanzhou to evaluate the influence of three kinds of weather events - dust, precipitation and cold front - on the concentrations of PM with different sizes and detect the temporal evolution. The main results are as follows: (1) the PM pollution in Lanzhou during dust events was very heavy and the rate of increase in the concentration of PM_2.5-10 was the highest of the five kinds of particles. During dust-storm events, the highest peaks of the concentrations of fine particles (PM_2.5 and PM_1.0) occurred 3 hr later than those of coarse particles (PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10). (2) The major effect of precipitation events on PM is wet scavenging. The scavenging rates of particles were closely associated with the kinds of precipitation events. The scavenging rates of TSP, PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10 by convective precipitation were several times as high as those caused by frontal precipitation for the same precipitation amount, the reason being the different formation mechanism and precipitation characteristics of the two kinds of precipitation. Moreover, there exists a limiting value for the scavenging rates of particles by precipitation. (3) The major effect of cold-front events on particles is clearance. However, during cold-front passages, the PM concentrations could sometimes rise first and decrease afterwards, which is the critical difference in the influence of cold fronts on the concentrations of particulate pollutants vs. gaseous pollutants.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠近48年起尘速率变化趋势分析

采用美国环境保护局推荐的公式,分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠1960~2008年PM50和PM30起尘速率的变化趋势及影响因子. 结果表明,1960~2008年, 塔克拉玛干沙漠PM50和PM30起尘速率及沙尘暴频率均呈显著减小趋势, 粉尘粒径越细, 起尘速率减幅越大;塔克拉玛干沙漠21世纪初的风沙活动比上世纪60年代减小了65.01%~85.14%;年均风速的减少和年降水量的增加对PM50起尘速率减少的贡献率分别为37.8%和62.2%, 年均风速和起沙风频率的减少及年降水量的增加对PM30起尘速率减少的贡献率分别为9.1%、33.2%和57.7%, 年均风速和起沙风频率的减少对沙尘暴频率减少的贡献率分别为41.3%和58.7%;大风沙尘天气可能使大气中粗、细颗粒物总量均有所增加, 但细颗粒物增加更明显.     

丹东市大气颗粒物质量浓度变化特征及其与能见度的关系

利用2008年丹东沙尘暴监测站的ρ(PM₁₀₎,ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁)监测资料,探讨了丹东市大气颗粒物质量浓度的变化特征及其与能见度的关系. 结果表明:由外来源经中长距离输送引发的沙尘中携带了大量的粗颗粒物,而细颗粒物所占比例相对较少;可吸入颗粒物质量浓度具有明显的季节变化特征,冬季最高,夏季最低,春季、秋季居中;丹东粗颗粒物质量浓度较低,但粗颗粒物中细颗粒物所占比例却非常高;颗粒物的粒径越小,其对能见度的影响就越大.      

沙尘暴期间上海市大气颗粒物元素地球化学特征及其物源示踪意义

采集了2009年10月～2010年10月上海市普陀、闵行、青浦这3个区的大气颗粒物(包括沙尘暴期间),并在南通、郑州、西安、北京等沙尘暴输沙沿途城市追踪采集春季大气颗粒物样品,运用XRF及ICP-MS分别测试了样品的主量及稀土元素含量.闵行、普陀、青浦区这3个区的大气颗粒物的化学组成非常相似,表明样品物源相似.将主量元素数据UCC标准化显示,沙尘暴样品主量元素含量较非沙尘暴样品更接近于黄土,可能主要来源于西北内陆地区,部分为局地源物质.北方各城市沙尘暴样品的稀土元素配分模式一致,且与黄土相似,说明沙尘暴样品物质来源与黄土接近,以壳源物质为主,说明非沙尘暴样品与沙尘暴样品和黄土物质来源不同,有非壳源物质的混合.     

近50年首都圈沙尘暴的变化趋势及其与气温、降水和风的关系

利用首都圈地区 11个基本和基准气象台站近 50年的观测资料 ,给出了这 11个台站自建站至 2000年沙尘暴发生日数的年际变化序列 ,并分析了其与气温、降水和风的关系 .结果表明 :首都圈沙尘暴具有很大的时空差异 ,西北部沙尘暴日数明显多于东南部 .沙尘暴发生日数的年际波动很大 ,同一站点最多年份与最少年份相差几十倍 .二连浩特、阿巴嘎旗、锡林浩特、丰宁、张家口、怀来和北京等 7个气象站自建站至 2000年的沙尘暴日数呈显著的下降趋势 ,其余 4个气象站没有显著的上升或下降趋势 .首都圈地区沙尘暴季节性显著 ,多集中在春季 .与沙尘暴日数相关性最强的是起沙风日数 ,有 6个站点的沙尘暴日数同起沙风日数呈显著的正相关 ;其次是气温 ,有 3～ 4个站点的沙尘暴日数与年均温、冬季均温和春季均温呈显著负相关 ;降水量与沙尘暴日数的相关性最弱 ,只有朱日和 1个站点与春季降水量呈显著负相关 .另外有 4个站点的沙尘暴日数与气温、降水和风均没有显著的相关关系 .根据上述研究结果就首都圈沙尘暴的时空变异性及其与气候因素的关系等问题进行了讨论 .