危险品道路运输过程风险管理体系探讨

危险品道路运输是一个复杂的系统,风险管理涉及危险品运输规划和事故应急响应。本文介绍了现有的危险品运输风险管理模式和基本管理原则,基于运输风险评估、运输路径优化、应急单位优化选址和选线、人员疏散管理以及事件决策管理等构建了危险品道路运输过程风险管理体系,阐述了系统基本要素之间的相互关系。危险品道路运输过程风险管理是一个持续改进的结构化过程风险管理体系,有助于减少危险品运输事故概率和降低运输沿线影响人员风险,为政府监管部门和危险品生产经营单位的运输安全管理、优化选线以及应急救援等工作提供技术依据,合理规划危险品运输系统。     

危险品道路安全运输路径优化方法探讨

危险品道路运输量逐年增加,对人类安全健康的危害的风险正在扩大和加深,一旦发生事故,其后果极为严重。笔者从人-机-环境角度分析了危险品道路运输系统的组成要素,基于对运输网、运输风险源、后果影响区域3个层次辨识,分析运输过程中的风险影响因素,提出危险品道路运输路径优化选择的一般方法;并给出危险品道路运输线风险源的可接受个人风险和社会风险标准;探讨了危险品运输约束最优化选线模型。路径优化选择可减少运输沿线影响人员风险和事故概率,优化影响人员风险与运输效率冲突问题,为政府监管部门与危险品运输企业提供了安全管理的基本决策依据。     

基于风险分析的危险品道路运输多目标Pareto最优选线

基于危险品道路运输风险分析辨识最优的运输路径，以道路运输事故率、影响人数、影响人员风险、环境风险、运输距离和运输时间6个指标，确定具体起点-终点之间危险品运输的有效路径。采用带目标权重系数的Pareto-最优路线算法寻找多个满足要求的有效解，近似评估Pareto前沿，以比例法标准化选线指标，转化为无量纲的目标评价函数值，合理优化多个选线标准选择可行的最小运输风险路线。带权重系数Pareto-优化选线可有效降低运输路线的影响人员风险，平衡选线目标之间冲突的，为政府监管部门和危险品运输企业提供优化选线决策技术。     

加强危险品道路运输风险评价与路径安全优化方法推广应用——访《危险品道路运输事故风险评价方法》主编吴宗之

<正>2014年7月,我国第一本关于危险品道路运输事故风险定量分析评价的书籍——《危险品道路运输事故风险评价方法》正式出版。该书获得了"十二五"国家重点图书计划资助,填补了我国在危险品道路运输安全评价和路径安全优化技术领域的空白,对危险品运输企业和政府监管部门加强危险品道路运输的安全管理、减少事故发生,有重要的指导意义和应用价值。为此,本刊记者专程采访了本书的主编、中国安全生产科学研究院院长吴宗之,请其介绍该书的成书背景、主要内容及特点。     

危险品道路运输风险分级指数法研究

危险品道路运输过程风险影响因素多,随机性和不确定性大,定量风险评价比较复杂,至今没有统一的风险评估模型.为了有效预防危险品运输事故和进行快速风险评估,基于运输危险品本身特性和相关的风险影响因素探讨了运输危险品现实风险分级指数法.该方法由危险品风险分级指数、路线影响因素和安全措施补偿因子3部分构成.危险品风险分级指数由危险品加权平均风险等级和运输危险品量、泄漏点与居民区距离以及危险品扩散因子等级确定.危险品加权平均风险等级涉及其健康危害性、可燃性、化学反应活性以及特殊危险性(氧化性和与水反应性)等级的确定.路线影响因素包含运输道路特征、气象条件、交通状况和影响人员分布4类.安全措施补偿因子为车辆、设备、容器、包装因子,人员素质因子和安全管理因子3类.该方法可对运输危险品的潜在风险进行快速分级,有利于采取有效的安全预防和控制措施,降低运输事故概率和沿线影响人员风险.     

危险品道路运输选线问题分析

从运输网、运输危险源、影响区域3方面提出了危险品道路运输风险分析的框架.将道路固有特征、气象条件、交通状况和人口密度分布等风险减缓或扩大因素划分为8类,重点讨论了主要路线的自变量和因变量因素.采用双层选线管理模式,深入分析了最小化运输事故概率和暴露人口风险模型.应用权数调整节点标号算法和边线标号算法解决危险品道路运输选线问题.对影响区暴露人口的选取做了深入探讨,考虑了邻接交迭路段暴露人数的误差,对准确计算危险品运输风险有重要价值.     

危险品道路运输路线优化研究及其实现

综合考虑运输路线风险和运输成本,提出了危险品道路运输路线优化指标体系,使用Topsis法计算道路的评价值.把危险品运输路网抽象成无向加权图,将每条道路的评价值作为图中相应边的属性.采用矩阵算法,使用VC 开发危险品道路运输路线优化程序.优化实例计算表明,风险评价指标体系合理,适用于工程应用.     

基于GIS的城区危险品运输可视化管控系统研究

通过对城区危险品运输管理现状的分析,针对城区危险品道路运输监管过程中存在的沟通信息不畅、权责不明等实际情况,融合城区公共安全联动机制的系统设计理念,基于GIS技术开发了由路径分析选择、应急救援管理、危险货物管理、危险源管理、车辆管理、信息显示及查询、地理信息和系统总控等模块构成的城区道路危险品运输可视化管控系统。首先,基于需求分析及开发目的,给出了系统总体结构框架,阐述了各模块的实施过程及效果;然后,建立了由空间数据与属性数据构成的GIS数据库,并将运输风险最小、费用最低作为路径优化的选线标准;最后,基于角改进的Dijsktra算法,实现系统路径的分析与选择。     

易燃易爆危险品道路运输风险指数评价法

从火灾风险角度分析了事故场景的演变模式,基于道路运输泄漏事故概率和影响区人员总风险探讨了危险品运输风险指数评价法,并以实例分析.该方法可对运输危险品的潜在风险进行快速评估,有利于采取有效的安全预防和控制措施,降低运输泄漏事故概率和沿线影响区人员风险.     

基于风险的危险品道路运输安全容量研究

为了确定危险品道路运输安全容量，保障危险品道路运输安全，基于风险理念，使用对比研究方法，提出危险品道路运输个人风险基准，建立改进的危险品道路运输定量风险评估模型。结合提出的风险基准，提出危险品运输安全容量确定方法，解决了单一类别和多种类别危险品运输安全容量确定问题。研究结果表明:在某城市化工集聚区的实例应用该方法，能够大幅度降低危险品道路运输潜在生命损失，有助于保障危险品道路运输安全。     

Risk-based route evaluation against country-specific criteria of risk tolerability for hazmat transportation through Indian State Highways

Risk-based route evaluation is necessary for decision making by authorities for regulating hazardous materials (hazmats) transport vehicles. The paper highlights risk estimation and its representation for three highway study routes in western India using frequency analysis through logic diagrams and scenario based detailed consequence analysis of accidental releases considering 26 hazmats from UN Classes-2, 3, 6 and 8 categories. The 3 routes have been evaluated based on several layers of analysis namely hazmat-wise, route-segment-wise, route-wise and overall assessment including presentation of normalized risk figures. The results show that compared to the risk on city route segment, individual risks on other two routes are higher and extend beyond ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable) region when assessed against HSE, UK risk criteria, whereas, societal risks on all three routes are within the ALARP except some part in the higher fatality area. But, considering the general mortality rates in India and sustained economic growth, the authors proposed widening of the ALARP region for individual risk tolerability of transportation activity of essential commodities that benefits society to a large extent in this developing economy. However, specific risk reduction measures have also been suggested to improve upon the risk picture in the study area.     

A societal risk study for transportation of class-3 hazmats – A case of Indian state highways

United Nations Class-3 hazardous materials (hazmats) are basically liquid products and transported in road tankers under ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. They are mostly flammables and some of them are toxic (e.g. benzene) as well. The spillages due to collision related incidents involving the road tankers, carrying such hazmats through highways, pose not only flammability hazards due to pool fire, flash fire and vapor cloud explosion (VCE), but create substantial toxic hazards also. The paper presents the risk-based study of route evaluation of two state highways and one urban city road in western India on account of transportation of class-3 hazmats, namely benzene, toluene, p-xylene, methanol, cyclohexane and acetone. A comparative evaluation of study routes was undertaken based on their societal risks presented in terms of F–N curves and assessed against HSE, UK as well as VROM, The Netherlands risk acceptance criteria. Societal risks contribution of cyclohexane to the overall flammability risk mainly VCE is found to be the highest followed by acetone and benzene compared to other study hazmats. This is due to highly explosive nature of cyclohexane resulting into vapor cloud explosion. While acetone and methanol pool fires are likely to cause larger area of damage compared to others, benzene supersedes others as far as toxicity risk is concerned and larger evacuation area is encountered, as it poses greater Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) distance than others. Besides, study of initial isolation distance following an accident in case of benzene tanker found that benzene spillage requires larger initial isolation distance than others and so are the day and night protective action zone distances.     

Applying HAZAN methodology to hazmat transportation risk assessment

As conceptualized and put forward by Kletz, avoiding hazard at first instance is always desirable than trying to protect or manage it. However, there could be certain hazards which may not be possible to be totally eliminated and thus shall be analyzed and assessed in order to either reduce the probability of occurrence or limit the severity of consequences. Trevor's methodologies on HAZOP and hazard analysis (HAZAN) for process hazards are quite straightforward where the hazard is considered as a point source unlike hazmat transportation which is a moving source of hazard. The authors applied the HAZAN techniques to the transportation risk assessment of three different United Nations classes of hazardous materials (hazmats) through important industrial corridors of Surat district in western India that helped local authorities not only to decide on the minimum risk routes to regulate hazmat traffic but also to prepare an effective evacuation and emergency response strategies.     

易燃易爆危险品道路运输火灾事故应急区域的确定方法

从消防监管的角度给出了道路运输易燃易爆危险品的火灾危险性分级标准,分析了典型泄漏事故后果场景和常见的泄漏规模类型.介绍了美国消防协会NFPA471、应急响应手册ERG2008危险品运输事故初期区域的确定方法,并提出了基于影响半径的危险品道路运输火灾事故现场应急区域和人员疏散范围的确定方法.提出对于易燃易爆危险品道路运输事故应急区域的确定,在初期可优先采用ERG 2008提供的初期隔离距离与防护距离进行先期处置,然后根据运输危险品的类型、运输量和影响区人员总数进行定量评估分析,以确定适当的应急区域范围.依据运输道路场所环境和事故场景特点,快速而合理的确定事故应急隔离区和疏散区,可较科学地应对突发性灾难事故,采取快速应急响应措施,优化消防警力配备.该文研究提出的方法和研究结论,可为危险品道路运输消防应急力量优化调度,现场指挥员采取有效措施开展抢险救援行动提供技术支持,有利于现场事故应急处置和人员快速安全疏散.     

Route evaluation for hazmat transportation based on total risk - A case of Indian State Highways

Risk-based hazmat transportation route evaluation involves risk calculations taking into consideration the probability of collision related accident occurrence and detailed consequence analysis of various event scenarios. Probabilistic hazmat transportation risk assessment mainly depends on three important factors i.e. accident rate, Average Daily Traffic and population density besides route length which has a definite bearing on it. An effort has been made to estimate the route segment specific (location-specific) accident rate instead of aggregate National or State average values in order to bring specificity into the issue of decision making to avoid routes with higher accident rates. Instead of using default accident rate for different highway types developed with the US data, which are not well-comparable when used in Indian situations; the author used site-specific truck accident data. Subsequently, Loss of Containment (LOC) probabilities and spillage probabilities for different route segments have been computed and compared. Finally, route segment-wise total risk is estimated which is a convenient measure of the average number of persons likely to be exposed from all the possible consequence event scenarios resulting from releases of different hazmats being transported along the studied routes. The present study highlights the route evaluation carried out based on total risk computation, without going through detailed event based consequence analysis on two State Highway routes and one major urban road passing through important industrial corridors of Surat District in western India, to enable routing decisions by local authorities and also for planning emergency mitigation purposes.     

生态风险与生态安全的评价方法及前景

各种生态环境问题的严重后果引起了人们对环境与生态的重视,并催生了生态风险与生态安全评价.为了更好地进行这两方面的评价,首先分别综述生态风险和生态安全评价的发展进程,突出主要研究方法的介绍,由此总结生态风险评价与生态安全评价的关系以及生态风险与生态安全评价的发展趋势.生态风险评价主要有健康危险度法、环评指数法、景观生态法、空间统计或地统计法、相对风险模型等方法;生态安全评价主要有综合指数法、景观生态法、生态承载力和生态足迹方法、突变级数等方法.生态风险与生态安全评价是从相反的角度研究生态系统的状况和潜在威胁,生态风险评价偏重细节分析,生态安全评价偏重整体分析.空间和时间尺度的扩大、评价方法的改进、评价标准的制定和评价的可信性检验都是生态风险评价与生态安全评价的发展趋势.     

环境风险评价内涵与外延研究

在简要介绍环境风险评价(Environmental Risk Assessment,ERA)发展历程的基础上,总结现阶段国内外普遍采用的ERA定义,深入分析ERA的内涵和类型,在重新给出涵盖性更全面的ERA定义的同时,对3种评价内容的评价程序和评价方法进行了横向比较。收集整理了ERA的研究进展和应用现状,从时间、范畴和应用范围3个方面划定了ERA的外延。     

陕京二线输气管道风险预评价

采用EST法对建设中的陕京二线输气管道进行了风险评价,得到了管道的高风险区段.通过对评价结果的分析,得出了造成各管段风险值较高的原因,并提出了相应控制措施.     

健康风险暴露评价研究进展

综述了国内外健康风险暴露评价的最新研究进展,重点讨论了对人体进行直接监测的生物监测技术和对环境中污染因子进行间接监测并利用数学模型进行暴露剂量计算的间接方法。生物监测方法通过测定人体生理介质(如血液、尿液)中的污染物质及其代谢产物含量确定人体对环境污染物的暴露情况,监测结果反映了风险因子通过所有暴露途径进入人体的总暴露剂量。为了利用生物监测结果评价人体暴露安全性,近几年建立了生物监测等效值的概念,推导确定化学物质的生物监测等效值发展迅速。环境监测和数学模型间接方法通过对不同暴露媒介中风险因子的浓度监测和特定暴露途径的量化研究,同时利用精确的暴露计算模型(如空气分散模型、地下水扩散模型)计算人体对污染物的暴露剂量。生物监测和环境监测技术及数学模型的发展使健康风险评价和管理的暴露参数更加精确,降低了风险评价的不确定性。还介绍了利用数学模拟和剂量重建等方法插补历史空白暴露数据的方法。     

基于条件风险价值的危险品道路运输时变路径选择

危险品运输中的风险评估是危险品运输路径选择的基础,条件风险价值模型通过变换置信水平来反映决策者的风险偏好,并能控制风险超过风险价值的部分。为研究时变条件下的路径选择问题,基于决策者不同的风险偏好,建立基于条件风险价值的危险品道路运输时变路径选择模型,以此评估各可行路径的风险,选择最优CVaR路径。结果表明:该模型能使风险评估更适合现实道路的时变特性;合理的出发时间和运输路径可以有效降低运输风险,最优CVaR及最优路径依赖于出发时间,且不同风险偏好对应不同的最优CVaR及最优路径。