沱江和釜溪河的氨治理及氨回收

本文介绍了沱江和釜溪河近年来的氨污染现状及危害，认为氨是应治理的首位污染物；简要分析了生物、化学、物理化学三类除氨方法的优缺点；着重介绍了吹脱法除氨技术，提出用吹脱法治理沱江和釜溪河的无机氨污染，并进行了上述各法的经济效益比较     

气水比对废水吹脱除氮效果的影响

废水中含有的氨氮可通过游离氨的挥发作用加以去除。通过加碱提高废水的ＰＨ值。可将废水中绝大部分的氨氮转化为游离氨而被吹脱。化肥厂氨氮废水中的型吹脱试验表明,当废水的水温、ＰＨ值、布水负荷率以及及脱塔填料形式一定时,氨氮吹脱的气水比在所试验工况条件下均影响氨的去除效果,但其影响程度在不同的ＰＨ值和布水负荷率条件下也有所不同。     

三维电极法深度处理环保发电厂垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

采用氨吹脱--三维电极法对广东某环保发电厂经混凝--生化处理后的垃圾渗滤液进行深度处理,实验结果表明:在渗滤液pH为11,温度60℃,吹脱时间50min时脱氨率达95%;脱氨后的渗滤液经三维电极电解处理,COD去除率达81%,颜色清澈,可达《生活垃圾渗滤液排放限值》(GB16889-1997)的二级排放标准。     

厌氧氨氧化工艺处理猪场废水沼液的试验研究

本文以实际猪场沼气废水为研究对象，以ASBR为反应器，接种厌氧消化污泥培养厌氧氨氧化细菌，厌氧氨氧化阶段成功启动后，研究了厌氧氨氧化脱氮最佳运行工艺。试验研究表明，厌氧氨氧化反应适宜的温度在35（±1）℃之间，适宜的pH在7．5—8．0之间，HRT选用24h。当达到最佳运行参数时，NH4＋-N的去除率达到87．6％，NO2- -N的去除率达到99．96％。     

合成氨生产废水零排放的可行性探讨

本文介绍了化肥厂实现废水零排放的经济效益分析;完善造气、合成氨和锅炉冷却水闭路循环系统,正确选用循环水药剂;改进脱盐水工艺,机泵密封冷却水和其他设备冷却水处理措施;如何搞好氨、水平衡,杜绝跑冒滴漏等问题。     

超低排放的先进氨法脱硫技术的发展历程及前景

正一、发展历程氨法脱硫完全是我国自主研发的技术,其发展历程,可分为几个阶段。(1) 20世纪90年代初的分段吸收氨法脱硫技术类似石灰石-石膏法空塔的氨法烟气脱硫技术基本沿用了石灰石-石膏法的内部结构及流程,运行效果不理想。为降低氨逃逸量,国内环保公司参考德国AMASOX法、日本NKK氨法和美国GE氨法的特点,逐步采用分段吸收技术。其中,NKK氨法吸收塔分三段,下段是洗涤除尘和冷激降温;中段是第一吸收段,吸收剂从此段加入;     

氨氮废水处理技术的发展

氨氮去除方法有多种,物理化学法有空气吹脱法、折点氯化法、化学沉淀法、液膜法、电渗析除氨氮法、催化湿式氧化法、土壤灌溉法、循环冷却水系统脱氨法;生物脱氮法可去除多种含氮化合物,总氮去除率可达70%-95%,主要有传统硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、同时硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化.有时要采取多种技术的联合处理,才能取长补短达到较好的处理效果.     

页岩炼油高氨氮污水处理方法研究

针对抚顺页岩炼油污水中的高氨氮特点,结合现有生化系统,采用氧化钙作为碱源对传统吹脱法、间歇式曝气吹脱法、二级循环吹脱法、膜法及生化法处理页岩炼油厂高氨氮废水的效果进行了对比。结果表明,传统筛板吹脱系统处理效率最低,仅为84%。最高效率99.8%是现有SDN生化法实现的,但处理量低。RANS膜法处理效率达到了96%。     

吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱法测定水中丙烯腈

建立了吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定水中丙烯腈的分析方法,探讨了吹扫温度、吹扫时间、脱附温度和脱附时间对吹扫捕集效率的影响情况,同时对线性范围、方法检出限、准确度和精密度进行实验。在确定的最佳条件下,丙烯腈的线性相关系数为0.9998,平均加标回收率为96.9%,相对标准偏差为4.0%;方法检出限为0.18μg/L。结果表明,该方法简单易操作、检出限低、灵敏度高、准确度及精密度高。     

垃圾渗滤液生化物化综合处理技术

正由中钢集团武汉安全环保研究院有限公司开发的垃圾渗滤液生化物化综合处理技术,适用于垃圾填埋场、焚烧厂渗滤液处理。主要技术内容一、基本原理针对垃圾渗滤液水质情况,采用"预处理+生物处理+深度处理组合工艺"。经收集的垃圾渗滤液先采用混凝沉淀、氨吹脱(氨浓度高的填埋场渗滤液)等方式,去除其中大量污染物及高浓度的氨,同时调节水质的pH值等参数使其符合后续生化处理。预处理后的渗滤液经厌氧、好氧生物处理,进一步去除COD、BOD、SS、氨氮     

臭氧-活性炭工艺在炼化循环排污水处理中的应用＊

针对炼化企业循环排污水中有机污染物浓度不能满足脱盐处理工艺进水水质要求的问题,开展了臭氧氧化-活性炭吸附工艺去除循环排污水中有机污染物的研究。通过对两种处理工艺进行不同组合的实验结果得知:当反应时间控制在最佳值,臭氧氧化和活性炭吸附单独处理循环排污水时,COD去除率分别约为27%和20%,处理效率偏低;当两种工艺组合后,在臭氧浓度为12 mg/L、氧化时间20 min、吸附时间为10 min时,COD去除率则达到52%,组合工艺协同作用效果明显。     

生物填料塔处理餐厅污水的研究

分别以自行开发的组合型填料和焦炭作生物载体构成的生物填料等塔对餐厅污水处理进行了试验研究,试验考察了污水入塔COD值对塔中DO的影响,观察到的结果表明：长期在高入塔COD下运行对生物膜系统的持久、稳定不利;水力停留时间取3h－4h,COD的容积去除负荷为4kg/m^3.d时,出水既可达标,又可保持较高的处理能力;鼓风曝气时,气水比取8－12可使出水达标,而功耗较低;在相同的微生物系统和操作条件下,布水布气性好的组合填料处理效果高于布水气性差的焦炭。     

用窄点原理进行节水分析

简要地对窄点原理进行了介绍。用窄点原理对工程设计进行了具体分析，在排污量相同的情况下，分别采用洁净水接纳污染物、采用满足进水浓度要求但无回用的废水接纳污染物和采用窄点技术且可回用废水但无水处理过程的废水接纳污染物三种供水方式。比较不同的供水方式所需的不同耗水量。从而得出窄点分析原理对节水，节能和降污保护环境具有的重大意义。     

Modeling of the denitrification/anaerobic digestion process of salmon fishery wastewater in a biofilm tubular reactor

The literature has paid scarce attention to the modeling of the denitrification-anaerobic digestion process in packed bed biofilm tubular reactors used to treat wastewater. The present study obtained a steady-state model for industrial salmon fishery wastewater treatment in a biofilm tubular reactor, including pH as a variable and the effect of biomass on hydrolysis. The axial profile of the reactor components and process efficiency were predicted with deviations below 6%. The optimal operating zone for the process was found at hydraulic retention time (HRT)>1.5d and inlet protein concentration (S(prot,0))<3000 mgTOCL(-1). Based on our results, we concluded that the removal of organic matter and nitrogen compounds depended mainly on HRT. The effluent pH was mainly affected by the C/N ratio, where a decrease increases pH. Organic matter removal was related with the anaerobic digestion process, while denitrification influenced mostly nitrate and nitrite removal.     

Influence of vegetation on the removal of heavy metals and nutrients in a constructed wetland

A free water surface wetland was built to treat wastewater containing metals (Cr, Ni, Zn) and nutrients from a tool factory in Argentina. Water, sediment and macrophytes were sampled in the inlet and outlet area of the constructed wetland during three years. Three successive phases of vegetation dominance were developed and three different patterns of contaminant retention were observed. During the Eichhornia crassipes dominance, contaminants were retained in the macrophyte biomass; during the E. crassipes+Typha domingensis stage, contaminants were retained in the sediment and in the T. domingensis dominance stage, contaminants were retained in sediment and in the macrophyte biomass. Removal efficiency was not significantly different among the three vegetation stages, except for NH(4)(+) and i-P(diss). Because of its highest tolerance, T. domingensis is the best choice to treat wastewater of high pH and conductivity with heavy metals, a common result from many industrial processes.     

Treatment of wastewater phosphate by reductive dissolution of iron: use of ferric oxyhydroxide media

In smaller wastewater treatment systems such as septic systems, there is an interest in the development of passive phosphorus (P) removal methods. This study tested fixed-bed filters containing ferric oxyhydroxide media for wastewater P removal in a laboratory column test and in a full-scale domestic septic system. In the column test, during 30 mo of dosing with domestic wastewater, reductive iron dissolution reactions delivered consistent moderate concentrations of Fe into solution (2.9 ± 1.6 mg L), and influent PO-P of 3.7 ± 1.0 mg L was attenuated to 0.09 + 0.04 mg L in the column effluent (98% removal). Phosphorus breakthrough at successive locations along the column indicated that in addition to sorption, mineral precipitation reactions probably also played an important role in the observed P attenuation. This was supported by electron microprobe analyses, which showed the presence of thick (20 μm) secondary Fe-rich coatings containing P on the primary ferric media grains. Assays of NaHCO-leachable and acid-extractable P on the column solids showed accumulation of up to 5.4 mg g acid-extractable P near the column inlet, but <5% of this amount was easily desorbable, further indicating P attenuation from processes other than sorption. Over 19 mo of operation, the domestic septic system also showed generally consistent increased Fe in the filter effluent (2.6 ± 1.7 mg L) and achieved 99% P removal to 0.03 ± 0.02 mg L when the effluent was subsequently oxidized in a sand filter. Ferric iron filters could be attractive options for P removal in smaller wastewater systems because of their passive nature.     

炼油污水回用处理RO系统的稳定运行及维护

文章介绍了兰州石化公司炼油污水深度处理反渗透(RO)系统的工艺流程及维护。通过进出水电导率、产水回收率等变化情况,分析了RO系统的运行状况。得知:运用此系统,反渗透系统产水回收率达到65%～70%,系统脱盐率在99%以上,产水可以满足一级除盐水要求,实现了装置稳定运行的目标。     

Modelling Escherichia coli concentration in a wastewater reservoir using an operational parameter MRT%FE and first order kinetics

The operational parameter MRT%FE, representing the mean residence time of different ages fractions of effluent within a completely mixed reactor, was evaluated and integrated with first order kinetics. The parameter was used to model Escherichia coli concentrations in a municipal wastewater reservoir managed under different operating conditions (continuous and discontinuous). The study was conducted during 2004-2005 in a reservoir receiving effluents from the activated sludge treatment plant of Caltagirone (Eastern Sicily - Italy). The analytical approach is applied to the hydraulic state variables of the system (daily stored volumes, inlet and outlet flows), and the physical-chemical (pH, temperature, EC, TSS, BOD(5), COD) and bacteriological wastewater parameters (E. coli, FC, FS). In order to evaluate the reliability of the proposed approach, predicted E. coli concentrations within the reservoir were compared with measured ones by the correlation coefficient, F-test and Sperman's index. The study included the evaluation of die-off coefficient K(T) (d(-1)), light extinction coefficient K (m(-1)) and their relationships with climatic factors. Results of the study confirm that E. coli removal is related to the fractions of fresh effluent remaining each day within the reservoir with MRT%FE of about 5-8d, significantly lower than the nominal detention time (about 27d). The E. coli die-off coefficient (K(T)) was higher during system discontinuous operations and correlated with incident solar radiation and water temperature.     

Use of constructed wetland systems with Arundo and Sarcocornia for polishing high salinity tannery wastewater

Treatment of tannery wastewater is problematic due to high and variable concentrations of complex pollutants often combined with high salinity levels. Two series of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (CWs) planted with Arundo donax and Sarcocornia fruticosa were set up after a conventional biological treatment system operating at a tannery site. The aim of the CWs was polishing organics and nitrogen from the high salinity effluent (2.2-6.6?g Cl(-)?L(-1)). Both plant species established and grew well in the CW. Arundo, however, had more vigorous growth and a higher capacity to take up nutrients. The CWs were efficient in removing COD and BOD(5) with removal efficiencies varying between 51 and 80% for COD (inlet: 68-425?mg?L(-1)) and between 53 and 90% for BOD(5) (inlet: 16-220?mg?L(-1)). Mass removal rates were up to 615?kg COD ha(-1)?d(-1) and 363 BOD(5) kg?ha(-1)?d(-1). Removal efficiencies were 40-93% for total P, 31-89% for NH(4)(+) and 41-90% for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen. CW systems planted with salt tolerant plant species are a promising solution for polishing saline secondary effluent from the tannery industry to levels fulfilling the discharge standards.     

多项膜生物反应器在含盐废水处理中的应用

文章介绍了哈尔滨石化公司应用多项膜生物反应器处理炼化企业含盐废水。影响膜生物反应器的主要运行参数有电导率、溶解氧、COD,电导率适宜范围是3000～5000μS/cm,大于6000μS/cm微生物受到抑制,低于2000μS/cm时,去除率显著下降;一级好氧单元溶解氧适宜范围4.2～7.0mg/L或2.0～3.0mg/L,分别是好氧微生物和兼性微生物占据优势;当进水COD低于500mg/L,出水可稳定达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准(COD≤120mg/L)。