全耦合活性污泥模型(FCASM3)Ⅰ:建模机理及数学表征

在充分分析活性污泥系统中生物反应机理的基础上,建立了活性污泥系统生物去除营养物质的细观机理模型--全耦合活性污泥模型(Fully Coupled Activated Sludge Model No.3,简称FCASM3).FCASM3将系统中微生物划分为8类菌群,包含31种组分、72个子过程;该模型的主要特点是将活性污泥系统中的微生物进一步细化,充分考虑了系统中微生物间的相互作用.FCASM3引入了硝化-反硝化过程中的中间产物亚硝酸盐.实现了对两步硝化-反硝化过程的模拟;FCASM3不仅包含聚糖菌的有关生物反应过程,而且还考虑了聚磷菌(非反硝化聚磷菌和反硝化聚磷菌)以及聚糖菌的厌氧维持过程,为直接体现温度对生物反应的影响,FCASM3将温度作为一个变量直接耦合到生物反应速率方程中.     

基于Matlab系统的微污染原水生物硝化过程仿真

通过原水预处理氨氮降解试验,利用考虑最小基质浓度的Michaelis-Menten方程,采用Matlab优化工具函数curvefit,拟合得出原水生物硝化氨氮去除速率动力学模型;同时使用symbolic工具包中的solve函数对多级完全混合式原水生物预处理硝化反应器动力学方程进行了求解.模型计算值与实际中试运行效果较为一致.进而利用GUI系统,采用Matlab系统开发出微污染原水生物过程仿真系统,该系统可实现运行参数选择和设置、实时仿真、效果预测和动力学参数修改等功能,可方便应用于工艺的设计、控制和管理.     

低温条件下复合铁酶促活性污泥强化生物脱氮除磷试验

利用典型城镇污水处理厂实际生产性污水处理设施,针对复合铁酶促活性污泥与普通活性污泥进行了对比试验研究。结果表明:在温度为13¹7℃条件下,复合铁酶促活性污泥系统的COD、NH+4-N、TN、PO3-4-P去除效率较普通活性污泥系统分别提高6.9%、8.9%、15.8%和39.8%,且运行稳定性显著提高;复合铁酶促活性污泥脱氢酶活性较普通活性污泥提高59%;复合铁酶促活性污泥硝化功能、反硝化功能以及好氧吸磷能力均显著高于普通活性污泥。     

城市污水处理厂动态模拟研究

利用活性污泥1号模型。对采用A/O工艺的上海某城市污水处理厂的碳化、硝化、反硝化过程进行计算机动态模拟，结果表明，出水中的TCOD、TN与污水处理厂的出水基本吻合，说明利用活性污泥1号模型对城市污水处理厂进行模拟是可行的。并根据模拟结果建议该厂运行过程中应降低A段的溶解氧。     

强化硝化工艺在污水处理中的应用

氨氮的强化硝化是污水厂生物脱氮的重要前提,近年来强化硝化工艺不断涌现。介绍了悬浮填料强化硝化工艺、侧流富集/主流强化硝化技术、回流污泥曝气再生强化硝化工艺和闭式双泥龄活性污泥工艺,论述了4种工艺的工艺流程、运行原理、工艺特点及工程应用,为今后污水处理厂的建设和升级改造提供借鉴。     

不同方式实现短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺的比较

采用序批式活性污泥法(SBR),以实际豆制品废水为处理对象,比较了控制温度(T=310.5℃)、溶解氧(DO=0.5mg/L)和pH值(7.8～8.7)3种途径实现短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺.结果表明,无论从硝化速率、硝化时间、污泥沉降性能以及生物相上,控制溶解氧实现的短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺均不如其他2种工艺.就该工艺存在的问题从活性污泥法反应动力学和微生物相上进行了理论探讨,3种途径实现短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺在实际工程应用中均不同程度地存在一些问题.     

复合式活性污泥-生物膜反应器硝化能力的研究

通过不投加悬浮填料的普通活性污泥法与投加悬浮填料的活性污泥—生物膜法的对比研究发现，普通活性污泥法的硝化能力很低；但向普通活性污泥系统中投加悬浮填料后，填料载体上附着生长的生物膜与悬浮生长的活性污泥共同作用，可强化原有系统的硝化功能，出水NH3—N小于15mg／1。该工艺不需对原有的处理设施作重大改造，非常适合于老污水厂的改造。     

循环式活性污泥法处理污水工艺研究

循环式活性污泥法是通过厌氧装置培养优化的活性污泥,然后在曝气池中进行同步的硝化反硝化过程,从而达到脱氮除磷的效果。     

新型城市污水脱氮除磷工艺的试验研究与优化设计

提出了一种改进型A2/O脱氮除磷工艺(MAAO),通过工艺试验和活性污泥2D模型对其进行运行和设计优化.结果表明,系统对COD、TN、NH 4-N和TP的平均去除率分别为85.7%、66.8%、97.35%和78.1%;当COD在300mg/L以上时,脱氮除磷效果均较好,可分别达到70%和90%以上.基于试验结果建立的MMAO工艺数学模型仿真效果良好,可对各单元组合进行优化,校核预测不利工况下的工艺运行效果,实现工艺不同工况下的运行参数优化,较好地实现新工艺的机理性优化设计和运行. MMAO稳定运行出水可达到<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准.由于工艺省去内回流,增加厌氧混合液部分超越提供反硝化碳源,使得运行费用明显降低;系统总停留时间比目前传统的以去除有机污染物为主的生物处理工艺略低,该工艺非常适用于对不具有脱氮除磷功能污水厂的改造.     

普通活性污泥系统曝气池中投加浮动填料提高硝化能力的研究

在普通活性污泥系统的曝气池中投加一定量的浮动填料可增加曝气池中的生物体量达６．５ｇ／Ｌ,能提高硝化菌的附着量和阻止硝化菌的流失。实验证明,在浮动填料活性污泥系统中ＨＲＴ对硝化能力的影响远小于普通活性污泥系统;当ＨＲＴ为８ｈ,泥龄为３ｄ时,普通活性污泥对氨氮的去除率仅２５％,而浮动填料活性污泥系统的去除率可达７０％。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.