川西盆周山地几种人工林的碳聚积效应研究

本文采用材积源生物量法和土壤剖面分析方法,以四川彭州为典型案例,对栽植17年的人工柳杉、杉木、水杉、桦木、桤木、喜树林的碳聚积效应进行了研究.结果表明:不同树种的生物量积累规律为:柳杉>桦木>喜树>水杉>杉木>桤木,每公顷柳杉、桦木、喜树、水杉、杉木、桤木的生物量分别为172t、162t、157t、126t、124t、111t.柳杉的生物量比桦木、喜树、水杉、杉木、桤木增加5.81%、8.72%、26.7%、27.9%、35.5%;不同树种的林分碳贮量为柳杉>桦木>喜树>水杉>杉木>桤木,柳杉、桦木、喜树、水杉、杉木、桤木林分的碳贮量分别为86.0、81.0、7＆5、63.0、62.0、55.5tC/hm2,表明柳杉比其它树种具有更强的生长能力和固碳能力;林下土壤的有机碳含量,在不同土层中的分布规律为:0～10cm>10～30cm>30～50cm>50～70cm,土壤有机碳集中分布于0～50cm土层内;不同树种林下土壤的碳贮量均高于同期的林分碳贮量,表明土壤碳库是林分碳库的补充和延续,且具有更大的固碳潜力.     

都山林场不同林分下土壤有机碳的分布特征

以都山林场森林土壤为对象,研究了土壤有机碳在桦树林、柞树林、油松林和混交林四种林分下的分布特征及差异。结果表明:4种林分下表层土壤有机碳含量均显著高于下层土壤(p0.05),除混交林外,其他3种林分下土壤有机碳含量均随着土壤深度的增加而降低。混交林下土壤有机碳平均含量显著高于其他3种林分(p0.05),柞树林下土壤有机碳平均含量显著低于桦树林(p0.05)。油松林下土壤有机碳介于两者之间,且与两者没有显著差异。     

不同经营措施对杉木人工林土壤碳库的影响

森林土壤有机碳在陆地生态系统碳循环中发挥着关键作用。以我国亚热带杉木人工林为研究对象,以常绿阔叶林为对照,分析比较了不同经营措施对土壤碳矿化、微生物特征、碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明,与连栽杉木纯林相比,杉木火力楠混交模式和轮栽模式均显著增加了土壤微生物量碳含量、土壤微生物熵、易氧化有机碳和碳库管理指数,提高了土壤微生物对底物的利用效率,土壤易氧化有机碳可作为反映土壤碳库质量的有效指标。     

黄顶菊（Flaveriabidentis）入侵对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

外来植物入侵对土壤生物多样性的影响已成为生态学领域的研究热点之一。运用Biolog技术和氯仿熏蒸浸提法研究了黄顶菊入侵对土壤微生物群落功能多样性及土壤微生物量的影响。结果表明,黄顶菊入侵后土壤微生物代谢活性显著升高;土壤微生物群落平均吸光值（4WCD）的变化趋势为：入侵地根际土（RPs）〉入侵地根围土（Bs）〉未入侵地（CK）,且差异显著;而CK的功能多样性指数（日）高于BS,RPS亦高于Bs,差异均显著（P〈O．05）。主成分分析结果表明,黄顶菊入侵使土壤微生物群落的碳源利用方式和代谢功能发生改变。对不同碳源利用的分析结果表明,糖类、氨基酸类、羧酸类和聚合物为土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。入侵样地Bs和RPS的微生物量碳分别比CK高27．05％、121．52％;BS和RPS的微生物量氮分别比CK高37．40％、79．80％。相关性分析表明,AWCD与微生物量碳和微生物量氮均呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）。由此可知,黄顶菊入侵增强了入侵地土壤微生物代谢活性,降低了土壤微生物群落的功能多样性,增加了土壤微生物量碳、氮水平。     

10过程工业清洗用水减量优化算法

建立了10过程工业清洗用水数学模型，分析了10过程的工业清洗用水流量、进出口浓度、杂质传质速率之间的关系，并转化为一个有约束条件的优化问题。提出了一套基于遗传算法-模拟退火法-单纯形法的工业清洗过程用水的优化方法，编制了清洗过程用水的应用程序。优化结果表明：新鲜水可由252．42t／h降至152．82t／h，节水量99．60t／h，污水减少量99．60t／h，节水率达39．5％。     

UPLC-DAD-FLD测定土壤中多环芳烃

本文建立了以加速溶剂萃取（ASE）和固相萃取为提取和净化手段，采用超速液相色谱-二极管阵列-荧光检测器（UPLC-DAD-FLD）串联捡测土壤中16种多环芳烃的方法。通过色谱柱的比较，选择更小粒径和内径的分析柱（Supelco SILTMLC．PAH，100×3．0mm，3μm），缩短了分析时间，也节省了溶剂（乙腈），满足大量样品的快速灵敏分析的需要。在保留时间定性的基础上，利用PDA获取的紫外扫描光谱图与目标化合物的特征吸收标准谱图比较，提高了定性分析的准确性。在优化的实验条件下，该方法显示出良好的线性关系（r〉0．999）和精密度（RSD〈10％），16种多环芳烃的检出限在0．005—1．33μg／kg之间，并成功应用于样品分析，样品加标回收率为71．4％～120％。实验中为了确保整个分析过程的可靠性，替代物的加标回收率控制在50％-150％之间；土壤标准参考物的测定结果都在预测值范围内，验证了该方法的准确性。     

从化市土地利用总体规划实施的生态效应评价

从生态系统服务价值的角度对从化市土地利用总体规划（1997-2010年）实施的生态效应进行了定量评价。结果表明，1996-2005年从化市土地利用变化的总体趋势是耕地、林地、牧草地和未利用地面积在减少，园地、建设用地和水域面积在增加；从化市生态系统服务总价值增加了0．0690亿元，增加率为0．21％。从化市土地利用总体规划（1997-2010年）基本可行，其实施虽然取得了一定的生态效应，但与规划预期目标相比尚有一段差距。     

浅谈串联四极杆质谱（GC—QqQ-MS／MS）在土壤样品有机污染物分析中的应用

建立了ASE-GPC—GC-QqQ—MS／MS测定土壤中17种有机氯农药和19种多氯联苯以及MAE-SPE—GC-QqQ—MS／MS测定土壤中16种多环芳烃和18种邻苯二甲酸酯的方法。多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯定量限在0．02～2．81μg／kg之间，有机氯农药和多氯联苯定量限在0．01～0．51μg/kg之间。样品加标浓度在5μg/kg时多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯的平均回收率在66．6％～122．1％之间，相对标准偏差均小于20％；有机氯农药和多氯联苯平均回收率在79．6％～93．2％之间，相对标准偏差均小于15％。     

沈阳市城区大气污染对儿童呼吸系统影响的定量评估

以国际上近年来通用的危险度评价方法为基础，结合大气污染物每增高一单位对儿童呼吸系统健康造成的损失，综合定量评价了沈阳市城区大气污染物对儿童呼吸系统的影响。结果表明：2004年沈阳市皇姑区采暖期大气中PN10、SO2和NOx污染造成儿童上呼吸道感染患病率分别增加0．899％、0．657％和0．536％，儿童气管炎患病率分别增加0．039％、0．047％和0．053％，儿童肺炎患病率分别增加0．069％、0．058％和0．054％。因此，沈阳市采暖期大气PN10、SO2、NOx污染对儿童呼吸系统造成了一定的影响，并导致了其相应疾病患病人数的增加。     

宁波市鄞州区农业土壤重金属含量变化及评价

为发展无公害农产品基地提供科学依据，2005年对浙江省宁波市鄞州区100个农业土壤样品中重金属含量进行了测定和评价。结果表明：耕层全砷、镉、铬、汞和铅的平均含量分别为8．1mg·kg^-1,0．163mg·kg^-1、100．1mg·kg^-1、0．257mg·kg^-1和3．6mg·kg^-1，与1983年宁波市的耕层土壤背景值相比，分别增加了12．5％、32．5％、61．2％、0．8％和55．2％，土壤已受到镉、铅和汞的轻微污染，而汞的污染已得到遏制。从总体上来说，鄞州区农业土壤环境质量良好，区内有98个点（占总样点数的98％）符合无公害农产品产地土壤环境质量要求，但有2个点（占总样点数的2％）分别受到镉和汞的污染。     

Levels of lead in blood in residents of Kuwait

Following an examination of blood samples from 1000 persons from Kuwait, a number of important differences in the levels of lead in the blood were noted. There were significant differences between the sexes living in the same residential area. Certain significant lead in blood differences were also found between females and males who dyed their hair, and between smokers and non-smokers. Lead in blood concentrations were also tested for the various blood groups of the respondents. It was noted that O⁺ blood group respondents were found to have higher lead levels than those of other major blood groups.     

Closure of Disputes in Assessments of Climate Change in The Netherlands

2 greenhouse gases in assessment studies. For the cases studied, we identify variability in the assessment reports in the Netherlands during the pre-IPCC period. In the Netherlands arena, the assessments in this period can be seen as exponents of two different lines, a Netherlands line and an international line. We seek to identify what factors were decisive in the selection processes that resulted in the closure of visible disputes (visible in or across the assessment reports) for both cases. Our analysis reveals a remarkable difference in the adoption behavior of two Dutch assessment groups despite a large overlap in membership. We provide evidence that it is not the paradigmatic predisposition of the experts in the committee that was decisive for the closure of visible disputes, but it was the context in which the experts operated and the commitments they had made in each setting.     

Assessment of flooding impacts in terms of sustainability in mainland China

An understanding of flood impact in terms of sustainability is vital for long-term disaster risk reduction. This paper utilizes two important concepts: conventional insurance related flood risk for short-term damage by specific flood events, and long-term flood impact on sustainability. The Insurance Related Flood Risk index, IRFR, is defined as the product of the Flood Hazard Index (FHI) and Vulnerability. The Long-term Flood Impact on Sustainability index, LFIS, is the ratio of the flood hazard index to the Sustainable Development Index (SDI). Using a rapid assessment approach, quantitative assessments of IRFR and LFIS are carried out for 2339 counties and cities in mainland China. Each index is graded from ‘very low’ to ‘very high’ according to the eigenvalue magnitude of cluster centroids. By combining grades of FHI and SDI, mainland China is then classified into four zones in order to identify regional variations in the potential linkage between flood hazard and sustainability. Zone I regions, where FHI is graded ‘very low’ or ‘low’ and SDI is ‘medium’ to ‘very high’, are mainly located in western China. Zone II regions, where FHI and SDI are ‘medium’ or ‘high’, occur in the rapidly developing areas of central and eastern China. Zone III regions, where FHI and SDI are ‘very low’ or ‘low’, correspond to the resource-based areas of western and north-central China. Zone IV regions, where FHI is ‘medium’ to ‘very high’ and SDI is ‘very low’ to ‘low’, occur in ecologically fragile areas of south-western China. The paper also examines the distributions of IRFR and LFIS throughout mainland China. Although 57% of the counties and cities have low IRFR values, 64% have high LFIS values. The modal values of LFIS are ordered as Zone I < Zone II ≈ Zone III < Zone IV; whereas the modal values of IRFR are ordered as Zone I < Zone III < Zone IV < Zone II. It is recommended that present flood risk policies be altered towards a more sustainable flood risk management strategy in areas where LFIS and IRFR vary significantly, with particular attention focused on Zone IV regions, which presently experience poverty and a deteriorating eco-system.     

生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展

有机氯农药是高残留农药，进入生物体后会长期残留，对生物体产生危害。近年来，生物体中的有机氯农药的研究越来越引起各国环境化学家、生态学家的重视，渐渐成为环境化学、生态毒理学研究的热点之一。本文总结了近年来国际上有关生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展情况，以及所取得的主要研究成果。     

生态功能区划在县域可持续发展指标体系中的应用

在分析县域可持续发展指标体系特点的基础上,从生态功能区划依据的原则、目标等方面,深入论述了生态功能区划在县域可持续发展指标体系中的三方面作用,提出了应用生态功能区划结果对某一区域内不同县域的可持续发展状况分类别进行评价的观点。     

铜陵铜官山矿区土壤重金属污染状况研究

通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了铜陵铜官山铜矿区土壤重金属含量,并采用单因子指数法和内梅罗指数法对铜官山土壤污染程度进行评价.研究结果表明,研究区土壤Cu、Zn、As、Hg平均含量高于当地的土壤背景值,土壤已受Cu、Zn、As重污染,受Hg轻污染.不同样点土壤重金属含量存在较大差异,其中处于选矿厂附近的9到16号样点土壤重金属污染情况较其它样点相对较重,15和16号样点的重金属单项污染指数和综合污染指数都很高,污染状况在所有样点中最为严重.     

Role of Wild Game in the Diet of Recreationists in South Carolina

Risk assessors have devoted considerable attention to the consumption of fish in the diet of recreational and subsistence anglers, but little attention has been directed toward the percentage that wild game contributes to total protein intake for people who engage in hunting and fishing. While recall studies have limitations, the relative errors should be similar for different types of fish and game. We interviewed 454 people attending the Palmetto Sportsmen's Classic in South Carolina to determine their consumption patterns of domesticated animals, fish (both wild-caught and commercial) and wild game. The percentage of people who consumed each type of meat was: chicken (98%); beef (95%); wild-caught fish (79%); deer (79%); restaurant fish (73%); pork (71%); dove (47%); commercial fish (41%); wild turkey (40%), duck, squirrel and self-caught quail (about 25% each); restaurant quail (10%); and raccoon (11%). Although a similar proportion of white respondents and black respondents consumed wild game overall (90%), there were ethnic differences in the number of meals of wild-caught fish and game. Black respondents ate more wild-caught fish, rabbit, raccoon and squirrel, and less deer, than did white respondents. Wild-caught fish and game made up 50% of the meat and fish diet of black sportsmen, but only 32% for whites. Wild-caught fish and game were being eaten disproportionately more by low-income black respondents, while more deer was consumed by higher-income black respondents. The data suggest that managers and planners should take into account age, ethnicity and income when (1) conducting exposure assessments, (2) considering consumption patterns for wild-caught fish and game and (3) managing risk from wild-caught fish and game. The data will be especially useful to policy makers and risk managers who are designing consumption advisories, for risk communicators in identifying the target audience and for managers designing long-term stewardship for sites with contamination.     

高校参与社区精神文明建设的思考

高等院校汇集了多方面的人才,是社会主义精神文明建设的重要阵地。如何发挥其优势为社区精神文明建设服务?本文从多方面论述了高校主动参与社区精神文明建设的指导思想、意义、优势、思路和途径。     

攀西地区主要蔬菜和水果基地土壤Zn污染调查研究

根据各水果、蔬菜基地的分区定点采样结果的对比分析，研究了四川省攀西地区主要蔬菜和水果基地土壤中Zn含量。结果表明，该区土壤Zn平均值范围在75．0～160mg／kg之间。各基地土壤平均锌含量顺序为：撒莲蔬菜基地〉攀莲蔬菜基地〉会理石榴基地〉大田石榴基地〉西区芒果、桂圆基地〉仁和芒果基地〉盐边芒果、枇杷基地。7个基地中有3个基地的土壤锌含量不同程度超过土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准，其中以大田石榴基地超标最高（16％），平均值却是两个蔬菜基地最高。     

国土资源开发利用的综合效益分析

用定量与定性相结合的方法 ,系统分析了国土资源在开发过程中所表现出来的各种社会、经济和生态方面的数量关系和指标 ,并用经济学的基本模型 ,从国土资源开发的社会效益、经济效益和生态效益上总结了这种关系。最后提出了国土资源开发利用的综合效益就是社会效益、经济效益、生态效益的统一 ,经济效益是社会效益和生态效益基础的观点。