川西山地人工柳杉－杉木混交林碳聚积效应研究

本文以四川彭州为典型案例，采用材积源生物量法和土壤剖面分析方法，对栽植17年的人工柳杉纯林、杉木纯林以及柳杉-杉木混交林的碳聚积效应进行了比较研究。结果表明：柳杉-杉木混交林的生物量和林分碳贮量显著高于相对应的纯林，每公顷混交林的生物量为204t，比柳杉纯林和杉木纯林增加16．0％和39．3％；每公顷混交林林分碳贮量为102t，比柳杉纯林和杉木纯林增加16．1％和39．2％，碳聚积效应显著；柳杉-杉木混交林的土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙和非毛管孔隙均高于柳杉纯林和杉木纯林，这将有利于扩大土壤大水库，增加土壤保水抗旱的能力。     

不同经营措施对杉木人工林土壤碳库的影响

森林土壤有机碳在陆地生态系统碳循环中发挥着关键作用。以我国亚热带杉木人工林为研究对象,以常绿阔叶林为对照,分析比较了不同经营措施对土壤碳矿化、微生物特征、碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明,与连栽杉木纯林相比,杉木火力楠混交模式和轮栽模式均显著增加了土壤微生物量碳含量、土壤微生物熵、易氧化有机碳和碳库管理指数,提高了土壤微生物对底物的利用效率,土壤易氧化有机碳可作为反映土壤碳库质量的有效指标。     

森林凋落物研究现状及我国西南喀斯特地区研究展望

近几十年来,我国西南喀斯特地区生态环境退化严重,石漠化面积迅速扩大,林地覆盖率急剧下降,成为制约我国西部大开发生态建设中不可回避的重要科学问题,严重影响了西南地区社会、经济的可持续发展。喀斯特地区土层薄且侵蚀严重,土壤中的有机碳和营养盐主要来自地表枯枝落叶层的分解及累积。在气候变暖、陆地生态系统土壤温度升高、土壤有机碳急速流失和土壤质量退化的背景下,分析不同林下凋落物量和降解动态以及土壤有机碳库积累差异,揭示西南喀斯特地区不同林地凋落物归还量及其对土壤碳库积累的贡献具有极其重要的意义,将为喀斯特地区林地恢复重建和石漠化遏制工作提供科研依据。     

贵州桦木资源现状与开发利用策略

贵州桦木种类有7个,其中桦木属有4个种,桤木属有3个种。光皮桦和旱冬瓜是分布最广的两个种,全省各地均有分布。传统林业主产区的现有桦木资源数量比非主产区小,现有桦木资源以中、幼林为主,中、幼林的面积和蓄积超过98%,近、成熟林和过熟林资源相对非常少。贵州桦木资源开发利用应系统开展良种选育研究,加强抚育管理、综合改造"三低"林分,科学规划、合理布局良种基地,采用良种良法营造高效用材林基地。     

重庆市人均森林碳储量与碳汇林造林树种选择

近年来,全球变暖日渐明显,主要原因是人类社会生产生活产生的温室气体排放,大面积的森林砍伐与草原湿地破坏减少了原有碳汇,加剧了气候变暖的趋势。因此,开展具有节能减排效果的植树造林是增加碳汇的重要手段。基于此,以重庆市为例,结合重庆市森林资源公报的最新数据资料,采用蓄积量法,计算得到重庆市森林固碳总量为5931.78万t。其中,都市功能核心区和都市功能扩展区为259.68万t,占4.38%;城市发展新区为1233.69万t,占20.80%;渝东北生态涵养发展区为2587.2万t,占43.62%;渝东南生态保护发展区为1851.21万t,占31.20%。在地域分布上,主要以城口县、巫溪县等县区人均碳蓄积量最高。根据重庆市提供的立地条件,最佳的碳汇林树种搭配方式为:柳杉、包石栎、木荷、栎类。     

氮磷养分配施对土壤碳氮特征及叶用枸杞生长的影响

通过田间定位试验,探讨水肥一体化技术下不同养分配施措施对土壤碳氮特征及叶用枸杞生长的影响,筛选出适合该区域叶用枸杞高效可持续生产管理模式。结果表明,随着养分浓度的增大,各层次土壤中有机碳含量整体呈现增加趋势,土壤中易氧化态有机碳及土壤碳库管理指数(CPMI)变化趋势与土壤有机碳类似。与对照相比,水肥一体化施肥增加了0～20cm和20～40cm土层硝态氮含量;但随着土层深入,土壤剖面硝态氮含量整体呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,而对照处理硝态氮呈现增加趋势,40～60cm土层硝态氮含量达最大。在水肥一体化N2P3处理下,叶用枸杞叶芽产量最高。研究确定,N2P3处理的"少量多次"水肥一体化灌溉模式,是叶用枸杞生产区最佳的农业高效高产的水肥生产管理模式。     

贵州主要作物固碳现状和潜力估算

近年来,农田土壤碳固定的研究已经成为国际全球气候变化研究的一个重要热点。为明确贵州农田主要作物固碳潜力,借鉴经验公式对贵州主要农作物碳固定和生产过程中的碳排放进行测算。结果表明,近10年贵州6种作物的总固碳量平均（1 151.16±62.99）万t.a-1,变幅为1 052.65万～1 268.28万t.a-1,呈波动变化缓慢增加趋势,主要作物间接碳排放量为（48.53±1.82）万t.a-1,变幅为45.87万～51.68万t.a-1,只相当于固碳量的4.21%。贵州农田作物的固碳潜力巨大。     

西双版纳不同植被类型土壤物理性质差异分析

以云南省西双版纳勐腊县的茶树林、次生季雨林和不同林龄橡胶林为研究对象,比较土壤物理性质之间的差异,热带雨林转变成人工林后土壤水源涵养能力的变化。结果表明:次生季雨林和不同林龄橡胶林的土壤密度较接近,且远远大于茶树林;次生季雨林的土壤非毛管孔隙度最大,为14.23%,是茶树林的1.94倍。不同林龄橡胶林的土壤非毛管孔隙度处于中间值,变化范围为10.86%—13.96%,且土壤非毛管孔隙度随着橡胶林林龄的增大而递增,相应不同覆被下的土壤最大持水量也呈相同的变化趋势。在0—70cm土层深度上,茶树林、次生季雨林和不同林龄橡胶林土壤密度、土壤总孔隙度和土壤最大持水量变化情况均随着土层加厚表现出一致性,各树种的土壤有效持水量随着土层深度加深表现出起伏不定的变化趋势,但这种趋势有一定规律,相对较稳定,可一定程度上反映其水源涵养能力。     

雀儿山西南坡植被碳贮量估算及影响因素分析

在“3S”技术支持下,利用ASTER卫星图像,建立波段亮度值与植被碳密度间的回归方程,对横断山区西北部的雀儿山西南坡四种植被类型(针叶林、阔叶林、灌木、草)的植被碳贮量进行了估算并分析其影响因素。结果表明,在雀儿山西南坡365.85km2范围内,植被碳贮量共计2.05×106t。区内植被碳密度总体上呈团块状分布,其高值区(125~250t/hm2)主要分布在研究区域北部的俄产至春龙段和南部的金沙江沿岸的格乌、折松渡等地区;中等区域(60~125t/hm2)从北部的俄产至南部的岗托沿色曲河均有分布;而低值区(1~60t/hm2)面积最广,主要分布于北部的贡布堆、上压吧和更庆以南的色曲河河谷内,并在南部的岗托至申龙达段金沙江沿岸形成一个狭长区域。在其影响因素上,不同的植被类型和土地利用方式下碳密度差异较大,而海拔、坡向和坡度对研究区内北部高山亚高山地区植被碳密度影响较南部干旱河谷地区明显。     

川西北高寒草地沙化土壤特征及治理模式探讨——以阿坝州红原县为例

通过对川西北高寒草地不同类型的沙化样地0—10cm,10～20cm和20～30cm土壤有机质、pH和含水量进行分析。结果表明：（1）随着沙化程度加重,土壤有机质含量和土壤含水量明显降低;（2）随着土层深度增加,土壤有机质含量降低;未沙化、轻度沙化样地的土壤含水量随土层深度增加而降低,重度沙化样地则相反;（3）中度和重度沙化样地土壤pH约7．0,未沙化和轻度沙化pH值在6．5左右;沙地土壤有机质与pH值呈显著负相关关系,沙化土壤有机碳与水分损失是一个正反馈。鉴于川西高寒草地特殊环境,探讨了选用适宜的多年生高原药用植物或者其他高价值资源植物作为固沙材料,将治沙与经济发展相结合,建立高寒沙化草地治理模式。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题，生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑，本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法，并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Status and trends in EFlows in southern Africa

Environmental Flows (EFlows) are defined as the quantity, timing and quality of the flow of water, sediment and biota necessary to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems, and the human livelihoods and well-being that depend on these ecosystems. As such they are a vital component of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). A recent survey found that, in general, Africa lags behind schedule with respect to the global SDG Target 6.5 to implement IWRM at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate. This web-based review explores progress made in EFlows Assessments and implementing their outcomes in southern Africa. It outlines the apparent impetus to the uptake of EFlows provided by legislation, common funding mechanisms for EFlows assessment and evolving trends in EFlows assessment. It also highlights instances of implementation of EFlows in both in-country and transboundary settings.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展

有机氯农药是高残留农药，进入生物体后会长期残留，对生物体产生危害。近年来，生物体中的有机氯农药的研究越来越引起各国环境化学家、生态学家的重视，渐渐成为环境化学、生态毒理学研究的热点之一。本文总结了近年来国际上有关生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展情况，以及所取得的主要研究成果。