硫化铁铜双金属复合材料的制备及除铬机制

以零价铁为原料,利用液相置换法制备铁铜双金属（Fe-Cu）,对其硫化改性后,得到一种除铬效率更高的硫化铁铜双金属铁基复合材料（S-Fe-Cu）.探讨了Cu/Fe质量比、S/Fe摩尔比、pH值和氯离子对S-Fe-Cu去除水体中Cr（Ⅵ）效果的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜与能谱分析仪（SEM-EDX）、比表面积分析仪（BET）和X射线电子能谱（XPS）等表征手段分析了S-Fe-Cu的表面结构及元素组成,并研究了其除铬机制.结果表明,S-Fe-Cu表面成功负载上了FeS_x,理论最佳S/Fe摩尔比为0.056,理论最佳Cu/Fe质量比为0.025.与Fe-Cu相比,S-Fe-Cu的比表面积增大了2.1倍,pH为5时除铬效率提高了6.1倍;pH值增大,S-Fe-Cu除铬效果下降,但其碱性条件下的除铬效果仍是Fe-Cu的两倍.氯离子能够促进材料在反应过程中Fe（Ⅱ）的释放,分析认为氯离子能够渗透表面钝化层,使钝化层产生缺陷,从而促进零价铁的直接氧化,提高S-Fe-Cu除铬性能.XPS与EDX表面元素分析表明,材料除铬机制主要包含还原、吸附或共沉淀.     

湿法解毒还原工艺对铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)的治理特性

以治理铬渣中的Cr(Ⅵ)污染为目的,提出了硫酸浸出-硫酸亚铁还原的铬渣湿法解毒工艺,在对铬渣处理前后的表面形貌进行表征的基础上,探究了不同处理条件下铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)的处理效果及其修复机理。结果表明:铬渣湿法球磨时间为20 min时,铬渣颗粒98.68%过200目筛,水溶性Cr(Ⅵ)的浸出率可达40.96%;铬渣硫酸添加量为60%,液固比为4∶1,酸溶时间为2.5 h时,Cr(Ⅵ)浸出趋于饱和,此时浸出终点pH为5.8,水溶性和酸溶性Cr(Ⅵ)总浸出率为95.38%;硫酸亚铁添加量为40%时,铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)含量下降为1.38 mg/kg。铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除主要与硫酸对含Cr(Ⅵ)矿物的溶解、SO₄2-和CrO₄2-的离子交换以及Fe(Ⅱ)对溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原作用有关。     

零价铁PRB修复硝酸盐和铬复合污染地下水

通过连续流动试验研究了Fe0(零价铁)-PRB(渗透反应格栅)修复受NO₃--N、Cr(Ⅵ)以及NO₃--N和Cr(Ⅵ)复合污染模拟地下水的反应特性,分析了Fe0对NO₃--N和Cr(Ⅵ)的氧化还原产物,并且对NO₃--N和Cr(Ⅵ)的相互影响进行了研究. 采用粒径为0.15～0.42 mm的Fe0和粒径为0.15 mm的活性炭作为PRB反应介质,二者的质量比为1∶1. 结果表明,Fe0单独与NO₃--N反应情况下,当进水中ρ(NO₃--N)为20 mg/L时,去除率达95%,NO₂-为还原过渡状态,NH₄+是主要产物,出水pH从原水的7.1升至9.0左右,出水中ρ(TFe)<0.60 mg/L. Fe0处理Cr(Ⅵ)情况下,对Cr(Ⅵ)有较高的去除效果,进水中ρ〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕为10 mg/L时,去除率达96%,反应产物Fe3+和Cr(Ⅲ)可以形成沉淀附着在反应介质上,不会迁移到“下游”水体中,出水pH从原水的7.0升至8.0左右,出水中ρ(TFe)<0.30 mg/L. Fe0去除NO₃--N和Cr(Ⅵ)复合污染时,共存的NO₃--N对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果没有影响,Cr(Ⅵ)的存在降低了NO₃--N的去除效果.      

某铬盐厂Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤还原稳定化效果研究

以某铬盐厂铬渣堆存场地内Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤为研究对象,采用七水硫酸亚铁(Fe SO_4·7H_2O)、多硫化钙(Ca Sx)、Fe SO_4·7H_2O和Ca Sx、Fe SO_4·7H_2O和水泥4种药剂开展Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤的还原稳定化实验,并利用BCR连续提取法进行铬形态分析。结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)还原效果:Fe SO_4·7H_2O和Ca Sx复配药剂在4种药剂中对Cr(Ⅵ)的整体还原效果最好。铬稳定效果:Fe SO_4·7H_2O和水泥复配药剂在4种药剂中对土壤铬的稳定性最好,Fe SO_4·7H_2O和水泥复配药剂处理对铬的形态分布的影响是使弱酸提取态、可还原态和可氧化态转化成残渣态,处理后残渣态铬质量分数高达30.98%。污染土壤中铬的形态分布为可氧化态(63.67%)残渣态(23.29%)弱酸提取态(6.80%)可还原态(6.25%),4种药剂处理后土壤中铬的形态分布为可氧化态残渣态可还原态弱酸提取态。     

生物法修复铬污染土壤的研究

用生物修复技术来处理受铬污染的土壤，利用自然界中微生物，通过生物还原反应，将Cr(Ⅵ)还原成三价铬。先是通过土壤与合铬的培养基一起培养，筛选出5种能还原Cr(Ⅵ)的菌种，鉴定其菌属，并试验用这些菌种处理铬污染土壤的效果。同时还考虑了pH值对处理效果的影响。试验结果表明：筛选出5种菌种可以还原Cr(Ⅵ)；混菌处理效果最好，最高可达到100％；混菌处理污染土壤的适宜pH值范围为6．0—8．0。     

旋风炉掺烧铬渣污染物排放特性分析

针对260 t/h旋风燃烧炉机组进行烟气污染物排放测试,并通过旋风炉掺烧铬渣后对其飞灰、底渣进行XRD、XRF分析,考察对重金属Cr(Ⅵ)、Hg的固化效果。结果表明:烟尘、SO_2、CO排放浓度偏高,需进一步改造处理;旋风炉掺烧铬渣飞灰中Hg、Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度分别为6.77,94.7 mg/kg,其中有毒Cr(Ⅵ)浓度显著降低,下降了97.5%;结合XRD分析可知,掺烧铬渣过程中,大部分重金属Hg、Cr(Ⅵ)主要靠挥发和通过铬渣与原煤中矿物质相互反应生成化合物释放到烟气和飞灰中,而底渣中未检测出明显的含Cr矿物质存在。     

硫酸盐还原菌介导水铁矿相转化特征及其产物对Cr（Ⅵ）固存的影响

硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）广泛存在于酸性矿山废水（AMD）污染的土壤中,其介导的铁矿物转化过程及其相转化产物影响着重金属的迁移 转化行为.选取土壤中的典型铁氧矿物水铁矿作为研究对象,探究了SRB （Desulfovibrio vulgaris ATCC 7757）介导水铁矿的矿相转化,分析了水铁矿相转化产物对Cr（Ⅵ）的固存能力,揭示了不同相转化阶段产物对六价铬（Cr（Ⅵ））的固存能力及作用机制.结果表明,SRB介导下矿物的相转化路径为水铁矿-马基诺矿-磁铁矿,反应过程的相转化产物对Cr（Ⅵ）的固存能力呈先增加后降低的趋势：反应第5 d水铁矿相转化的产物主要为马基诺矿,此阶段相转化矿物对Cr（Ⅵ）的固存能力达到141.06 mg·g^-1,固存方式以还原作用为主;14 d时相转化矿物主要以马基诺矿和磁铁矿复合形式存在,复合产物对Cr（Ⅵ）的固存能力仅为79.59 mg·g^-1,其对Cr（Ⅵ）的固存方式包括还原和吸附作用,还原和吸附对Cr（Ⅵ） 固存的贡献占比分别为78.82%和21.17%.由此可见,水铁矿相转化产物组成的差异是导致其对Cr（Ⅵ）固存能力及作用机制变化的关键因素.     

难溶态Cr (Ⅵ)对重度铬污染土壤淋洗还原修复效果的影响

通过对某铬渣堆场的重度铬污染土壤进行解吸动力学和难溶态Cr (Ⅵ)还原实验,揭示限制重度铬污染土壤有效修复的关键因素。结果表明:室温下,采用柠檬酸淋洗可显著降低土壤中难溶态Cr (Ⅵ)浓度,将淋洗温度提高至90℃,可进一步显著降低难溶态Cr (Ⅵ)浓度。淋洗后土样中难溶态Cr (Ⅵ)浓度越低,其还原效果越好。供试土样经柠檬酸高温淋洗+FeSO₄高温还原工艺修复后,Cr (Ⅵ)浓度从(1813.2±59.8) mg/kg降至(99.1±8.8) mg/kg。此外,淋洗实验中柠檬酸对难溶态Cr (Ⅵ)的还原可忽略不计;土样中残留的柠檬酸对土壤Cr (Ⅵ)的检测结果无显著影响。研究证明了难溶态Cr (Ⅵ)的还原效果是重度铬污染土壤修复的关键限制因素,结果可为铬污染土壤修复工艺研发提供参考。     

硫化物对电镀厂铬污染土壤的稳定化效果及其机理研究

以某电镀厂旧址内的铬(Cr)污染土壤为研究对象,分别添加多硫化钙(CPS)、硫化钠(Na2S)以及焦亚硫酸钠(Na_2S_2O_5)3种硫化物稳定剂,探究3种稳定剂不同投加摩尔比对土壤中Cr的价态变化、浸出毒性和形态分布的影响.结果表明:CPS对Cr(Ⅵ)还原效果最佳,当CPS投加摩尔比为3时,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)含量从1587.5 mg·kg-1减少至12.43 mg·kg~(-1),还原效率高达99.2%,然而相同条件下Na_2S和Na_2S_2O_5对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效率仅分别为55.6%和74.5%.CPS对Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr稳定效率最高,当CPS投加摩尔比为3时,浸出Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr浓度分别为0.02mg·L~(-1)和0.32 mg·L~(-1),Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr稳定效率分别为99.8%和99.1%,此时Cr(Ⅵ)浓度满足GB/T 14848-93《地下水水质标准》规定的限值.相同投加摩尔比下Na2S和Na_2S_2O_5对Cr(Ⅵ)稳定效率分别仅为63.0%和98.9%,对总Cr稳定效率分别为66.5%和77.2%;浸出Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr浓度随着CPS和Na2S投加摩尔比的增加而降低,然而随着Na_2S_2O_5投加摩尔比的增加,浸出Cr(Ⅵ)浓度持续下降,但总Cr浓度不断升高.CPS和Na2S稳定化后土壤中Cr的有机物结合态变化不大(p0.05)、铁锰氧化物结合态显著增加(p0.05).硫化物稳定剂稳定化后土壤中Cr的可交换态含量的变化是影响浸出总Cr浓度变化的主要原因.基于3种硫化物稳定剂对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原效率、Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr稳定效率和Cr的可交换态含量的影响,CPS投加摩尔比为3时,对该电镀厂铬污染土壤的稳定化效果最佳.     

铬渣动态淋滤重金属铬溶解释放规律研究

为了全面系统地研究铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)溶解释放特征,以锦州和沈阳两地铬渣堆场为研究对象,通过动态淋滤试验,测定滤出液中Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬的质量浓度变化,分析铬渣淋滤液中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)溶解释放规律。试验结果表明,锦州新铬渣和沈阳陈铬渣淋滤过程中,Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬浓度都经历先迅速下降再缓慢下降的过程;相较锦州新铬渣,沈阳陈铬渣Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬浓度下降都较慢,且初始浓度也较低;相比Cr(Ⅵ)的溶出,两地铬渣Cr(Ⅲ)的溶出量均较少,Cr(Ⅲ)溶出占比呈波动性上升趋势;锦州新铬渣和沈阳陈铬渣的Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬溶出浓度随淋出液体积分别呈双指数曲线衰减关系和幂函数曲线衰减关系。试验成果将为防治铬渣对地下水污染提供科学理论依据。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.