Introduction: Natural Capital, Poverty and Development

Can development occur without running down natural resources in an unsustainable way? The concept of natural capital offers a way for those with divergent views (ecologists and economists for example) to discuss this difficult question. Four aspects are examined in detail. First, the role of institutions in facilitating sustainable development is discussed, with examples from forestry. Then examples from (eco)tourism illustrate the potential – and limits – of applicability of the concept. Measurement issues for natural capital are then considered in detail. Finally, the concept is applied to agricultural strategy in fragile lands, where the tradeoff between the environment and development is likely to be most severe. Some implications for future research and policy are developed.     

内生创新、人文发展与中国的能源效率

基于内生经济增长理论,本文通过运用面板数据分析方法,重点讨论了内生创新和人文发展对中国能源效率的影响。研究结果表明,无论是全国层面的总体估计还是从东部、中部和西部的分区域估计,内生创新对中国的能源效率都产生着正面影响;人文发展状况总体上对能源效率的提高也具有正面的影响,但是人文发展中人均消费量的提高对能源效率的改善产生着负面的效应。内生创新和人文发展对能源效率的作用在中国东部、中部和西部地区不尽相同,这些作用一致呈现出由东部向中部再向西部地区逐渐递减的分布趋势。人文发展较内生创新而言对能源效率的贡献弹性更加显著。因此,从内生创新和人文发展的角度出发,通过有效措施把能源消费方式转变到依靠技术进步、人口与经济社会协调发展的内涵式消费方式上来,依然是提高中国能源效率的有效策略。     

Ecotypes in Graylings (Thymallidae,Salmoniformes)

The ecotypic structure of two grayling species in Eurasia is considered. Based on original and published data, the development of ecological forms in water bodies of different kinds is analyzed. Parallelism in the emergence of highly similar forms in different sites of the ranges is demonstrated. Distinctive features of ecotypes and their internal structure are described. The causes and rate of establishment of forms with a short life cycle are discussed.     

旅游发展对九寨沟自然保护区景观格局变化的影响

自然保护区是保护生物多样性的基石，旅游是保护区的重要发展方式。立足于景观尺度，基于3S技术和景观指数，研究了1975~2007年九寨沟自然保护区在旅游业快速发展背景下景观格局的变化。结果表明：近33 a来，保护区各类景观都发生了不同程度的变化；草地、疏林/灌丛、耕地为净减少，而林地、冰雪/裸岩、建设用地、水域为净增加；从转出的比例上看，建设用地最大(13207%) ，其次是耕地(100%)、草地(606%)、疏林/灌丛(535%)、林地(447%)、冰雪/裸岩(321%)、水域最小(207%)；在人类活动和自然过程的共同作用下，到1997年景观破碎化程度不断增加，到2007年则有所恢复。总的来讲，采伐活动与自然恢复之间的综合作用是九寨沟景观变化的主要驱动因素，旅游业发展对景观变化的影响相对较小。旅游发展促进了保护区整体植被的恢复，但也增加了景区内的建筑用地面积，改变了景区局部地区的植被格局。只有坚持“保护第一”的原则，对旅游进行科学的规划管理才能实现保护与发展的共赢     

人口,资源,环境与发展系统研究的基本思路

人口、资源、环境与发展问题相互关联,构成了一个复杂巨系统。应用系统科学的思想方法研究这个复杂巨系统,是当前最令人注目的重大学术领域。本文探讨了这一系统研究的范围框架、基本内容结构和研究方法,建立了针对我国实际问题的系统概念模型。这一概念模型首次把人口、资源、环境、经济、科技、教育、文化等基本要素组织在一个完整的社会核算体系中。     

Visitor perspectives on sustainable tourism development in the Pitons Management Area World Heritage Site, St. Lucia

The Pitons Management Area (PMA) World Heritage Site is one of the most visited tourist attractions in St. Lucia. Given the magnitude of the tourism industry in St. Lucia in general, coupled with the expanding growth of tourism in the PMA, the need to adopt a sustainable approach to tourism development is imperative. Identifying visitors as a key stakeholder group in sustainable tourism development, this study examined their perspectives and support for sustainable tourism development in the PMA. More specifically, it examined visitors’ environmental, economic, and social attitudes based on a sustainable tourism development framework and explored the effect and best predictive validity of attitudes on support for sustainable tourism development. Results indicated that attitudes were generally positive, and as each of the respective attitudes increased, visitors’ level of support for sustainable tourism development at the PMA also increased. The Economic Attitudinal Index had the highest predictive power, followed by the Social Attitudinal Index. The Environmental Attitudinal Index was not significant although it was strongly correlated in the bivariate analysis. Implications of the findings for the sustainable development of tourism in the PMA are discussed.     

污染-经济时间弹性概念、方法与应用

环境污染随着经济发展的进程不断变化.为更加全面、准确地描述环境污染与经济发展的关系,本文将"弹性"分析方法应用于描述环境污染指标与经济发展指标之间的关系,提出"污染-经济时间弹性"概念,即一个国家或地区环境污染指标的年际变化率与相应的该国家或地区经济指标年际变化率的比值.文章进而分析了PETE的环境经济学含义及其计算方法.指标PETE能够用来描述一个国家或地区经济发展的清洁程度, 通常情况下, 较低的PETE值意味着较为清洁的增长方式, 而较高的PETE值则多与粗放和非清洁的增长方式相联系; 利用PETE还可以对空间(国家,地区)上和行业间的经济增长方式进行比较.文章最后通过1999-2008年中国环境污染指标(全社会主要污染物SO2、COD和烟尘排放量)数据和相应时间段的经济发展指标(GDP)数据, 计算中国全社会主要污染物排放与经济发展的"污染-经济时间弹性(PETE)", 发现该指标确能反映"经济发展的环境效率"的动态变化, 即为着获得一定的经济发展速度所付出环境代价之动态变化情状,验证了PETE概念和方法的科学性和实用性.PETE概念和方法的提出,为环境-经济分析提供了新的分析指标和工具.     

我国棉铃虫病毒杀虫剂的研究开发和应用

棉铃虫核型多角体病毒（ＮＰｖ），从分离开始，经过实验室研究到工厂生产商品销售，至今历经了１８个春秋。是中国生防史上第一次使一种昆虫病毒的研究，从技术上的成功转变成商业上的开发成功。从１９８８～１９９３年，总共生产棉铃虫病毒杀虫剂１００ｔ，使用面积７万ｈａ，（１００多万亩）。在防治棉花、烟叶、辣椒和蕃茄等作物上的棉铃虫和烟青虫方面，均获得了有效的控制。本文主要介绍该病毒的基本特性，生产工艺和应用效果，并展望未来的前景。     

上海滨岸潮滩生物多样性及其利用与保护

滨岸潮滩是海岸带的重要组成部分和主要的地理景观 ,具有多种环境功能和生态价值 ,对沿海地区的经济发展起着重要的作用 ;同时滨岸潮滩又是一个环境脆弱带和敏感区 ,极易受人为活动的干扰和破坏。生物多样性是人类生存和经济得以持续发展的基础。滨岸潮滩是生物多样性最为丰富的生态系统之一。通过对上海滨岸潮滩生物多样性影响因素的调查与分析 ,研究了目前人类活动对上海滨岸潮滩生物多样性造成的严重威胁 ,污水的排放使滨岸潮滩水质和底质严重污染 ,对滨岸潮滩的围垦改变了潮滩的自然本底状态 ,造成潮滩生物生长发育和栖息的环境受到破坏 ,影响滨岸潮滩生物多样性。指出滨岸潮滩等方面的社会与环境价值 ,并探讨了上海滨岸带开发与滨岸潮滩生物多样性的保护和利用问题     

上海滨岸潮滩生物多样性及其利用与保护

滨岸潮滩是海岸带的重要组成部分和主要的地理景观,具有多种环境功能和生态价值,对沿海地区的经济发展起着重要的作用;同时滨岸潮滩又是一个环境脆弱带和敏感区,极易受人为活动的干扰和破坏。生物多样性是人类生存和经济得以持续发展的基础。滨岸潮滩是生物多样性最为丰富的生态系统之一。通过对上海滨岸潮滩生物多样性影响因素的调查与分析,研究了目前人类活动对滨岸潮滩生物多样性造成的严重威胁,污水的排放使滨岸潮滩 质和底质严重污染,对滨岸潮滩珠围垦改变 了潮 滩珠自然本底状态,造成潮滩物生长发育和栖息的环境受到破坏,影响滨岸潮滩物多样性。指出滨岸潮滩等方面的社会与环境价值,并探讨了上海滨岸带开发与滨岸潮滩物多样性的保护和利用问题。     

人力资本、产业结构调整与绿色发展效率的作用机制

寻求经济增长与环境改善的双赢已成为中国推进绿色发展的内在要求。人力资本与产业结构调整相互作用,均被视作改善绿色发展效率的重要支撑条件,然而两者的相互作用能否促进中国绿色发展效率提升尚未得到关注。本文梳理人力资本、产业结构调整与绿色发展效率之间的作用机制,在使用包含非期望产出的SBM模型测算中国1997—2013年各省份绿色发展效率的基础上,识别人力资本、产业结构调整及其交互对于绿色发展效率的作用方向与影响力度。结果显示:总体而言,样本期内绿色发展效率存在无效率状态,这与中国粗放型发展方式有关;从空间尺度上看,绿色发展效率呈现出东部高于中西部的态势;从时间尺度上看,绿色发展效率在样本前半期与后半期的变动趋势并不一致,前半期效率值呈现出下降趋势而后半期则表现为波动变动;全国层面与东、中、西部人力资本水平以及人力资本结构未能发挥提升绿色发展效率的作用,产业结构调整的两个维度——产业结构高级化与产业结构合理化在全国层面与东、中部均表现出改善绿色发展效率的态势;人力资本水平(人力资本结构)与产业结构高级化、产业结构合理化的交互项对于绿色发展效率的提升作用在全国层面与东部有所体现但力度不强。应以联动性而非割裂的视角看待中国所进行的人力资本培育与产业结构调整,应当努力减少人力资本与产业结构调整之间相互脱节、不相适应的状况,不断增进人力资本与产业结构调整的适配性以提升中国各省份绿色发展效率。     

Development,local livelihoods,and vulnerabilities to global environmental change in the South American Dry Andes

Climate change will increasingly impact large areas of South America, affecting important natural resources and people’s livelihoods. These impacts will make rural people disproportionately more vulnerable, given their dependency on ecosystem services and their exposure to other stressors, such as new rules imposed by agribusiness and trends toward the commodification of natural resources. This paper focuses on the vulnerability of rural communities in Andean drylands of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile, showing how different economic and political pathways lead to different levels of vulnerability. The paper begins with a brief discussion of the methodological and theoretical concept of vulnerability, which framed the research. Starting from the premise that global environmental change impacts are strongly linked to styles of development, the discussion explores the diverse institutional capital and governance schemes as well as different development styles in the case studies and their role in increasing or reducing local vulnerability to climate and water scarcity. Using a comparative perspective, the exposures and adaptive capacities of rural actors in three river basins are discussed, emphasizing situations that speak for the ways in which development styles counteract or magnify conditions of vulnerability. The analysis considers irrigated and non-irrigated agriculture, water property interests, different productive structures (viticulture, horticulture, etc.), producer typologies (large/small, export, etc.), and geographical location. Finally, the paper offers some insights about development style and adaptive capacities of rural people to overcome those vulnerabilities.     

良性发展论：可持续发展超越与丰富

本文介绍了良性发展的基本概念及内涵 ,同时也介绍了提出良性发展的思想过程 ,并对良性发展与可持续发展的关系作了初步的讨论。     

可持续发展问题的技术根源与创新抉择

资源与环境退化产生的根源主要是由于经济活动中技术手段不合理的运用造成的,而可持续发展问题的解决又必须依靠技术创新来实现,所以,我们在实现可持续发展目标的过程中必须要对技术创新的作用进行重新反思,要充分认识技术创新的两面性,并通过寻求新的思路对传统技术创新体系加以调整和转换,使之能够成为推动经济、社会和自然复合系统协调、持续发展的结合点。     

Decentralization,spatial disequilibrium,and restructuring of coastal tourist destination-Empirical research from Sanya,China

The objective of this article is to speculate on resort restructuring in the market-oriented reform process in China.Previous studies show that spatial disequilibrium was aggravated by decentralization,which leads to the difference in tourism policy and investment,public goods,and service;a profound analytical framework is much needed for further empirical studies.This article has reviewed the relevant studies on links between decentralization and restructuring,spatial influences of decentralization on tourism,based on which we put forward the theoretical framework of resort spatial restructuring from the view of political economy analysis,then we elaborate on and discuss it based on the example of Sanya,China.In short,the article suggests that decentralization of fiscal responsibilities and institutional power contributes to the spatial disequilibrium of tourism industrial structure,land use,public infrastructure and service facilities,and to community inequality.Interests of government,investors,and community should be comprehensively coordinated in the resort spatial restructuring process from three aspects:restructuring government,optimizing space structure,and tourism industry.Furthermore,we argue that resort restructuring in the context of Sanya requires coordination of various interest groups through four ways:restructure the government power under administrative division adjustment,optimizing spatial structure,expanding industrial space to diversified tourism products,and building resort management services organization.Finally,we discussed some policy requirements for resort sustainable development.     

人口健康与社会可持续发展

人口健康是影响社会可持续发展的重要因素之一。近些年来 ,尽管我国人口健康水平有了明显的提高 ,但与社会可持续发展的要求仍然存在着较大的差距。本文从健康人口学的研究领域和对象出发 ,从回顾了中国人口健康方面主要的现状。同时 ,分析了人口健康与社会可持续发展的相互关系     

我国小城镇可持续发展的体制性障碍及其对策探讨

以小城镇为载体的农村城镇化是我国城镇化进程的重要途径。小城镇可持续发展是我国社会经济可持续发展战略中的重要组成成部分。本文从当前小城镇可持续发展中存在的问题入手。深入分析了小城镇可持续发展的种种体制性障碍：行政等级化的城镇管理制度限制小城镇的公平发展；小城镇政府行政管理体制不健全；土地制度设置的不完善；阻碍了土地聚集和人口聚集的同步进行；小城镇基础设施建设缺少必要金融的支持；小城镇发展规划体制存在较大缺陷，并有针对性地提出了相应的体制改革对策与措施。     

保护长江生态环境,统筹流域绿色发展

"生态优先、绿色发展"是国家对长江经济带建设和长江流域发展的最新明确的战略定位。本文分析了长江流域的区位优势及其地位和作用;从流域水资源和水环境总体特征、流域不同区段生态环境特征及主要问题、自然灾害、水利工程影响等不同方面梳理和讨论了长江流域生态环境现状及主要生态环境问题;基于以上分析讨论,提出长江流域生态环境建设中需重点关注的相关领域。     

生态示范区建设中生态型第三产业发展探讨——以江苏省吴县市、邗江县、邳州

文中分析了在区域城市化水平初级阶段选择以生活服务基础性第三产业,在加速发展阶段选择生产服务性行业,在城市化稳定发展阶段,选择新兴技术服务行业不断升级的产业发展模式。本文以江苏省吴县市、邗江县、邳州市三个不同经济水平的地区为例做了详细分析。     

Aerobiological,ecological, and health linkages

Aerobiology is an interdisciplinary science representing the presence and movement of biological particles in the earth's atmosphere. As an important component of air quality, the impact of these particles on human populations and agriculture were discussed in terms of the ecology of the landscape targets involved. The role of aerobiology in air quality studies was considered.