汽车塑料电镀外观产品耐腐蚀性能研究

塑料电镀产品作为重要的外观件，一直在汽车上广泛应用，其耐蚀性能尤为重要，本文简要描述了自主品牌汽车塑料电镀外观产品的现状，通过深入研究产品注塑工艺及电镀工艺，解析塑料电镀外观产品的耐蚀性影响因素，并对提高自主品牌车辆塑料电镀外观产品质量控制提出建议。     

汽车塑料饰件电镀工艺及其性能检测

本文重点讲述了汽车塑料电镀工艺以及其可能存在的各种问题,进一步介绍了相关问题的解决方法.参照目前国际上各大整车厂的性能检测方法,论述了如何对汽车塑料电镀成品件进行性能测试来确定其质量.随着各国对环保要求的提高,希望我国汽车塑料电镀工艺能紧追和应用先进工艺,减少对环境的污染.     

两种塑料电镀工艺的耐腐蚀性能研究

通过塑料电镀黑铬件、塑料电镀白铬件在铜加速乙酸盐雾试验及整车强化腐蚀试验中的腐蚀表征,对比两种塑料电镀工艺的耐腐蚀性能的差异;通过铜加速乙酸盐雾试验、整车强化腐蚀试验对两种电镀工艺的耐腐蚀性能进行分析,结果表明黑铬工艺的耐腐蚀性能弱于白铬电镀工艺,并通过SEM分析对其耐腐蚀性能的差异进行机理分析。     

永嘉县电镀废水污染与治理分析

介绍了永嘉县电镀废水的产生及排放现状,针对其电镀废水的性质及污染状况,提出了具体的治理措施,并以永嘉县电镀企业现状为参照,从电镀企业污染源控制技术上提出了一些综合电镀污水处理技术方案以及统一规划、统一管理的集中控制建议。     

电镀工业园区废水集中处理技术

针对电镀废水的特点,将电镀工业园区各厂家废水进行分类后再分别排至污水处理站进行处理.并运用在线监测仪表对各类废水的水质、水量进行监测和记录,根据监测情况及时切换废水至各相应处理系统.根据分清分流、先预处理再综合处理的原则进行合理的细化分类,对不同的废水水质进行分类预处理,再集中中和沉淀,降低了运行费用.该处理技术具有工艺合理、操作简便、自动化程度高、经济合理等特点.     

欧美生物降解塑料开发现状

近年来，欧美各公司生物降解塑料的开发有了较大进展。·意大利Novamont公司生产淀粉基生物降解塑料，商品名“MaterBi”，２００１年能力为１万吨／年，２００２年预计增长一倍。主要用途：包装材料、堆肥袋、卫生用品、一次性餐具、农用地膜等。·美国CargillDow公司生产聚乳酸系生物降解塑料，商品名“Natureworks”。预计２００２年底建成年产１４万吨规模的能力，成为世界生物降解塑料工业化生产规模最大的公司。·美国Frathshell公司生产复合涂层体系的生物降解塑料，原料为淀粉、再生纤维素、生物降解聚合物等，美国McDonald公司…     

化学法处理电镀废水的自动化控制应用

采用化学法自动控制处理含铬和含镍电镀废水,选择合适的化学药剂和pH、ORP控制参数,连续式处理电镀废水.运行结果表明:该工艺简单、处理效果良好、运行稳定、可操作性好、运行成本适中、能很好的适应水质的波动,处理后的水质完全符合排放标准.     

电镀废物资源化利用的问题与宏观管理对策

废水和污泥构成了电镀废物的两大主要成份。本文就电镀废物资源化利用的问题进行了分析,提出了解决电镀废物资源化利用的宏观管理对策。     

螯合树脂在电镀含镍废水处理中的应用实例

采用离子交换工艺对电镀废水原有处理系统出水进行树脂过滤吸附后,能够稳定达到《电镀废水排放标准》(GB 21900—2008)中表3的要求.该工艺运行稳定可靠,可为同行业类似废水处理提供工程经验.     

江苏省分流域电镀废水提标可行性分析及建议

提高电镀废水排放标准是切实削减污染物产生,改善水生态环境质量的关键举措。基于对江苏省典型电镀行业废水达标排放情况的分析,从技术、管理和经济等方面分析了江苏省分流域电镀废水提标可行性。研究结果表明,长江流域和淮河流域内电镀企业废水提标排放存在困难,处置技术和投资成本成为影响电镀企业废水提标排放的重要限制因素。建议在暂缓长江、淮河流域电镀行业整体提标的同时,加快电镀企业入园和企业废水处理技术提标改造。     

Time-series analysis of global zinc demand associated with steel

This study aimed to analyze the global-scale substance flow of zinc associated with steel in order to discuss the sustainable use of zinc resources in the future. The relationship between the demand for steel and zinc was characterized in terms of zinc intensity for galvanized steel and the percentage of galvanized steel that accounts for the total steel demand. Zinc consumption for steel was divided into end uses according to the statistics on steel. Zinc demand in the future was forecasted with three scenarios for zinc intensity. Future steel demand was estimated using the stocks-drive-flows model, in which the demand is determined by the change in stock. The growth of in-use stock of galvanized steel in the future was estimated by considering economic growth on the basis of the transition of in-use stock of galvanized steel in the past. The cumulative zinc demand for galvanized steel up to the year 2050 was compared with the zinc reserves. It was found that the global average recovery rate of zinc was estimated at approximately 20% by the dynamic substance flow analysis for zinc. It is hoped that the recovery rate will increase. Even if zinc intensity is continuously reduced according to an experience curve based on technological development, a large portion of the current reserves will be consumed for galvanized steel. It was concluded that technological development in reducing zinc intensity will play a significant role in zinc resource conservation.     

A disclosure of social and environmental results/economy resulting from the implementation of reverse logistics and final disposal of the post‐consumption product: The case of computer peripherals industry

This research was conducted with the objective of determining and evidencing the social and environmental/economic results from the implementation of a reverse logistics program providing for the recycling, reuse, and, when necessary, final, environmentally correct disposal of post‐consumption products and product wastes by a multinational manufacturer of computer peripherals with an operation based in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The reverse logistics process (logisticareversa, or, in this paper, LR) was intended to meet the objectives and principles of the regulatory framework defined in the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) in Brazil. A single case study was carried out. The results showed that after the adoption of the solid waste management policy, the study company no longer disposed of 1,413,552 kilograms (kg) of materials classified as mixed iron, polystyrene, cardboard, toner powder, and plastic in landfills. The LR process made a profit in two companies: the company surveyed made, in Brazilian reais (R), R$ 9,188,185.51, and the company contracted to carry out the process made, R$ 411,325.97. This latter profit is called by us the “social profit.” The measurement of the environmental/economic, social, and financial results by internalizing the expenses of the LR program into the costs of production shows that reuse and recycling better meets the needs of society and the company than landfilling these post‐consumption materials. Furthermore, the use of cost accounting allows the verification of other goals not indicated in the current model, such as the generation of employment, income, mitigation of environmental problems, and the profit earned by the company contracted to implement the LR process. We also conclude that cost accounting makes it possible to obtain necessary information for decision makers, who are seeking to neutralize environmental impacts and promote sustainable development, thus harmonizing the economic, social, and environmental aspects, to understand the impacts of the LR process.     

The role of gas flaring in the rapid corrosion of zinc roofs in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

This study examined the role of gas flaring in the rapid corrosion of zinc roofs in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Four experimental sites were set up where samples of galvanized iron sheet (popularly called “zinc roofs”) were exposed to the atmosphere. The corrosion behaviour of galvanized iron sheet through weight loss determination under different environmental conditions was monitored. A uniform angle of inclination of 22° (which represents the mean angle of inclination of house roofs in the study area) was chosen. The results showed that corrosion was more severe (average readings of 25.89, 34.30, and 21.27 mg) in the three experimental sites that were located near pollution sources such as gas flare station or sea aerosols, than at the controlled site (2.36 mg) that was located far away from pollution sources. It is recommended that government’s policy of zero gas flaring for oil companies operating in the Niger Delta by 2010 be pursued with vigour, so as to realize the deadline and subsequently reduce the economic burden currently suffered by the inhabitants of the Niger Delta through frequent replacement of house roofs and incessant illnesses. In addition, individuals and companies operating in the region should avoid bush burning, reduce the rate of fossil fuel consumption by conserving energy, and install catalytic converters in cars and industrial chimneys, so as to reduce emissions.     

Assessing and improving management practices when planning packaging waste collection systems

Packaging waste collection systems are responsible to collect, within a geographic area, three types of packaging materials (paper, glass and plastic/metal) that are disposed by the final consumer into special bins. Those systems are often characterized by having a network with multiple depots that act as transfer and sorting stations, and where the vehicle fleet is based. However, each depot is often managed independently and not as a part of a unique system. In this work, four current tactical/operational practices that contribute to the independent management of each depot are analysed. The change of such practices is investigated and their impact assessed on the total collection cost. A solution methodology based on mathematical formulations is developed to plan service areas, vehicle routes and vehicle schedules taking into account new alternative solutions in managing the system as a whole. Such methodology is applied to a real case study of a company responsible for the collection of the packaging waste in 7 municipalities in mainland Portugal. New service areas, collection routes and vehicle schedules are defined and significant savings are obtained in terms of the total distance travelled as well as in terms of the number of required vehicles, resulting in a decreasing of the total system cost.     

A demonstration of how virtual meetings can enhance sustainability in a corporate context

Video conferencing (VC) offers benefits to businesses and organizations. A three‐month trial was undertaken across a telecommunications company in Australia to evaluate the use of VC benefits monitoring software to capture data and calculate utilization and business travel savings from air and car travel for individual VC end points across the company. The results from the trial were used by the finance and administration department of the company to promote VC usage and, at the same time, to introduce a nonessential air travel ban, which led to annualized cost savings of up to 40% on business as usual.     

A TWO-DIMENSIONAL PARTICLE TRACKING ESTUARINE TRANSPORT MODEL1

ABSTRACT: A two-dimensional particle tracking model is developed for estuarine water quality investigation. The method requires only the solution of a two-dimensional hydrodynamics model and, therefore, is more economical to use than conventional multi-dimensional estuarine transport models. The present model does not consider turbulent diffusion, and it handles only conservative constituents. The model was applied to Humboldt Bay, California, where the flushing of sewage effluent was simulated. The model was applied to evaluate the present release plan, and to determine alternative release plans for limiting the transport of sewage effluent into shellfish producing areas Within the Bay.     

Psychological interventional approach for reduce resource consumption: Reducing plastic bag usage at supermarkets

A field study was conducted to investigate the reduction of plastic bag usage at supermarkets. Many behaviors leading to potential damage to the environment may be unintentional. This study applied a dual motivation model to plastic bag usage and examined the effects of an intervention aimed at promoting pro-environmental behavior. A voice prompt intervention was implemented in Japanese supermarkets. In the first (control) week, shoppers were given free plastic bags by the cashier. In the second (intervention) week, cashiers asked shoppers whether they wanted plastic bags. We collected observational and questionnaire measures of variables that predicted free plastic bag usage during the intervention. The results supported a dual motivation model of behavioral change. The voice prompt decreased the usage of plastic bags by both discouraging unintentional usage and encouraging an intentional reduction in usage. Possibilities for interventions designed both to attenuate unintentional motivation and to promote intentional motivation are considered.     

Assessing societal costs associated with environmental impacts

A study of “harmless” odors was utilized as a platform for determining the cost impact of envi‐ronmental effects resulting from management decisions. The cost to society of “harmless” odors eventually leads to internal costs for companies emitting the odors. It is easier to determine societal costs for “harmless” odors than to estimate the internal costs that eventually accrue to a company. However, larger societal costs will lead to larger company costs; larger societal costs prob‐ably also lead to faster company internalization of costs.c 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The influence of a voluntary fee in the consumption of plastic bags on supermarkets from Madeira Island (Portugal)

Since 2007, some supermarkets in Portugal have voluntarily abolished the free distribution of plastic bags, implementing a symbolic charge of €0.02 each at the same time that others still offer free plastic bags. This study assesses the influence of this voluntary measure on the reduction of plastic bags consumption, comparing clients from supermarkets that have adopted it with others who have free distribution. The reutilisation of bags reached 37% in supermarkets where customers pay a fee and was absent in supermarkets where plastic bags are free. Even the abstention of using bags, when clients buy only few products, is significantly higher in supermarkets where there are charges for plastic bags. The 2 cents charged has also induced a significant increase in optimal use of plastic bags since 52% of clients that pay for plastic bags use them so they are almost full, but only 17% do the same when they are free. Taken together, the different effects of charging for plastic bags represents a potential reduction of 64%. A mandatory tax on plastic bags is an important measure to reduce substantially the number of plastic bags consumed and to improve sustainability through the reduction of environmental, economic and social costs of pollution and waste management.     

Environmental evaluation of plastic waste management scenarios

The management of the plastic fraction is one of the most debated issues in the discussion on integrated municipal solid waste systems. Both material and energy recovery can be performed on such a waste stream, and different separate collection schemes can be implemented. The aim of the paper is to contribute to the debate, based on the analysis of different plastic waste recovery routes. Five scenarios were defined and modelled with a life cycle assessment approach using the EASEWASTE model. In the baseline scenario (P0) the plastic is treated as residual waste and routed partly to incineration with energy recovery and partly to mechanical biological treatment. A range of potential improvements in plastic management is introduced in the other four scenarios (P1–P4). P1 includes a source separation of clean plastic fractions for material recycling, whereas P2 a source separation of mixed plastic fraction for mechanical upgrading and separation into specific polymer types, with the residual plastic fraction being down-cycled and used for “wood items”. In P3 a mixed plastic fraction is source separated together with metals in a “dry bin”. In P4 plastic is mechanically separated from residual waste prior to incineration.A sensitivity analysis on the marginal energy was carried out. Scenarios were modelled as a first step assuming that marginal electricity and heat were based on coal and on a mix of fuels and then, in the sensitivity analysis, the marginal energy was based on natural gas.The study confirmed the difficulty to clearly identify an optimal strategy for plastic waste management. In fact none of the examined scenarios emerged univocally as the best option for all impact categories. When moving from the P0 treatment strategy to the other scenarios, substantial improvements can be obtained for “Global Warming”. For the other impact categories, results are affected by the assumption about the substituted marginal energy. Nevertheless, irrespective of the assumptions on marginal energy, scenario P4, which implies the highest quantities of specific polymer types sent to recycling, resulted the best option in most impact categories.