蜂窝状Ti_(0.14)Mn_(0.86)O_x/CH催化剂的制备及其低温NH_3-SCR脱硝性能

采用自蔓延高温合成法(SHS)以堇青石蜂窝陶瓷(CH)为基体制备了一系列Ti_(1-y)MnyO_x/CH整体式催化剂,应用于柴油车尾气氮氧化物净化.考察了制备参数(钛锰比、涂覆次数、点燃温度)和工况条件(空速,水蒸气)对催化剂低温SCR(选择性催化还原)脱硝活性的影响,采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、比表面积(BET)等表征手段对催化剂的结构和形貌进行表征.结果表明,在Ti∶Mn=1∶6(物质的量之比),一次涂覆,点燃温度为350℃条件下所制备的催化剂具有最佳的NH_3-SCR脱硝活性,Ti_(0.14)Mn_(0.86)O_x/CH催化剂在空速为30000 h~(-1),氧气含量为3 vol%反应温度为150—250℃时反应条件为最优,催化剂在150℃以上具有良好的耐水性.Ti元素的添加提高了催化剂表面Mn~(4+)/Mn~(3+)比例,并使MnO_x呈无定形态均匀分散在Ti_(0.14)Mn_(0.86)O_x/CH催化剂表面,提高催化剂的低温SCR活性.     

蜂窝状Mnx/PG-CC催化剂中低温CH_4-SCR脱硝性能

采用悬浮浆液法将凹凸棒石(PG)涂覆于堇菁石(CC)表面,制备PG-CC载体.将PG-CC载体以过饱和浸渍法经Mn(NO_3)_2前驱体溶液处理后依次干燥、煅烧制得Mnx/PG-CC整体式催化剂,应用于柴油车尾气净化处理.考察了制备参数(锰负载量、煅烧温度)和工况条件(氧气含量,CH_4/NO)对Mnx/PG-CC催化剂在CH_4-SCR反应中脱硝活性的影响.采用BET、FE-SEM、XRD、XPS和NO吸脱附等表征手段对催化剂的结构和形貌进行表征.结果表明,在锰负载量为11%、煅烧温度为300℃下所制得的催化剂具有较佳的CH_4-SCR脱硝活性,O_2含量为5%、CH_4/NO为1,反应温度为300℃时反应条件最优.锰氧化物活性组分在催化剂表面的高度分散和均匀分布有利于催化剂的CH_4-SCR脱硝活性提高,且有助于NO吸附在载体表面并形成硝酸盐中间体参与催化反应.     

载镍活性炭低温脱硫及其制备影响因素研究

活性炭负载镍催化剂具有较好的低温脱硫性能。为研发适合钢铁企业烧结烟气低温脱硫的活性炭,以椰壳活性炭为研究对象,采用硝酸镍浸渍法制备载镍活性炭,使用模拟烧结烟气开展了炭基和载镍(0.5%、1%、2%、3%、4%)活性炭(0.5Ni/AC、1Ni/AC、2Ni/AC、3Ni/AC、4Ni/AC)脱硫实验,并通过扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对炭基和催化剂进行表征。炭基脱硫性能研究结果表明,当反应温度为30℃时,炭基活性炭脱硫效果最好,反应温度越低对物理吸附越有利,反应温度越高对化学吸附越有利;分析表明炭基脱硫机理为SO_2、O_2和H_2O被活性炭吸附成为吸附态,主要在微孔条件下形成硫酸。载镍活性炭脱硫反应温度、空速和SO_2入口质量分数影响因素研究结果表明,反应温度为60℃时,1Ni/AC催化剂具有最佳的脱硫率,其保持100%脱硫率的时间长达120 min;脱硫剂的脱硫率随空速的升高而不断下降,低空速有利于反应的进行;SO_2的入口质量分数在0.1%~0.3%时,有利于脱硫反应的进行。分析脱硫前后催化剂表征结果可知,脱硫反应后会在活性炭孔表面出现大量脱硫产物,堵塞了活性炭孔道,覆盖了催化剂表面的活性位,中断了催化剂脱硫反应链。当焙烧温度大于900℃时,镍全部以单质镍形式存在于活性炭中;600~800℃焙烧温度条件下,脱硫剂具有较高的脱硫率,镍的主要存在形态为Ni O。当Ni的负载量为1%时,脱硫剂具有最好的脱硫效果。研究结果可为烧结烟气低温脱硫及多污染物协同治理提供借鉴。     

废碱锰电池焙烧干粉中Mn2+浸出行为的研究

研究了废碱性锌锰电池焙烧干粉(BakePowderofSpentAlkalineZincManganeseBattery,简称SLR干粉)在硫酸体系中的酸解行为,分析了硫酸浓度、反应温度、催化剂用量和固液比对SLR干粉中Mn2+浸出率的影响,探讨了在硫酸体系中Mn2+的浸出行为。试验数据表明:硫酸浓度和催化剂用量对反应影响较大,同时得出了最佳的酸解反应条件:硫酸浓度10%、反应温度40℃、催化剂用量2%(体积比)、固液比1:10和反应时间2h。在此条件下Mn2+浸出率达87%以上,为进一步回收利用废碱性锌锰电池提供理论依据。     

催化湿式过氧化氢氧化农药废水Cu-Ni-Ce/SiO2催化剂的研究

研究了Cu-Ni-Ce/SiO2催化剂的载体粒度、负载量、焙烧温度和Ce添加量等因素对催化剂活性及稳定性的影响,其最佳制备条件为:80-100目SiO2载体、4%负载量,700℃焙烧温度,0.16?添加量.利用BET比表面积、XRD和金属溶出量对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明:Cu-Ni-Ce/SiO2催化剂催化湿式过氧化氢氧化降解处理吡虫啉农药废水,在催化剂用量10g·l-1,反应温度110℃,双氧水用量为理论需用量,进水pH值为9.0,反应60min的条件下,COD去除率为88.7%,活性组分溶出量较小.     

高压脉冲放电协同LaMn1-x FexO3钙钛矿型催化剂去除NOx

高压脉冲放电协同催化剂技术是目前最具有前景的去除NO_x的方法之一,本文以氮氧化物为处理对象,通过脉冲放电协同LaMn_(1-x)Fe_xO_3钙钛矿型催化剂去除NO_x.采用柠檬酸-EDTA溶胶凝胶法制备LaMnO_3钙钛矿催化剂,对该催化剂掺杂Fe元素,改变催化剂制备时的焙烧温度,探究催化剂协同脉冲放电在不同反应温度、催化剂投加量等因素下对NO转化、NO_2生成和NO_x的去除效果的影响,从而达到提高氮氧化物的去除率、降低能耗等目的.同时结合XRD、SEM、BET等表征手段对催化剂进行表征.结果表明,在催化剂LaMn_(1-x)Fe_xO_3中,随着Fe掺杂比的增加,NO转化率出现先增大后逐渐减小的趋势;随着催化剂的焙烧温度增加,NO转化率出现逐渐减小的趋势;随着催化剂投加量的增加,NO_x去除率不断增大后趋于稳定.在放电频率为30 Hz、脉冲电压为30 kV、Fe的掺杂比为0.3、焙烧温度为700℃、投加量为1.6 g、反应温度为300℃的条件下,NO_x的去除率为62.15%.     

V2O5/ACF催化剂用于烟气低温脱硝的研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备V_2O_5/ACF,CuO/ACF和Fe_2O_3/ACF催化剂,在H_2O和SO_2存在下,三种催化剂选择性催化还原(SCR)NO_x的活性依次为V_2O_5/ACF>CuO/ACF>Fe_2O_3/ACF.对V_2O_5/ACF催化剂中V_2O_5担载量、反应温度和反应空速对脱硝活性的研究表明,当H_2O和SO_2存在时,V_2O_5的最佳负载量为0.5wt%,在反应温度为180℃,空速为2000 h~(-1)时,NO转化率可达84%,表明该催化剂具有良好的抗H_2O和SO_2毒化的能力.     

紫外-发光二极管光催化降解气相甲硫醚的影响因素

采用主波长367 nm的紫外-发光二极管(UV-LED)作激发光源,Degussa P25-TiO2薄膜作催化剂,在平板反应器中模拟了低浓度(8.3mg.m-3)典型恶臭气体甲硫醚(DMS)的光催化降解过程;研究了催化剂负载量、光照强度、温度、相对湿度、体积流速对DMS光催化降解过程的影响规律.甲硫醚的去除效率和反应速率随着催化剂负载量的增加(5.0—36.0μg.cm-2)而增大,其最大去除率可达到97.6%.在本实验条件下,室温21.6℃、相对湿度47.5%要比低温12.1℃、低相对湿度10.9%—29.8%更有利于反应的进行;DMS的反应速率随着体积流速的增大呈现先增大后稳定的趋势,当流速小于3.4×10-7m.3s-1时,反应受传质控制,流速大于6.8×10-7m.3s-1时,反应受反应速率控制,流速在3.4×10-7—6.8×10-7m.3s-1之间时为过渡态.     

Fe-Mn/AC催化湿式过氧化氢氧化间甲酚

采用等体积浸渍法制备了一种新型Fe-Mn/AC催化剂,应用于催化湿式过氧化氢氧化(CWPO)间甲酚废水.通过SEM和XRF表征了其表面形态结构和元素组成,通过穆斯堡尔谱分析了催化剂中铁离子的存在形态,结果表明,新型Fe-Mn/AC催化剂中的铁以二价铁、三价铁以及四氧化三铁的形式存在.通过正交实验考察了CWPO降解间甲酚的影响因素,结果表明,各因素对间甲酚转化率影响的大小顺序依次为:底物初始p H值反应温度反应时间催化剂投加量.通过正交实验得到CWPO降解间甲酚的最佳反应条件.当间甲酚浓度为100 mg·L-1、反应温度为40℃、反应时间为40 min、催化剂投加量为0.6 g·L-1及底物初始p H值为3时,间甲酚转化率为99.8%,TOC去除率为28.3%.气相色谱/质谱联用没有检测到中间产物,气相色谱检测到CWPO降解间甲酚中间产物主要为乙酸和丙酸.     

液相催化氧化吸收烟气中SO_2的研究

本文报告了水溶液催化氧化吸收烟气中的SO_2对各种因素,包括催化剂浓度和种类、反应温度、SO_2浓度和烟气流量,以及烟气中氧气含量和反应后溶液中SO_3~(2-)和SO_4(2-)浓度与催化剂浓度的定量关系进行了研究。当催化剂浓度为0.05mol/l,SO_2浓度1000—2000ppm,温度25℃时,SO_2吸收率85％以上。并初步讨论了液相催化氧化吸收SO_2反应机理。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.