PAN-S树脂富集钴的分光光度法测定研究

研究了PAN—S浸渍树脂对Co^2＋的吸附性能。Co^2＋吸附pH值范围为4．7—9．2，最佳pH值为5．4；达到最大吸附容量需25min，树脂对Co^2＋平衡吸附容量是98mg／g干树脂，达到最大吸附容量平衡时用0．1mol／L的HNO，洗脱，洗脱率达98％。该方法建立了PAN—S-树脂富集一分离钴离子的分光光度测定方法，结果令人满意。     

大孔树脂去除水中微囊藻毒素初步试验

通过对几种大孔树脂的去除水中微囊藻毒素MC效果的比较，发现BS树脂对MC-RR和MC-LR的去除效果都很好，优于其他型号的树脂，静态吸附实验的结果显示，适当减小溶液的pH有利于树脂吸附MC，在pH：5，BS树脂对MC-RR和MC-LR均有比较好的去除效果。     

H103大孔树脂吸附苯酚性能研究

通过静态吸附试验,研究了不同条件下H103大孔树脂对水中苯酚的吸附性能。结果表明,树脂对水中苯酚的吸附速率较快,60min内基本达到平衡。树脂对水中苯酚的吸附量随其初始浓度的增加而增加,并呈线性关系。Freundlich模型能很好地描述H103大孔树脂对苯酚的吸附性能。动态处理某精细化工含酚废水结果表明,在室温下,固定床流速为3BV/h时,水中苯酚去除率接近91.9%,CODcr去除率≥69.3%。采用5%NaOH再生,再生率为86.5%,实现了酚的回收。     

工业废水中硫化促进剂M的HPLC分析及吸附分离法

本文门高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）对工业废水中硫化促进剂Ｍ进行监测，并用高分子多孔树脂做吸附剂，使废水的ＣＯＤ值明显下降。得到三种树脂的动态吸附曲线及最大吸附量、始漏量等重要数据。     

串级微色谱柱分离富集光度法连续测定矿石中痕量铀和钍

采用串级法将D206阴离子树脂微色谱柱与HD-8阳离子交换树脂微色谱柱联用.连续测定了矿石中的痕量铀及钍元素.在4mol/L HCI介质中铀以阴离子形式存在,首先被首级微色谱柱D206阴离子树脂吸附分离,适量的水即可将其洗脱.而钍呈阳离子形态存在,被HD-8阳离子交换树脂吸附分离.用氯化铵溶液转型后,3ml 40g/L草酸铵溶液即可洗脱HD-8阳离子交换树脂中的钍.实现了痕量铀和钍的连续测定.方法简便、快速,适合于含铁、稀土较高的矿石样品中痕量铀、钍的的连续测定.     

气相色谱法测定地下水中氯化苄

建立了气相色谱法测定地下水中氯化苄的方法。选用ＧＤＸ５０２大孔树脂或Ｃ１８小预处理柱吸附浓缩地下水中氯化苄，用苯洗脱，洗脱液注入色谱仪进行分析。方法回收率为８６４９８１％，变异系数＜８％。     

静态离子交换原子吸收法测定环境水样中的铬(Ⅵ)和总铬

本文提出了用苯乙烯强碱型阴离子交换树脂对环境水样中Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）交换吸附后，与基体分离，用ＮａＨＳＯ３进行还原洗脱，火焰原子吸收法测定洗脱液中Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的方法，同时研究了在强氧化剂过硫酸铵存在下，用上法测定环境水样中总铬的条件。结果表明，该法简单快速，能达到一次分离阴、阳离子干扰和富集微量的铬，灵敏度为０．０３６μｇ／ｍｌ１％吸收，相对标准偏差２．８％，回收率９８～１０３％。     

TBP萃淋树脂分离GFAAS法测定水与废水中的铬(Ⅵ)和铬(Ⅲ)

提出了以磷酸三丁酯 (TBP)萃淋树脂分离富集六价铬的方法 ,对 TBP萃淋树脂为柱填料分离富集 Cr( )的介质、酸度、洗脱条件及干扰行为等进行了详细研究。结果表明在 1 %的盐酸介质中 ,TBP萃淋树脂能定量吸附 Cr( ) ,配以石墨炉原子吸收法测定达到分别测定 Cr( )和 Cr( )之目的。方法快速简便 ,试样无需经过复杂的前处理 ,方法检出限为 2 μg L,对含铬 5μg L的试样测得方法的变异系数为 5 5% ,标准回收率为 95%～ 1 0 5%。     

牛骨炭对水溶液中Hg（Ⅱ）吸附性的研究

以牛骨为原料，氯化锌为活化剂制备牛骨基炭，通过静态吸附试验研究了牛骨炭对水中Hg（Ⅱ）的吸附效果并确定了影响吸附性能的因素。研究结果表明：牛骨炭对Hg（Ⅱ）的最佳吸附时间约为2h、吸附温度为25℃、pH值为1、投加量为0．1g、吸附溶液的最大初始浓度为600mg／L，其最大吸附容量Q^0为43．1mg／g，吸附行为符合Freundl—ich吸附等温模型；通过BET分析和扫描电镜（SEM）等手段表征了牛骨炭的孔结构参数及形貌特征，经分析，所制备牛骨炭的孔径分布为中孔。     

新型树脂吸附法在环境抗生素监测中的应用

抗生素造成的环境污染日趋严重、普遍,在我国形势尤为严峻.其污染的对策、现状正逐步成为国际、国内的研究热点,并已经引起包括我国在内的各国政府的高度重视.树脂吸附法因其耐酸碱等特性在环境抗生素的富集、分离和监测中具有独特的优势,本文对此进行了较详尽的论述.     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。