含油污泥化学热洗技术研究

以新疆油田含油污泥为研究对象开展化学洗涤实验,以自制的表面活性剂为主洗涤剂,复配碱性无机盐,确定了最优的洗涤剂配方,并在此基础上研究了温度、洗涤时间、固液比、搅拌速度在单因素和正交试验情况下对含油污泥除油率的影响。结果表明,最优配方为磺酸盐型阴离子表面活性剂QH501和聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂DE02配比1?2,浓度2 000 mg/L,碱性无机盐Na₂SiO₃浓度为900 mg/L;各因素对洗涤效果的影响大小依次为：温度>固液比>搅拌速度>洗涤时间;最佳工艺条件为：洗涤温度70℃、固液比1?4、洗涤时间40 min、搅拌速度70 r/min,在该工艺条件下洗涤后污泥含油率可由12.56%降低至1.34%,除油率高达89.3%,含油率满足新疆维吾尔自治区DB65/T 3998—2017《油气田含油污泥综合利用污染控制要求》。     

不同表面活性剂对土壤中BaP的去除研究

将非离子型表面活性剂Brij35、阳离子型表面活性剂CTAB、阴离子型表面活性剂SDBS、生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂Rhamnolipid对苯并芘(BaP)的增溶能力和对BaP污染土壤的洗脱效果进行了对比研究,当表面活性剂浓度为10g/L时,其洗脱效果:Brij35(71.3%)Rhamnolipid(49.9%)SDBS(43.2%)CTAB(13.1%)。通过计算与比较临界胶束浓度(CMC)、摩尔增溶比(MSR)、表面活性剂在土壤表面的饱和吸附量,几种表面活性剂中确定Brij35为最佳清洗剂。同时探究了液固比、表面活性剂浓度、温度、洗脱时间对土壤中BaP去除率的影响。结果表明最佳的洗脱条件为:液固比101,Brij35 10g/L,反应温度20℃,洗脱时间24h。此条件下BaP的去除率最高可达72.4%。研究证实了Brij35能促进土壤中BaP的分离以达到修复目的。     

热碱水溶液清洗－气浮分离对原油污染土壤的处理

针对落地原油的回收及土壤污染治理问题，提出了用热碱水溶液清洗－气浮分离的处理方法，获得了比较理想的结果。实验中考察了清洗过程的反应温度、清洗时间、液固比、碱浓度及气浮温度和气浮时间等各种影响因素，得到了适宜的处理工艺条件。在此处理条件下，可使含稠油１２．５％的模拟含油土壤的油去除率达到９２．５％～９３．５％，土壤中残留含量降至０．９％～１．０％．提出的处理方法，能原消耗较低，碱剂费用仅为７元／ｔ（ｔ土）左右，且可以回收洗脱出来的原油。     

多头基季铵盐在土壤表面的吸附行为

以二乙胺盐酸盐、环氧氯丙烷和十八烷基二甲基叔胺为原料,合成十八烷基多头基季铵盐表面活性剂。采用电导率的方法,测定了合成产物的临界胶束浓度;并采用分光光度法,研究了多头基季铵盐在土壤表面的静态吸附行为,探讨了吸附时间、液固比、多头基季铵盐浓度对吸附行为的影响。结果表明,合成产物为目标产物,合成产物的临界胶束浓度(cmc)为1.2×10~(-4)mol/L,多头基季铵盐在土壤表面达到吸附平衡的时间为6 h,最佳液固比为400:1,吸附等温线符合Langmuir单分子层吸附,饱和吸附量为4.17×10~(-4)mol/g。     

不同物质对垃圾渗滤液中腐殖酸的吸附研究

垃圾渗滤液是一种有毒有害的高浓度有机废水，其中含大量腐殖酸。腐殖酸具有离子交换能力、吸附能力和脱除杂质能力，因此在很多方面有实用价值。活性碳、土壤、堆肥对废水中的有机物有一定的吸附能力。本文采用正交设计的方法，研究了活性碳、土壤、堆肥在不同温度，液／固，腐殖酸初始浓度的条件下对垃圾渗滤液中腐殖酸的吸附效果。实验结果表明：四种实验因素对吸附剂的吸附能力的影响程度为：吸附剂类型〉腐殖酸的初始浓度〉吸附反应温度〉液固比。在温度为25℃，液固比为50／0．5（mL/g），腐殖酸初始浓度为41．99（mg／L），吸附剂类型为活性碳时，腐殖酸吸附量最大，为40．86mg。同时分析了响应指标随因素的变化趋势。     

Winsor I微乳液＋臭氧氧化联合处理油基岩屑研究

采用“含有配制油基钻井液用主乳和油相的Winsor I微乳液＋臭氧氧化”联合工艺对油基岩屑进行处理,Winsor I微乳液处理油基岩屑后所得的基础油和部分主乳化剂进入平衡油相,可以用来配制油基钻井液,臭氧氧化对岩屑进行深度处理,进一步降低岩屑表面含油量。文章以处理后岩屑含油量为指标,系统优化了微乳液组成、微乳液清洗油基岩屑工艺和臭氧氧化工艺。根据实验结果推荐微乳液组成为“脂肪醇聚氧乙烯 醚硫酸钠＋配制油基钻井液用主乳化剂（2:1）”,混合乳化剂浓度为6％,正戊醇浓度5％,柴油浓度36％,其他为盐水。微乳液清洗条件为固液比1:5,室温下搅拌清洗60min。此条件下岩屑含油量可降至1.41％,微乳液重复使用4次后,岩屑含油量仍可以保持在2.0％以下。臭氧氧化深度处理时,推荐工艺条件为臭氧氧化时间40min,清水pH＝7,固液比1:5,臭氧流量5mg/min ,处理后岩屑含油量可降至0.36％。     

混凝沉降法处理洗衣废水的实验研究

洗涤废水含有表面活性剂和磷酸盐物质,直接排入水体会造成水体的污染,增加给水处理厂的处理难度,甚至会引起水体富营养化。本实验是通过投加PAC和PAM絮凝沉降联合活性炭吸附来处理商业洗涤废水,以去除废水中的COD。实验表明：采用PAC PAM 活性炭工艺处理洗衣废水的效果较好,投药过程COD的去除率可以达到60％以上,经过活性炭过滤后,总的去除率可以达到86％。出水ODD可以降至在50mg／L左右。     

页岩气压裂返排液处理效果影响因素研究

以昭通页岩气示范区的A、B两种类型压裂返排液为研究对象,研究和优选了适用于压裂返排液的混凝剂和促凝剂,并考察了温度、沉降时间、pH值及表面活性剂对SS(固体悬浮物)去除效果的影响,为工程应用提供了较好的指导。结果表明:聚合氯化铝与聚丙烯酰胺1 600对两种类型压裂返排液均有良好的絮凝效果,对A型压裂返排液:聚合氯化铝和聚丙烯酰胺1 600浓度分别为400 mg/L和4 mg/L、温度为25℃、pH值为6～8、沉降30 min,SS去除率为98%;对B型压裂返排液:聚合氯化铝和聚丙烯酰胺1 600浓度分别为480 mg/L和12 mg/L、温度为25℃、pH值为6.5～8、沉降30 min,SS去除率为97%。细菌含量对压裂返排液SS去除率无显著影响。4种类型表面活性剂对絮凝效果的影响大小排序为:阴离子非离子两性≈阳离子。     

基于化学洗涤的含油污泥无害化处理技术研究

针对塔河油田含油污泥开展了化学洗涤技术的试验研究。依据溶解理论对试剂进行优选,筛选复配出高效的化学试剂。已处理后的污泥中含油率为主要指标,研究处理过程中的洗涤温度、溶剂浓度、洗涤时间、搅拌速度对处理效果产生影响,通过正交实验得到处理含油污泥的最佳操作条件,以及洗涤级数对处理效果的影响因素。     

化学热洗一重金属固化法处理含油污泥实验研究

对比分析了常见含油污泥处理方法的技术特点,利用化学热洗重金属固化法处理油气开采中的含油污泥。结果表明:温度40℃、萃取剂用量10 g/L、清洗剂加量5 g/L、混合型阳离子表面活性剂浓度5 g/L、清洗时间30 min时,原油的回收率、泥沙中的残油率、杀菌效果等均达到最佳。     

井场含油固体废物综合治理及应用研究

在井下作业中,原油、废水与地表土壤及铺垫井场地面的废钢渣等相混合,形成了特殊的作业井场含油固体废物。为此,采用了两种处理方法对该类含油固体废物进行综合治理研究。一是向受油污染的土壤中直接投放营养物,促进土壤里的细菌和微生物繁殖;二是将受油污染的土壤集中堆积在处理场进行统一处理。试验结果表明:第一种处理工艺要求较高,目前还难以推广应用。选用含油固体废物替代部分粉煤灰来烧制红砖,这种处理方法符合国家倡导的发展绿色环保型建筑材料的方向,为建材行业提供了优质的助燃材料。该技术比其他处理技术成本低,因此具有推广和应用价值。     

中原油田总机厂镍磷化学镀废水治理

利用价廉、来源广的石灰复配聚丙烯酰胺（ＰＡＭ）作为絮凝剂，处理镍磷化学镀废水。实验结果表明：石灰复配ＰＡＭ，明显加快絮体的沉降速度并减少絮体的体积，经处理后水质符合外排标准，处理费用大幅度下降，是一种经济可行的方法。根据实验结果为中原油田总机厂设计出镍磷化学镀废水治理方案。     

Land application of biomass residue generated from palm oil processing: its potential benefits and threats

Man’s increased demand for food and better living conditions has led to over exploitation of resources and the consequent generation of enormous amounts of liquid and solid waste materials. This is one of the global challenges for mankind. In Malaysia, palm oil mill waste (POMW) contributes the highest proportion of industrial solid wastes produced yearly. Wastes from the mills include palm oil mill effluent, decanter cake, empty fruit bunches, seed shells and the fibre from the mesocarp. Direct application of POMW into agricultural soil has resulted in a number of problems such as water pollution, leaching. However, with application rates specific for targeted plant species, land application can be employed as a permanent solution to the problem of waste from palm oil mills. This review examines the characteristics of each of the palm oil wastes and their potential for use as a future fertilizer supplement.     

Zinc recovery from hazardous construction wastes via an integrated process of the air classification,alkaline leaching,and water washing

Zinc- and lead-containing wastes are often mixed with construction and demolition wastes in many factories, generating abundant of heavy metal-enriched hazardous waste. In the present study, a novel integrated process of air classification, alkaline leaching, and water washing dechlorination was proposed for the efficient recycling of Zinc (Zn) resources. The first air classification process was realized via venturi tube, wherein the content of Zn could increase by 20 wt.%. After that, the product underwent an alkaline leaching process. Results showed that Zn recovery rate increased with fine particle sizes, and a 65% recovery rate was obtained under the following conditions of 5 mol/L NaOH, liquid/solid 10:1, and leaching time 1 h. Finally, water washing associated with microwave and ultrasonic treatments could remove over 85% of Cl and other water-soluble salts. All the results indicated that the integrated method had an excellent recovery rate for Zn resources from construction and demolition wastes.     

热水介质＋脱附破乳组剂处理高凝固点油泥的条件研究

通过热水介质添加脱附破乳组剂的方法,研究了辽河油田公司沈阳采油厂油泥分离的相关条件。通过油泥的组分分析、热水介质温度实验、处理时间实验、脱附破乳组剂浓度实验,确定了热水介质添加脱附破乳组剂实现油泥分离的条件:脱附破乳组剂浓度为15.0 g/L、洗涤温度50℃、洗涤时间大于5 min。     

Solid olive waste in environmental cleanup: oil recovery and carbon production for water purification

A potentially-economic three-fold strategy, to use solid olive wastes in water purification, is presented. Firstly, oil remaining in solid waste (higher than 5% of waste) was recovered by the Soxhlet extraction technique, which can be useful for the soap industry. Secondly, the remaining solid was processed to yield relatively high-surface area active carbon (AC). Thirdly, the resulting carbon was employed to reversibly adsorb chromate ions from water, aiming to establish a water purification process with reusable AC. The technique used here enabled oil recovery together with the production of a clean solid, suitable for making AC. This process also has the advantage of low production cost.     

用固相萃取-HPLC法测定水质中杀菌剂多菌灵的方法研究

用固相萃取法萃取水和废水中的多菌灵,取浓缩纯化后的有机相直接进样到高效液相色谱仪,用二极管矩阵检测器检测,根据保留时间外标法定量.     

Transesterification of hazelnut oil by ultrasonic irradiation

Ultrasonic irradiation is considered an effective way to increase mass transfer between immiscible liquid–liquid phases in a heterogeneous system leading to faster transesterification and higher yield and saving excess methanol and catalyst. In this study, the transesteri?cation of hazelnut oil with methanol and ethanol was performed in the presence of potassium hydroxide or sodium methoxide as a catalyst using two types of ultrasonic irradiation with a probe (20 kHz, 200 W) and a bath (35 kHz, 400 W); a conventional production method was also used. The reaction time, alcohol:oil molar ratio, catalyst type (KOH or NaOCH₃), and catalyst amount (wt.% of oil) were studied as experimental parameters. The highest methyl ester conversion was obtained as 98.12% by using ultrasonic probe at a 5:1 methanol:oil molar ratio with KOH 1 wt.% of oil as catalyst in 20-min reaction time at autogenous temperature. The application of ultrasonic irradiation by using a probe decreased the level of energy consumption, showing that this method may be a promising alternative compared with the conventional production method.