旋链角毛藻和中肋骨条藻间的他感作用

选择两种常见硅藻——中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)为研究对象,采用滤液培养的方法考察二者之间的他感效应,结果表明:f/2全营养培养条件下,旋链角毛藻指数后期无藻细胞滤液对中肋骨条藻的生长有显著抑制作用,抑制率随旋链角毛藻滤液比例的增大而增大,他感效应随作用时间消退后,中肋骨条藻生长速率提高,且随着旋链角毛藻滤液比例的增大,中肋骨条藻的细胞粒径有减小的趋势;中肋骨条藻指数后期无藻细胞滤液对旋链角毛藻的生长速率和细胞粒径均无影响,表明中肋骨条藻对旋链角毛藻无他感作用。本实验结果可为下一步提取他感物质、研究他感作用机理提供实验基础。     

密闭培养对纤细角毛藻稳定同位素组成的影响

为研究碳源对赤潮藻生长的影响,以赤潮藻纤细角毛藻（Chaetoceros gracilis）为研究对象,在密闭条件下进行培养,模拟赤潮发生时碳源缺乏的生长环境;分析碳源不足对纤细角毛藻不同生长阶段的差异影响,采用密闭培养的方法,分别在正常组和缺氮组的营养条件下培养纤细角毛藻,测定生物量、营养盐浓度和碳氮稳定同位素组成等重要监测指标.结果表明:不同营养条件对纤细角毛藻的生物量存在显著影响.在正常组,c（NO₃--N）（NO₃--N为硝酸盐）随着培养时间呈下降趋势,ρ（NO₂--N）（NO₂--N为亚硝酸盐）和ρ（NH₄+-N）（NH₄+-N为铵盐）与藻类生物量呈显著正相关,ρ（PO₄3--P）（PO₄3--P为磷酸盐）和c（SiO₄2--Si）（SiO₄2--Si为硅酸盐）与藻类生物量呈显著负相关;在缺氮组,c（NO₃--N）、ρ（NO₂--N）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（PO₄3--P）和c（SiO₄2--Si）均与藻类生物量呈显著负相关.整个试验周期中,正常组和缺氮组δ13C和δ15N值越来越正.其中,正常组的δ13C值比缺氮组的更正,平均高2.286‰;缺氮组的δ15N值比正常组的更正,平均高3.307‰.正常组和缺氮组的δ13C、δ15N值与生物量均呈显著正相关.研究显示,碳源和氮源的不足分别会导致更正的δ13C和δ15N值,推测赤潮发生会导致δ13C和δ15N值偏正,赤潮藻的碳氮稳定同位素组成可以作为赤潮监测的指标和方法.      

桉树叶水浸出液对2种海洋微藻生长和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

运用水样叶绿素荧光仪(Water-PAM)研究了桉树叶水浸出液胁迫下湛江叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria zhanjiangensis)和纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)2种海洋微藻叶绿素荧光特性〔包括PS(光系统)Ⅱ的F_v/F₀(潜在活性)、F_v/F_m(最大光能转化效率)、Yield(实际光能转化效率)、ETR(电子传递效率),其中F_m和F₀分别为最大荧光和基础荧光〕的变化,同时监测微藻的生长情况,以研究桉树叶水浸出液对海洋微藻的影响,从而为探讨华南沿海大量种植桉树所造成潜在的海洋生态问题提供一些依据. 结果表明:①低浓度(以φ计,0.4、0.8、1.2mL/L)胁迫在96h内对湛江叉鞭金藻的上述4项荧光参数均无显著影响(P>0.05);高浓度(2.0mL/L)胁迫下,24h时湛江叉鞭金藻的4项荧光参数都处于最低值,48h时处于次低值. 表明高浓度在胁迫早期(48h内)对湛江叉鞭金藻4项荧光参数有抑制作用,而后期(72、96h)这4项荧光参数又恢复到正常水平,抑制作用解除. ②低浓度(0.4、0.8mL/L)胁迫下纤细角毛藻的4项荧光参数在24、48h内均得到促进,而高浓度(2.0mL/L)胁迫下F_v/F_m在24h时为最小值,表现抑制作用;另外3项荧光参数则未受显著影响. 在胁迫后期(72、96h),纤细角毛藻的4项荧光参数均随着胁迫浓度的增大而增加,表现为促进作用. ③就生长情况而言,随着胁迫浓度的增大,2种海洋微藻细胞密度的增长明显变缓. 表明桉树叶水浸出液对2种海洋微藻的生长以及叶绿素荧光特性都有影响,从而将会对整个海洋生态系统产生影响.      

壬基酚对胶州湾典型微藻的毒性效应

以胶州湾常见优势藻种中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)为受试生物,考察了壬基酚(NP)对两种海洋微藻的急性毒性效应,同时以超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量为指标,研究了两种海洋微藻细胞内抗氧化系统对NP氧化胁迫的响应。结果表明,NP对中肋骨条藻和旋链角毛藻生长抑制的96 h-EC50分别为0.13 mg/L和0.22 mg/L,中肋骨条藻对NP的毒性更为敏感。当中肋骨条藻培养体系中NP浓度在0.04～0.16 mg/L和旋链角毛藻培养体系中NP浓度在0.05～0.20 mg/L时,两种海洋微藻体内SOD活性均呈现出先诱导上升后抑制降低的变化趋势,MDA含量则随NP浓度的增大而增大;而在低浓度NP(<0.05 mg/L)胁迫下,96 h实验周期内,两种微藻细胞内SOD活性和MDA含量与不添加NP的对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),表明低浓度的NP胁迫下微藻体内诱导产生的抗氧化酶能够及时清除活性氧自由基,防止细胞受到损伤。暴露实验72 h后,两种微藻细胞内的SOD活性和MDA含量与NP作用浓度呈现显著的浓度-效应关系,这表明微藻细胞内SOD活性和MDA含量可以作为生物标志物用于近海水体中NP生态风险评价。     

不同起始细胞数量对旋链角毛藻和中肋骨条藻种群竞争的影响

分析了起始细胞数对中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costaurm )和旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus )种群增长的影响.结果表明,单种培养的情况下,不同起始细胞数量对中肋骨条藻和旋链角毛藻种群细胞数有显著的影响,随起始细胞数的增加种群细胞数有增加的趋势.按不同接种比例进行混合培养,两种藻生长均受到抑制,而且中肋骨条藻降低的程度远大于旋链角毛藻.经计算,旋链角毛藻的种间竞争能力明显强于中肋骨条藻.抑制能力是中肋骨条藻抑制能力的11倍.     

Pb~(2+)对牟氏角毛藻生长及生化成分的影响

以牟氏角毛藻为实验材料,研究了Pb2+对其生长及生化的影响,结果表明Pb2+浓度低于1.0 mg/L时能促进牟氏角毛藻的生长,高于10.0 mg/L则对牟氏角毛藻的生长产生抑制作用。Pb2+可促进牟氏角毛藻中多糖的合成,但使藻中叶绿素减少。Pb2+浓度为0.1和50.0 mg/L时,蛋白质的含量高于空白组,而在其他实验浓度组的蛋白质的含量低于空白组。     

鼠李糖脂对硅藻生长的影响及其选择性抑藻作用

以尖刺拟菱形藻[Pseudo-nitzschiapungens(PS0201-01)]、双突角毛藻(ChaetocerosDidymus)、柔弱角毛藻(Chaertocerosdebilis)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceroscurvisetus)和新月菱形藻(Nitzschiaclosterium)5种硅藻为研究对象,探讨了铜绿假单胞菌产鼠李糖脂类生物表面活性剂对海洋硅藻生长的影响.结果表明,当鼠李糖脂的浓度从0.5mg/L至10.0mg/L逐渐递增时,对5种硅藻的生长表现出了不同程度的抑制作用.通过各海洋硅藻脂肪酸组成的差异分析了鼠李糖脂对不同硅藻生长抑制作用具有差异的原因.结果表明,这种差异性与各海洋硅藻生物膜的脂肪酸组成不同相关,海洋硅藻的各种多不饱和脂肪酸的含量越低,相对应的96h-EC50值越低,鼠李糖脂对其生长抑制作用越强,反之亦然.进一步探讨了鼠李糖脂抑藻效果与分属不同门类的多种海洋微藻的脂肪酸组成的关系,确证了鼠李糖脂的选择性抑藻作用与不同海洋微藻生物膜的脂肪酸组成不同相关.     

环境污染及其防治 海洋污染及其防治

X55200603351鼠李糖脂对硅藻生长的影响及其选择性抑藻作用/龚良玉(中国海洋大学化学化工学院)…∥中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会.-2006,26(1).-96~100环图X-58以尖刺拟菱形藻[Pseudo-nitzschiapungens(PS0201-01]、双突角毛藻(Chaetoceros Didymus)、柔弱角毛藻(Chaertocerosdebilis)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceroscurvisetus)和新月菱形藻(Nitzschia-closterium)5种硅藻为研究对象,探讨了铜绿假单长的影响。结果表明,当鼠李糖脂的浓度从0.5mg/L至10.0mg/L逐渐递增时,对5种硅藻的生长表现出了不同程度的抑制作用。通过各海洋硅藻脂肪酸组…     

两种海洋硅藻透明胞外聚合颗粒物的产生及其生态学意义

透明胞外聚合颗粒物（transparent exopolymer particles,TEP）是一类由胞外多糖组成的透明胶状颗粒物质,对海洋生态系统碳循环具有重要意义。本研究以两种海洋硅藻布氏双尾藻（Ditylume brightwelii）和窄隙角毛藻（Chaetoceros affinis）为研究对象,研究了其在不同生长时期的TEP含量、TEP与叶绿素a（Chlorophyll a,Chl a）的关系及TEP的C:N。结果表明:两种硅藻在整个生长时期均产生TEP,且在不同生长时期的TEP含量不同。布氏双尾藻和窄隙角毛藻最大TEP产量分别在指数期、衰亡期。窄隙角毛藻单位细胞体积和单位Chl a所产最大TEP含量分别是184.91±14.03 fg Xeq./μm3、38.06±4.96 μg Xeq./μg Chl a,高出布氏双尾藻相应单位TEP含量的16倍和5倍。对两种硅藻的Chl a与TEP关系分析表明,在指数期会呈现TEP=α（Chl a）β的函数关系（布氏双尾藻:R2=0.98;窄隙角毛藻:R2=0.80）。两种硅藻TEP的C:N均高于Redfield比值（C:N=106:16）。说明TEP的产生具有种间差异性,且生长时期显著影响TEP产生效率。TEP的高含碳量对海洋碳循环有直接贡献。     

鼠李糖脂对赤潮藻类的防治作用

研究了由铜绿假单胞菌产生的鼠李糖脂对5种赤潮藻类(塔玛亚历山大藻,赤潮异弯藻,双突角毛藻,柔弱角毛藻和新月菱形藻)生长的影响.结果表明,当鼠李糖脂添加浓度从0.5mg/L增加到12.0mg/L时,对5种藻类的生长表现出不同程度的影响,脂肪酸组成的差异是造成鼠李糖脂对不同藻类生长抑制作用不同的原因.不同藻类的各种多不饱和脂肪酸的含量越低,相对应的96h-EC50值越低,鼠李糖脂对其生长抑制作用越强.有效防治5种藻类的鼠李糖脂所需的浓度为8.5~15mg/L,当浓度为15mg/L时,对不同藻细胞均可造成不可逆的破坏作用.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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