南极菲尔德斯半岛植被微区CO2浓度的监测

在南极苔藓植被的微环境区内,CO₂的浓度在473.5mg·m^-3以上,大大高于全球CO2的平均浓度(356 mg·m^-3),可见苔藓等植被区可能是大气CO₂的源之一.这与特殊的南极条件下植被的生理生态特性有关.在苔藓分布区,CO₂浓度日变化的主要影响因素是光照和温度.菲尔德斯半岛变化无常的天气状况使得CO₂浓度昼夜变化规律出现局部波动,不同的天气状况也使CO₂浓度发生变化.研究表明:光照条件是CO₂浓度变化的主导影响因素,从CO₂浓度的季节变化中可以看出,CO₂浓度变化与大气温度呈负相关;与降水量和空气相对湿度呈正相关.本文首次给出了极地环境下植被微区的CO₂浓度变化及其影响因素,为极地温室气体的研究提供了新的材料.     

NTP协同双金属锰基催化剂降解氯苯的性能研究

以TiO₂为载体,采用共沉淀法制备了3种双金属催化剂（Co-Mn/TiO₂、Ce-Mn/TiO₂和Nb-Mn/TiO₂）,与低温等离子体（NTP）协同对氯苯进行降解,并通过XRD、SEM、TEM、BET、XPS、H₂-TPR和O₂-TPD手段表征其物化性质,以阐明不同催化剂对氯苯的等离子体催化降解差异.结果显示,与单独的NTP相比,双金属催化剂耦合NTP可显著提高氯苯的降解效率和矿化率,减少有毒副产物的产生.Co-Mn/TiO₂的催化活性优于Ce-Mn/TiO₂和Nb-Mn/TiO₂,在氯苯初始浓度为300 mg·m^-3,气体停留时间为2 s,放电电压为15 kV的工况条件下,Co-Mn/TiO₂耦合的NTP系统对氯苯的降解效率和CO₂选择性分别达78.14%和51.02%,其O₃的排放浓度为211 mg·m^-3.表征结果也验证了以上结论,3种催化剂的金属氧化物均在TiO₂表面高度分散,催化剂的比表面积为51~64 m²·g^-1.Co-Mn/TiO₂催化剂表面的高Mn⁴⁺/Mn³⁺比和O_ads含量呈现出更多的氧空位,增大了氧迁徙率,因而表现出最高的催化活性和催化氧化性能.研究表明,双金属锰基催化剂耦合NTP降解氯苯具有很好的应用前景.     

脉冲放电等离子体治理甲苯废气放大试验研究

应用脉冲放电等离子体技术,在线板式反应器内对低浓度甲苯废气的治理进行放大试验.采用闸流管开关脉冲电源,其最大输出功率1kW,最大脉冲电压峰值100kV. 试验规模4～16m³·h^-1. 试验考察了峰值电压、重复频率、进口浓度和处理气量对甲苯去除率的影响.结果表明:峰值电场强度在9～12kV·cm^-1范围内增加,甲苯去除率相应明显提高;当处理气量为4 m³·h^-1、脉冲电压峰值69kV、进口浓度1 180mg·m^-3、重复频率300pps时, 甲苯的去除率可达88%;反应器的能量利用率在16g·(kW·h)^-1左右;甲苯的降解产物主要是CO₂和H₂O,还有少量CO. 结合甲苯去除率与能量密度、甲苯进口浓度的关系,建立反应器动力学模型,获得甲苯的反应速率常数为0.00356 L·J^-1. 为进一步优化放大反应器设计及与电源匹配提供了基础数据.     

UV/H2O2工艺降解微囊藻毒素-LR

采用UV/H₂O₂联合工艺,研究了光强、初始浓度、H₂O₂投加量、pH及阴离子对微囊藻毒素-LR (MC-LR)去除率的影响.结果表明,单独H₂O₂对MC-LR基本无去除效果;单独UV工艺可以一定程度上降解MC-LR;而UV/H₂O₂联合工艺由于发生协同作用明显提高降解效率.试验发现,随着光强的增大,MC-LR的去除率不断提高;随着MC-LR初始浓度的增大,其去除率不断降低;随着H₂O₂投加量的增大,降解速率常数逐渐增大,当H₂O₂投加量由1 mmol/L增大到3 mmol/L时,降解速率常数由0.084 4上升到0.166 4;当pH为3.13时,在相同条件下MC-LR的去除效果最好;阴离子的投加不利于MC-LR的降解,其中CO^2-₃、NO^-₃影响最大.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体直接分解NOx的影响因素

在以 γ- Al₂O₃小球作为填充物的介质阻挡放电条件下 ,研究放电电压 ( 9～ 16k V)、交流电源频率 ( 50～ 1600 Hz)、NO入口浓度 ( 50～1800 ml/m³)、气体空速 (1000～ 6500 h^-1)、反应温度 ( 20～250℃ )、介质小球比表面积及加入 O₂等因素对 NO分解率的影响 .发现提高放电电压、放电频率及介质小球比表面积能显著增加 NO分解率 ,O₂ 的加入对 NO的等离子体分解有强抑制作用 .     

Fereducer反应强化直流电晕自由基簇射治理苯

为强化直流电晕自由基簇射对含苯废气的去除,采用Fereducer反应进行实验研究.将含Fereducer试剂的电极气引入反应器中,在苯浓度分别为953mg/m³和63mg/m³时,其去除率提高了21%和4.2%.电极气(O₂、H₂O)的存在对苯的脱除起了不同程度的促进作用,最高可达89.6%.苯的初始浓度较低时脱除效率较高,但高浓度下的绝对去除量较大.     

草粉担载Na2CO3可逆脱硫吸附剂的制备及脱硫活性

通过浸渍方法,制备了5%～90%(质量分数)担载量Na₂CO₃/草粉脱硫剂.实验结果表明,较小的草粉粒度(≤0.28mm)和较低的气体流量(40mL/min)有利于SO₂脱除,但是脱硫温度(70℃～300℃)对脱硫效果影响不大.利用XRD,SEM,ATR-IR等分析手段,研究了草粉改性Na₂CO₃脱硫吸附剂的机理.实验证明:改性Na₂CO₃吸附剂高效脱硫的机理主要在于吸附剂表面结构的无定形态,因而具有比较大的比表面积(12.14m²/g)和孔体积(0.093cm³/g).     

铜锰镧铈复合催化剂的制备及其降解对二甲苯的机制

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了镧掺杂的铜锰镧铈催化剂,研究了其对对二甲苯的催化性能.通过BET、SEM、H₂-TPR、XRD和XPS等对不同元素比例的催化剂进行表征,探讨了催化剂结构和性能的关系;同时,研究了不同影响因素（初始浓度、空速、O₂含量和混合物）对其催化氧化性能的影响;最后,利用FT-IR、XRD和 GC-MS对降解产物进行分析,探究了其催化降解对二甲苯的机理.结果表明,La掺杂增加了催化剂的比表面积和孔体积,以及表面氧含量,抑制了晶体形成,增强了催化活性.Cu-Mn-La-Ce（1：2：1：1）催化剂性能最好,在初始浓度为600 mg·m^-3,空速为15000 h^-1,20% O₂的条件下,其T₉₀为230 ℃.对二甲苯的降解率随着初始浓度、空速的增加而降低,随着O₂含量的增加而增加.气流中混入苯提高了对二甲苯的降解率.对二甲苯催化反应后催化剂表面的 O—H、C＝O、C—H和金属—氧键都相应减少,降解中间产物主要为对甲基苯甲醛和对甲基苯甲酸.降解反应涉及MVK机理,对二甲苯先氧化成对甲基苯甲醛,再氧化成对甲基苯甲酸,最终生成CO₂、H₂O.     

DBD技术脱除恶臭气体H2S和CS2的可行性

采用DBD技术脱除工业废气中的H₂S和CS₂.12kV的电压下,分压为4kPa的H₂S,放电5s,去除率接近100%;分压为1.33kPa的CS₂,放电15s,其去除率可达80%.H₂S和CS₂的去除率都随其浓度的增加而下降.在实验室研究的基础上,设计了废气处理量为420m³/h、流速为10m/s的DBD净化装置,进行了实际含H₂S和CS₂的工业废气净化研究,H₂S去除率可达89%,能量消耗为5.2W·h/m³.结果表明DBD技术对于处理含硫恶臭工业废气,具有实际应用价值.     

城市草坪温室气体排放特征及影响因素

草坪作为城市绿地的重要组成部分，其温室气体的吸收或排放不容忽视.然而当前对亚热带城市草坪温室气体通量的研究相对匮乏.采用静态箱-气相色谱法，对杭州市城区典型城市草坪的多种温室气体（CO₂、CH₄、N₂O和CO）地气交换通量进行了连续观测研究.结果表明，城市草坪的温室气体月平均通量变化明显，而其日变化特征并不明显.城市草地和土壤（无植被生长的裸土）是大气N₂O的源，平均通量分别为（0.66±0.17）μg·（m²·min）^-1和（0.58±0.20）μg·（m²·min）^-1；是CH₄和CO的汇，其中CH₄平均通量分别为（-0.21±0.078）μg·（m²·min）^-1和（-0.26±0.10）μg·（m²·min）^-1，CO分别为（-6.36±1.28）μg·（m²·min）^-1和（-6.55±1.69）μg·（m²·min）^-1.城市草地和土壤CO₂平均通量分别为（5.28±0.75） mg·（m²·min）^-1和（4.83±0.91） mg·（m²·min）^-1.基于相关性分析研究发现，草地和土壤的CO₂和N₂O通量均与降水量呈显著的负相关，而CH₄和CO通量与降水量呈显著的正相关；除草地CH₄通量与土壤温度无显著相关、草地N₂O通量与土壤温度呈显著负相关外，其余各温室气体通量与土壤温度均呈显著正相关.另外，城市草坪的草地和土壤CO₂（R²为0.371和0.314）和N₂O （R²为0.371和0.284）通量季节变化受降水量的影响要大于其它温室气体，而土壤温度对CO通量的影响（R²为0.290和0.234）要显著于其它温室气体.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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