ISO 10605:2008+A1:2014与IEC 61000-4-2:2008标准差异研究及应用

本文对ISO10605:2008+A1:2014《道路车辆-静电放电产生的电干扰的试验方法》与IEC61000-4-2:2008 《电磁兼容性(EMC)-第4-2部分:试验和测量技术静电放电抗扰度试验》的差异内容进行了详细解读与比较分析,提炼总结出了两个标准在仪器要求、测试环境条件、测试场地、测试布置等方面的差异,并在此基础上结合实际经验提出一种可以兼容两种测试标准的实验场地解决方案,对于实验人员执行测试以及建设同时满足两个标准测试能力的第三方试验室或研发实验室提供有益借鉴。     

医用电气设备电磁兼容抗扰度测试的判据解析

针对电磁兼容抗扰度测试中,国内外标准判据的差异及不同生理参数对应的专标中判据的差异,以监护仪及心电图机为例,分析如何依据标准对不同生理参数或波形出现的异常现象进行判定。     

GMW3205:2000与SAE J1351气味测试标准差异解读

本文详细解读了GMW 3205:2000汽车内饰材料中气味散发测试方法以及SAE J1351绝缘材料气味散发测试方法之间的差异.介绍了汽车内饰件材料气味测试原理.以及气味试验的定义与实际使用中的意义等方面对GMW 3205:2000和SAE J1351气味测试标准进行差异分析.     

汽车座舱环境挥发性有机物测试研究

针对国标未管控的夏季高温状态座舱环境VOC测试,本文对比分析了三种高温VOC测试方法,结果表明ISO/JAMA标准测试过程的设计与实际车辆使用场景较一致,PV3938方法则相对严苛;不同标准辐照方式的差异会造成车内零部件表面温度高低排序差异;JAMA标准条件下车内各零部件表面温度与海南户外曝晒车内平均温度较匹配。     

常用纺织品耐摩擦色牢度测试标准的方法比较

在众多的纺织品检测项目中,耐摩擦色牢度是一项重要检测指标,国内国际上有许多关于纺织品耐摩擦色牢度的标准,各个测试标准的测试方法和技术条件有一定的差异,而不同的测定方法和技术条件对结果有一定影响。为防止在实际测试过程中将各种测试方法和技术条件混淆,影响实验结果,本文对几个常用纺织品耐摩擦色牢度标准进行了总结,对不同标准之间的差异进行了分析。     

标准动态

<正>《电动汽车传导充电互操作性标准》征求意见终稿发布2017年《电动汽车传导充电互操作性标准》征求意见终稿已经发布,电动汽车及充电桩行业即将具备一个详细的测试标准。在这个测试标准的监督下电动汽车与充电桩的兼容匹配性将会大大提高。1)测试系统组成标准中首先提及了交流充电桩测试系统的组成,主     

CQC 3114-2015标准与CQC 3114-2009标准的主要差异

面对计算机行业的飞速发展,产品生产企业在不断创新技术的同时,也需要持续了解国家对产品节能认证及测试的最新标准,已满足产品节能的新要求。本文简述新旧版计算机节能认证技术规范的主要差异,运用实例比对阐述标准的使用,帮助企业更好的理解新版标准的实施。     

超低排放条件下烟尘测试方法研究

超低排放条件下烟尘的高精度测试一直是近年来研究的热点和难点,文章分析了超低排放烟尘测试的特点,对国内外相关测试标准进行分析,研究了测量误差的种类及原因,并基于此指导现场测试,对超低排放烟尘测试准确性评述,可为低浓度烟尘测试标准的修制定提供技术支撑。     

铬酸钡分光光度法测定水中硫酸盐含量

硫酸盐是水质常规分析中重要项目之一,常用的铬酸钡分光光度法(HJ/T 342-2007)在使用中常会出现校准曲线线性不佳、差异性大,测试结果不准等问题。对标准方法的关键试验过程进行补充讲解,改进显色液过滤方式,并通过样品测试进行验证分析。结果表明,硫酸盐质量浓度在5～200mg/L范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数r0.999,运用统计学原理对不同时间测试校准曲线进行检验,结果显示无显著性差异;实际样品精密度试验相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为0.47%～0.61%,加标回收率为96.5%～102.5%;标准样品测试结果在1σ以内,说明改进后的方法具有可靠的操作性和准确性。     

变频空调器中国能效与美国能效标准计算差异分析

空调能效标准作为产品节能控制的有效手段,已普遍被各国采用。本文针对美国能效标准ARI Standard 210/240-2008~([1])与中国能效标准GB/T 7725-2004~([2])中的季节能效测试及计算方法的差异进行了解析,分析并实验验证了两种标准下的能效值差异,提出国标发展方向建议。通过验证,同一样机美标下得出的制冷季节能效SEER值始终高于国标。国标入门1级能效样品的SEER和HSPF分别高出美国能源之星要求的47.3 %、37.4 %,为国标与美标能效等级的横向对应关系提供参考。     

Ambient air quality standards in China

China recently announced ambient air quality standards. This article describes the standards and compares them with standards that exist in the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, and the United States. An unusual feature of the Chinese standards is the establishment of different classes of standards, applicable in different types of areas. The present status of air pollution in several Chinese cities is examined. Data on the levels of suspended particulates, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide in several Chinese cities are presented. Some of the difficulties involved in implementing the new standards are discussed.Work undertaken while at the Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center, and School of Public Health, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.     

Corporate performance standards at Kodak

Creating an effective and consistent corporate health, safety, and environment program for a decentralized, international company poses unique challenges. This article describes how, with global company input, Kodak has established a set of twenty-eight corporate HSE performance standards. Worldwide facility compliance with these standards is monitored through Kodak's Corporate HSE Assessment Program and through the Corporate Self-Appraisal Program.     

Voluntary environmental management system standards: Case studies in implementation

Many anticipate that over the next decade, voluntary environmental management system (EMS) standards will take on the same importance in the marketplace as the ISO 9000 quality standards; the draft international EMS standard (ISO 14001) is on pace to be completed by mid-1996. In the United States, despite rapidly growing interest in EMS standards, most companies and regulatory agencies are uncertain about their potential benefits and about the process of developing an EMS. Case studies of EMS implementation, particularly in small and medium-sized companies, are needed to demonstrate the process and identify areas in which further EMS guidance is needed for environmental managers. This article presents seven case studies of EMS implementation in small, medium-sized, and large companies. Each company is participating in an EPA-sponsored Demonstration Project in which a variety of organizations are piloting the implementation of EMS standards (the project is being coordinated by NSF International, a not-for-profit company specializing in environmental and public health standards and certification). The case studies, written by the companies themselves, share experiences of EMS assessment, planning, and implementation, and discuss challenges that are special to particular industries.     

Environmental regulation of trades by fixed standards: The Danish experience

Summary In 1986, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency established a new regulatory system aimed at small-scale polluting activities. Contrary to the dominant regulatory system based on individual standards for each polluting activity, the new regulatory system established uniform and fixed environmental standards for all activities within a trade. The fixed standards concern location, design and daily operation. Thus far, the new regulatory system has been implemented in the trades of fur farms and auto-repair shops.This study shows that fixed environmental standards reduce the total administrative costs, intensify local monitoring and enforcement of the standards, and improve the environmental state. It is proposed that the following criteria should be considered if the regulatory system is to be implemented in other trades. The trade should consist of many units and be characterised by a moderate pace of technological development, it should posses well-defined and well-known environmental problems, and have a cooperative trade association. In Denmark several trades have been identified as obvious objects for future regulation by fixed environmental standards.Bente Kjærgård is a Research Associate in the Department of Environment, Technology and Social Studies at Roskilde University. Correspondence should be addressed to this author. The other authors are Associate Professors in the same Department. Each author possesses a research degree as follows: Per Homann Jespersen in Chemical Engineering, Henning Schroll in Biology, Jesper Holm in Technological Planning, and Bente Kjærgård in Environmental Planning.     

Developing environmental quality standards for various pesticides and priority pollutants for French freshwaters

The French Ministry of the Environment and Water Agencies have derived environmental quality standards following the existing French framework called SEQ-Eau, for 28 pesticides and seven priority substances listed in the Water Framework Directive. Like other existing frameworks, SEQ-Eau relies upon the use of standard toxicity test results and assessment factors. This approach made it possible to derive the desired quality standards, but due to the lack of chronic toxicity data many of the standards are only provisional. In addition, emerging issues such as endocrine disruption should be taken into account in this framework. Depending on the available data, more flexible derivation approaches, such as the statistical distribution of NOECs, are recommended for future versions of SEQ-Eau. A comparison is made using SEQ-Eau and the methodology currently being discussed in Europe to develop environmental quality standards, showing that the European approach is more conservative. Conversely, the proposed approach under the Water Framework Directive does not cover the entire range of required quality classes.     

Development control standards and industrial applications

Recent Central Government advice to local authorities on the matter of business and industry applications Has been towards a relaxation of controls and a facilitating of development. Also the general worsening of the economy in the last few years has probably increased the interest with which local councillors regard industrial applications for planning permission. A study of refusal rates for industrial applications for 317 Districts taken from the DOE Development Control Returns and a case study in Coventry District of all industrial applications in 1970 and 1980 suggest that despite these pressures planning authorities are not lowering standards.     

The relationship between resources and living standards

Available estimates of potentially recoverable world mineral and fuel resources are examined with a view to determining whether everyone likely to be living on earth next century could be raised to the material living standards people in developed countries now have. It is concluded that this goal is impossible. A number of fundamentally important implications follow, especially regarding the inappropriateness of growth strategies in general, goals for Third World development, and the need for ‘de-development’ of developed countries to much more frugal, self-sufficient and cooperative social systems.     

Establishing management standards: Selected examples of the normative approach

The importance of developing evaluative standards for judging the acceptability of impacts caused by recreation is common to all recent natural resource management frameworks. A normative model has been advanced as a useful way to conceptualize, collect, and organize empirical data representing standards for resource management issues. This article summarizes the findings from social and ecological research to illustrate the utility of the normative approach from a manager's perspective. The social data (e.g., encounter norms, proximity norms, and tolerances for launch wait times) were obtained from 13 different study sites, while the ecological data (e.g., tolerances for the amount of bare ground, size of fire rings, instream flows, and wildlife management practices) were collected at three specific sites and from one statewide survey, Findings from the social research indicated that encounter norms exist for particular types of contacts with certain types of visitors at particular places and for certain types of experiences. The recreationists reported norms for acceptable distances between individuals, encounters with others at campsites or attractions, and waiting times to run rapids. These social norm evaluation techniques were also shown to be transferable to normative evaluations of ecological impacts. The users had opinions about ecological impacts and were willing to express them. In addition, the ecological norms were of moderate to high intensity. It is argued that the usefulness of normative approaches lies in their ability to characterize group agreement about appropriate use conditions or impact levels for a particular recreation experience, thus providing the evaluative information needed to establish management standards.     

New Zealand environmental standards and energy policies

This paper describes the primary energy resources of New Zealand and their relative importance. It describes the principal legislation that provides environmental protection and public participation with which State and private agencies are bound to comply. The paper then discusses air pollution in further detail and cites three examples where there is cause for concern. By international standards, air pollution is not a serious problem in New Zealand and so the economic consequences have received little attention Two simple examples are cited. A map showing the main centers and the location of facilities referred to in the text is included     

Development of drinking water standards for perchlorate in the United States

Perchlorate, an anion that originates as a contaminant in ground and surface waters, is both naturally occurring and manmade. Because of its toxicity, there has been increased interest in setting drinking water safety standards and in health effects when perchlorate is present at low (parts per billion (ppb)) levels. In January 2009, the EPA issued a heath advisory to assist state and local officials in addressing local contamination of perchlorate in drinking water. The interim health advisory level of 15 micrograms per liter (μg/L), or ppb, is based on the reference dose recommended by the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). This paper describes scope and extent of contaminant issues and a legal process of setting standards for perchlorate concentration in drinking water in the United States of America.