烟草悬浮细胞抗氧化系统对微囊藻毒素-RR的响应

采用0.1mg/L的微囊藻毒素-RR(MC-RR)处理烟草BY-2悬浮细胞,测定了细胞活力、细胞内活性氧(ROS)及抗氧化系统的变化.结果表明,处理144h后,BY-2的细胞活力与对照相比无显著差异,但是处理细胞的ROS含量随着MC-RR处理时间的延长而迅速上升,96h后,细胞的ROS含量与对照差异显著;毒素处理细胞的过氧化物酶(POD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性明显升高,分别在处理48h和72h后与对照差异显著;细胞中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量有一个先下降后升高的过程,96h后,MC-RR处理的细胞中GSH含量显著高于对照;然而,0.1mg/L的MC-RR处理144h后,过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与对照相比没有显著差异.恢复处理168h后,抗氧化系统各个指标均恢复到对照水平.     

a-萘酚对小球藻谷胱甘肽及其还原酶的影响

研究了a-萘酚对2种小球藻谷胱甘肽(包括还型谷胱甘肽GSH与氧化型谷胱甘肽GSSG)含量及其还原酶(GR)活性的影响.结果表明,低浓度a-萘酚对藻细胞的谷胱甘肽水平和GR活性有显著的激发作用,随着a-萘酚浓度的升高,普通小球藻和蛋白核小球藻的GSH含量、谷胱甘肽总量及GR活性均有所提高,并分别在5mg/L和10mg/L时达到最大值,而GSSG均不断下降且在相同浓度下(2mg/L)至最小后开始上升.GSSG/GSH先降后升的变化说明藻细胞在a-萘酚胁迫下膜脂过氧化加剧,而GSH、GR在清除活性氧、消除过氧化方面起了重要作用     

α-萘酚对小球藻谷胱甘肽及其还原酶的影响

研究了--萘酚对2种小球藻谷胱甘肽-包括还型谷胱甘肽GSH与氧化型谷胱甘肽GSSG-含量及其还原酶-GR-活性的影响.结果表明,低浓度--萘酚对藻细胞的谷胱甘肽水平和GR活性有显著的激发作用,随着--萘酚浓度的升高,普通小球藻和蛋白核小球藻的GSH含量、谷胱甘肽总量及GR活性均有所提高,并分别在5mg/L和10mg/L时达到最大值,而GSSG均不断下降且在相同浓度下-2 mg/L-至最小后开始上升.GSSG/GSH先降后升的变化说明藻细胞在--萘酚胁迫下膜脂过氧化加剧,而GSH、GR在清除活性氧、消除过氧化方面起了重要作用.     

H2S信号在拟南芥响应SO2胁迫过程中的作用

以拟南芥为实验材料,研究植物对H₂S和SO₂处理的转录响应及其关系,并利用外源喷施H₂S及其清除剂的方法,检测SO₂熏气后植株体内H₂S的产生及其生理效应,探讨气体信号分子H₂S在植物响应SO₂胁迫过程中的作用.高通量测序结果发现,H₂S和SO₂处理诱导拟南芥植株多个基因转录水平改变,并有1220个基因在两种处理条件下均差异表达,其中包括多个硫代谢和谷胱甘肽代谢相关基因,表明H₂S和SO₂在调控硫代谢途径中具有交互作用.SO₂熏气诱导拟南芥植株体内H₂S合成酶基因LCD和DES1转录水平提高,胞内H₂S含量增多.同时,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,含硫抗氧化物谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及其相关酶谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性提高,活性氧H₂O₂含量增加,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量与对照相比无显著差异.外源喷施H₂S可进一步提高SO₂熏气下拟南芥植株GSH含量及其相关防御酶的活性,H₂O₂含量降低.但喷施亚牛磺酸(HT)清除H₂S后,SO₂熏气拟南芥植株GSH含量、抗氧化酶SOD、CAT和GST活性降低,MDA含量大幅增加.结果表明,SO₂熏气诱导产生的H₂S可作为信号分子,提高机体抗氧化防御能力,增强植物对SO₂胁迫的抗性.     

镉胁迫对小麦叶片细胞膜脂过氧化的影响

镉胁迫使植物体内活性氧自由基清除系统的功能降低,造成细胞内H₂O₂积累,抗坏血酸过氧化酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性下降,内源抗氧化剂抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量减少,小麦叶片的组织自动氧化速率显著提高。细胞内丙二醛的积累表明,膜脂过氧化发生和膜系统受到损伤。推测小麦镉伤害过程中,活性氧自由基代谢失衡造成的膜脂过氧化起着重要作用。     

节球藻毒素诱导草鱼巨噬细胞氧化应激的机理研究

试验以鱼草(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)巨噬细胞为研究目标,进行体外诱导试验,研究节球藻毒素(nodularin,NOD)浓度变化对草鱼巨噬细胞的氧化应激和还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)解毒性能的影响。结果表明NOD会促进草鱼巨噬细胞内自由基产生,导致胞内脂质过氧化,并且在这过程中会抑制超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性,进一步促进巨噬细胞的氧化应激效应,致使活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量相比对照组分别升高2倍和3.8倍。此外,NOD抑制谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)活性,降低GSH与NOD的结合能力。同时,降低谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPx)活性至对照组56%,提高谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase,GR)活性至对照组3.3倍,促进GSH朝GSSG转变,从而达到降低GSH含量。因此,NOD会作用于鱼巨噬细胞,造成细胞内氧化应激加剧,GSH的解毒能力降低,最终导致巨噬细胞凋亡。     

NR途径参与调节SO2胁迫下拟南芥含硫抗氧化物水平

以拟南芥为材料,研究了硝酸还原酶(NR)途径在植株响应SO_2过程中对含硫抗氧化物水平的影响.结果发现,野生型拟南芥植株中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性高于NR缺失突变体(nia1nia2);SO_2暴露后,野生型和突变体nia1nia2植株中半胱氨酸(Cys)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著增加,GPX和GST的活性诱导性增高,且野生型植株中上述4项指标的增幅高于突变体;拟南芥逆境响应基因GSTU24和GPX7在野生型和突变体nia1nia2中差异表达,且对SO_2的响应程度不同.研究表明,植株体内NR途径与拟南芥细胞中含硫抗氧化物水平有关,NR缺失影响逆境应答中含硫抗氧化物水平的提高及抗逆基因转录,说明NR途径参与调节了植株逆境响应中含硫抗氧化物的合成及相关氧化还原反应与解毒过程.     

Cd^2＋对长江华溪蟹谷胱甘肽系统的影响

采用急性毒性方法,研究了Cd2 对长江华溪蟹(Sinopotamon yangtsekiense)肝胰腺和鳃谷胱甘肽系统的影响.Cd2 浓度设置为7.25、14.5、29、58和116 ms/L,同时设对照组.分别在24、48、72和96 h用分光光度法测定了还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活力以及GSH/GSSG比值.结果显示,随着Cd2 浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,肝胰腺中GSH含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,在96 h、Cd2 浓度116 mg/L时GSH含量降至最低值(28.805±2.239)mg/g;GPx活力先升后降;GSSG含量和GST与GR活力均无显著变化.鳃中GSH、GSSG含量和GPx活力的变化趋势与肝胰腺基本一致.GST和GR活力则随着Cd2 浓度的增大和处理时间的延长逐渐降低,在96 h、Cd2 浓度116 mg/L时GST和GR活力较对照组分别下降了44%和79%.肝胰腺和鳃中GSH/GSSG比值随着Cd2 浓度的增大和处理时间的延长逐渐降低.结果表明Cd2 对GSH和GSSG含量.GPx、GST、GR活力均产生了不同程度的影响;GSH/GSSG比值的变化能灵敏反映Cd2 对水生动物的胁迫程度及毒性大小,可作为一种准确敏感的生物学指标用以指示Cd2 污染.     

溴氰菊酯对罗非鱼谷胱甘肽及S转移酶的影响

研究了罗非鱼暴露于不同浓度溴氰菊酯后,组织中谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性的动态变化.结果表明,以1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0,10.0μg/L浓度的溴氰菊酯处理罗非鱼25d,除了1.0μg/L浓度组罗非鱼体内GSH和GST与对照组无显著差异外,其余各浓度组的GSH和GST均发生了明显的变化,规律为先升高后降低,说明溴氰菊酯对罗非鱼体内的GSH和GST是先诱导后抑制,且肝脏的变化幅度比肌肉大.1.0μg/L以下的溴氰菊酯对罗非鱼没有生化毒性影响.罗非鱼组织中的GSH和GST可作为生物标志物来评价农药对鱼类的生化毒性.     

硒对除草剂胁迫下水稻幼苗活性氧清除系统响应的作用

研究了在除草剂苯噻草胺毒害下硒对水稻幼苗体内活性氧清除系统的影响.结果表明,硒缓解了苯噻草胺对水稻幼苗的毒害,表现为株高、根长变化,植株体内叶绿素、蛋白质、谷胱甘肽GSH含量的提高和抗氧化酶活性的增加,·O₂、H₂O₂等活性氧和膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量降低,自氧化速率减慢.经2个样本个体差均值的配对t检验,验证Se处理对水稻具有显著效应.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...