胺基树脂吸附去除水中的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚

使用氯球作为前驱体与二乙烯三胺在回流条件下反应合成一种胺基树脂,对胺基树脂的特征进行了表征,并研究了胺基树脂对水中的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP₁₀EO)的吸附行为.树脂的红外、元素分析及比表面积与平均孔径分析结果表明,胺基官能团成功地嫁接到树脂表面,胺基浓度为5.6 mmol/g,且胺基树脂的比表面积较氯球有较大增加.胺基树脂对NP₁₀EO的吸附等温线表明,温度的升高有利于吸附,在35 ℃下胺基树脂对NP₁₀EO的最高平衡吸附量达58.36 mg/g.采用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程用于吸附等温线的解释,结果表明,吸附等温线更加符合Langmuir模型,相关系数(R2)均大于0.98. NP₁₀EO在胺基树脂上的吸附符合准二级动力学方程,初始ρ(NP_10EO)越低达到吸附平衡所需时间越短,初始ρ(NP_10EO)为9.41 mg/L的溶液能在2 h内达到吸附平衡.      

树脂吸附法处理黄连素模拟废水

利用树脂吸附法对黄连素模拟废水进行了试验研究,对5种大孔吸附树脂进行初步筛选,从中优选出最佳吸附树脂(大孔树脂H103)。考察了pH和树脂投加量对吸附效果的影响,绘制了动力学曲线和吸附等温线。结果表明:在黄连素浓度为1 000 mg/L,最佳初始pH为7.0的条件下,树脂最佳投加量为3.0 g。在最佳pH条件下,吸附等温线可用Freundlich等温吸附方程描述。     

对乙酰氨基酚修饰的后交联树脂对双酚A的吸附性能

用二氯乙烷为溶剂,用FeCl3为催化剂,使氯球和对乙酰氨基酚发生Friedel-Crafts反应制得了对乙酰氨基酚修饰的后交联树脂,对其结构进行了表征,研究乙酰氨基和酚羟基二类氢键作用位点修饰的后交联树脂对双酚A的吸附性能.结果表明,红外光谱显示对乙酰氨基酚已被成功地修饰在后交联树脂上.对乙酰氨基酚修饰的后交联树脂与氯球相比,BET比表面积、孔容明显增大,孔径明显变小.对乙酰氨基酚修饰的后交联树脂对双酚A的吸附量明显高于75%活性炭的聚砜微球对双酚A的吸附量.对乙酰氨基酚修饰的后交联树脂对双酚A的吸附为放热、自发的过程;树脂可以用100%酒精解吸,解吸率为99.92%;吸附动力学数据符合一级吸附速率方程,颗粒内扩散是吸附速率的主要控制步骤,吸附速率同时还受液膜扩散的影响.     

硫脲修饰超高交联聚苯乙烯树脂吸附Cr（Ⅵ）

以氯甲基聚苯乙烯树脂（CMPS）为前体,经后交联反应合成超高交联树脂（J-2）,再经硫脲胺基改性得到硫脲修饰超高交联聚苯乙烯树脂（TU-PS）.通过BET、FTIR等对树脂结构进行表征,并考察了pH、吸附温度、接触时间等因素对TU-PS改性树脂吸附Cr（Ⅵ）性能的影响.结果表明,改性树脂（TU-PS）对Cr（Ⅵ）吸附的最佳条件为：Cr（Ⅵ）初始浓度为500 mg·L^-1、初始pH值为2、树脂用量为2.5 g·L^-1、吸附温度为45 ℃、吸附时间为6 h.在此最佳条件下,TU-PS树脂对Cr（Ⅵ）的最大吸附量为140.00 mg·g^-1,去除率为70.18%.吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和 准二级动力学模型,吸附过程以单分子层化学吸附为主.TU-PS树脂对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附是静电吸附和化学吸附共同作用的结果.     

响应曲面分析优化改性粉煤灰漂珠对水中氟的吸附性能及机理研究

为提升粉煤灰漂珠对水溶液中氟的吸附性能,以氧化钙为原料,采用煅烧法制备钙改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附材料.通过响应曲面分析中的Box-Behnken设计吸附氟试验,探讨各吸附因数及其交互作用对吸附效果的影响,确定最佳吸附条件.利用SEM（扫描电镜）、EDS（能量散射光谱）、XRD（X射线衍射）以及BET比表面积等手段对吸附材料进行表征,并结合吸附动力学、吸附等温试验探讨钙改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附剂的除氟机制.结果表明:①初始ρ（F-）和吸附温度对改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附水中F-的去除率有显著影响,当pH为5.0、初始ρ（F-）为125 mg/L、吸附温度为40℃时,改性粉煤灰漂珠对水中F-的吸附效果最佳.②动力学试验显示,改性粉煤灰漂珠对水中F-的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,说明该吸附过程主要以化学吸附为主;与Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模型相比,Temkin吸附等温模型更适合于描述该吸附平衡过程.③SEM、EDS和BET比表面积分析显示,改性后的粉煤灰漂珠内部生成了具有不规则表面和多孔结构的含钙团簇物质,从而增加了BET比表面积,改善了孔隙结构.XRD分析显示,钙改性粉煤灰漂珠主要通过离子交换作用吸附去除水中的F-.研究显示,以工业废物为原料制备的钙改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附剂的最大除氟率为93.59%,是一种具有应用潜力的低成本吸附材料.      

羊粪生物炭对水体氨氮吸附特性研究

以山羊粪便为原料,在300℃和700℃缺氧热解条件下制备生物炭,分别记为D300和D700。使用扫描电镜表征生物炭结构特征,运用比表面积仪测定其比表面积和孔径大小,以此探究不同热解温度条件下羊粪生物炭的内部结构及比表面积特征。以水体氨氮(20 mol/L)为目标污染物,以D300和D700为吸附剂,研究不同氨氮浓度、温度、pH以及吸附剂投加量等因素对水体氨氮吸附的影响以及吸附特性。结果表明:热解温度从300℃上升到700℃,生物炭的比表面积、总孔容随之增大,平均孔径反之减小,吸附效率从15.72%提升到24.73%。羊粪生物炭吸附水体氨氮的最佳pH在6～8;通过对动力学数据进行分析,发现准二级动力学方程(R~2=0.999 1)比准一级动力学方程(R~2=0.663 3)能更好地拟合动力学数据。吸附等温曲线拟合发现Langmuir方程(R~2=0.842 74)能更好地描述氨氮在羊粪生物炭上的吸附行为。吉布斯自由能变化、焓变和熵变的计算结果表明:羊粪生物炭对氨氮的吸附过程是自发的吸热过程。700℃条件下制备的羊粪生物炭比D300拥有更好的吸附性能。     

MnO2@Fe3O4/石墨烯复合材料对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附

以氧化石墨烯（GO）为原料制备MnO₂@Fe₃O₄/石墨烯（RGO）,考察吸附过程中MnO₂@Fe₃O₄/RGO投加量、溶液pH值、初始浓度和吸附时间等因素对Pb（Ⅱ）的去除率和吸附量的影响,并运用BET比表面积测试法计算MnO₂@Fe₃O₄/RGO的比表面积和平均孔径,采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）,振动样品磁强计（VSM）,X射线衍射（XRD）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等对样品进行表征.结果表明：MnO₂@Fe₃O₄/RGO的比表面积为89.164m²/g,孔容为0.284cm³/g;随着pH值在2~10范围内增加,复合材料对Pb（Ⅱ）的去除率先增大后减小,pH=6时达到最大值.通过4种等温吸附模型（Langmuir、Freundlich、Temkin、D-R模型）和4种吸附动力学模型（伪一级动力学、伪二级动力学、Elovich、颗粒内扩散模型）拟合发现,MnO₂@Fe₃O₄/RGO对Pb（Ⅱ）吸附符合伪二级动力学模型.吸附等温线更符合Langmiur模型,属于典型的单分子层吸附,以化学吸附为主,最大吸附量为265.3mg/g.     

氨基修饰稻壳生物炭对水溶液中铀的吸附动力学特性

为了探究NBC（氨基修饰生物炭）对U（Ⅵ）的吸附性能,通过在BC（未修饰生物炭）上负载氨基的方法得到氨基修饰生物炭,研究BC、NBC对水溶液中U（Ⅵ）的吸附特征,分析生物炭添加量、溶液pH、溶液中阴离子、初始ρ〔U（Ⅵ）〕、吸附时间和吸附体系温度等因素对U（Ⅵ）吸附的影响,筛选最优的吸附条件,并利用SEM（扫描电镜）、FT-IR（傅里叶红外光谱）、XRD（X-射线衍射）、XPS（X-射线能谱）、BET比表面积、元素分析、零点电位（Zeta电势）测定等手段表征BC、NBC的结构特征,并进一步探讨其对U（Ⅵ）的吸附机理.结果表明:①NBC的比表面积和吸附位点显著增加,对U（Ⅵ）的吸附速率和吸附量明显增加,NBC的最大吸附量（69.63 mg/g）大于BC（53.95 mg/g）. ②NBC对U（Ⅵ）吸附的最佳条件为生物炭添加量0.4 g/L、pH 6、初始ρ〔U（Ⅵ）〕20 mg/L、吸附时间1 h、吸附体系温度328 K. ③BC、NBC对U（Ⅵ）的吸附动力学均符合伪二级动力学方程,R2均为0.999;等温吸附过程均符合Sips等温吸附模型,R2均大于0.914.研究显示,NBC的吸附能力强、环境耐受性好,具有很好的应用潜力.      

CCD法优化铁碳微电解盐酸黄连素废水条件研究

文章采用CCD法对铁碳微电解盐酸黄连素废水条件进行优化,建立二次多项式预测模型,并对其进行动力学分析。实验结果表明,对初始浓度为100 mg/L的盐酸黄连素进行铁碳微电解的最佳条件是:曝气量3.78 L/min、固液比0.45、反应时间3.46 h、初始pH 2.90;在此条件下,盐酸黄连素去除率的响应面模型验证值为84.23%,实验值为82.93%,两者仅偏差1.3%。铁碳微电解降解盐酸黄连素动力学过程与表观二级反应动力学模型拟合程度最高,利用二级衰减方程模型C_t=a/(1+bt)在不同盐酸黄连素初始浓度下的反应进行拟合,其拟合相关系数均达到0.97以上,较好地反映了铁碳微电解盐酸黄连素的动力学过程,有助于分析不同反应时间下废水剩余浓度的变化。     

NaCl改性沸石对水中氨氮的吸附机制

通过颗粒强度测定、扫描电镜分析（SEM）、X射线能谱分析（EDS）和零电点测定（pHPZC）考察改性前后沸石表面特性的变化,考察pH值、沸石投加量、初始氨氮浓度以及温度对吸附过程的影响,并通过吸附等温式和吸附动力学对吸附机制进行描述.经过NaCl改性后的沸石的颗粒强度明显增大,表面更加粗糙,孔径增大,钠离子通过交换作用进入到沸石内部.pH值为7,沸石投加量为8g/L,温度为35℃时吸附效果最好,平衡吸附量（qe）与氨氮初始浓度呈正相关性.Langmuir等温线比Freundlich等温线更适合描述实验数据,最大饱和吸附量为13.210mg/g.吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型.实验表明NaCl改性沸石能够有效去除水中的氨氮.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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