不同经济机制下企业的环境行为

企业是经济体制的微观基础，不同的经济体制对企业的经济刺激环境不同，企业会产生不同的价值趋向和行为模式。而企业的行为特征会直接影响甚至决定环境质量状况。当前，我国正处在由计划经济向市场经济过渡的关键时期，搞活国营大中型企业，转换国有企业经营机制。建立现代企业制度是市场经济体制的基础。环境污染作为企业的～种经济行为。在这种机制转换过程或者说企业制度创新过程中必然要受到影响和冲击。在市场经济体制下。企业既有片面追求经济效益。忽视环境保护的趋势，又有革新技术和追求企收形象保护环境的潜在取向。因此·分析探…     

公众参与环境管理的理论与实践创新

建设项目环境管理公示制度、环境违法行为有浆举报制度和工业企业环境行为信息公开化制度，是目前我国公众参与环境管理制度的实践创新，这些制度的实施对维护公民的合法环境权益，完善环境管理制度，促进我国环境事业的发展具有重要意义。     

环境认证制度与企业环境行为的自律

除被动地服从外在的强制性环境治理制度以外，企业也会主动地从事约束自身的环境行为，即实现环境行为的自律。环境认证制度的作用在于，它向市场提供了企业的环境行为自律的信息。环境认证制度是一种运行成本较低而环境治理绩效较高的非强制性制度，是现行其它治理制度的有效补充。     

企业环境行为管理研究——以H省为例

有效防治工业污染、改善环境是工业企业的基本责任。以能够反映企业环境行为的信息为基础,通过建立科学的百分制量化评价体系,对H省具有代表性和典型性的重点排污工业企业的环境守法行为、企业污染控制行为、环境信息公开行为等环境行为进行评价。分析结果表明,该省企业环境行为有较大提升空间,重污染行业形势令人担忧,由此明确企业改善环境行为的关键因素和影响机制,并从企业、政府、社会三个角度提出措施改善企业环境行为的建议。     

环境管制对企业土壤污染防治策略的影响机制研究

环境管制和企业土壤污染防治行为之间关系的研究对于我国相关法规的制定具有十分重要的意义。本文以情境脚本的方式模拟不同外部压力情形下企业可能的土壤污染防治行为,目的在于了解我国尚未通过的《土壤污染防治法》应以何种制度设计为佳。结果发现,正式环境管制压力中违规罚金对企业的土壤污染防治行为的影响程度较大;在非正式环境管制压力中,消费者与客户压力对企业土壤污染防治行为的影响程度较大。本文最后还对模拟实验研究的结果进行了讨论。     

企业环境监督员制度：规范企业环境管理的新举措

为提高企业环境守法能力与水平,规范企业环境管理体制与机制建设,国家环保部组织开展了企业环境监督员制度试点工作。要求所有国家重点监控污染企业建立环境管理组织架构,完善内部环境管理制度,提升环境管理水平,强化企业环境责任,切实改善企业环境行为,从而解决工业高速发展引发的一系列环境问题。企业环境监督员制度提出的背景是什么？     

中国中小学生环境知识、态度和预期行为关系研究

中小学生的环境知识、环境态度和环境预期行为之间的关系是环境教育中的一个基础，因而受到各国环境教育研究的普遍重视。开展环境教育较早的国家对此都有深入的研究，并将此作为环境教育的基础。一、一些国家和地区学生环境知识、态度和预期行为关系的研究将不同国家和地区调查环境知识、态度、行为三者之间的关系列表对比（见下表），国外环境知调查结果与低分组比较，环境知识高分组对环境态度叙述的反应较为积极，其针对正向叙述的回答多偏于“极赞同”或“赞同”，而对于反向叙述则多答以“极不赞同”或“不赞同”。低分组的态度反应则…     

基于助推理论的环保行为干预策略

近年来,行为经济学相关理论被越来越多地用于环境治理实践中,成为促进环境政策有效实施的策略之一。从行为经济学角度分析,因政府缺乏有效的激励手段促进组织和个人主动积极的实施环境保护行为,从而无法克服“市场失灵”和“政策失效”现象,影响了环境政策的有效实施。基于行为经济学的助推理论,分析通过构建低成本且简约的选择架构实施助推策略可以弥补现有政府规制手段的局限性,有效规避人们在环境政策与环境保护行为方面存在的认知局限和实施动机的不足,从而引导和促进组织和个人环境保护行为的发生,推动环境政策的有效实施。     

市场导向的绿色技术创新机理与对策研究

基于对绿色技术创新的特殊属性、企业绿色技术创新环境和驱动力的转变分析,给出了市场导向对企业绿色技术创新的驱动机理。研究发现,企业绿色技术创新具有进度紧迫性、社会实用性、市场导向性及双重外部性等特殊属性,需借助市场机制来驱动企业绿色技术创新投入。市场导向下的企业绿色技术创新,就是要借助市场机制来优化企业绿色技术创新要素的配置效率。其中,市场供求机制有利于释放绿色技术创新要素的供需信号,市场竞争机制有利于提高绿色技术创新企业的市场竞争力;市场的价格机制有利于绿色技术创新企业的价值实现。最后,结合我国绿色技术创新发展实践提出6点建议:以解决突出矛盾为导向,精准设计市场规制措施;以优化顶层设计为起点,实现多主体协同发力;强化知识产权保护,制定绿色产业专利战略;多管齐下促进绿色消费,引导企业绿色技术创新;完善绿色标准和标识制度,倒逼绿色技术升级;建立绿色技术创新发展评估体系,有针对性地提高市场规制效率。     

浅谈农村城镇化建设中的乡镇企业环境保护

在市场经济条件下，企业作为对环境污染破坏有重要影响的一方，必须顺应可持续发展的需要，承担起环境保护的义务和责任。本文分析了市场机制在配置资源和规范企业环境生产行为的内在欠缺，进而提出乡镇企业经营要以环境为导向、树立环境价值观。     

Environmental practices of governance of companies in emerging markets: An analysis of structural relationships

The aim of this study is to analyze the structural relationships between strategy, environmental performance, and disclosure in view of the lack of research on these endogenous activities. To analyze these relationships, an environmental governance proxy consisting of five dimensions was developed for Brazilian companies. Hence, from an economic perspective, a trend is expected of companies disclosing more information and maintaining an environmental governance structure to avoid or reduce potential political costs. Using the structural equation technique, 573 Brazilian companies were analyzed. According to the results, the Brazilian companies’ mean compliance level with environmental governance practices is 49.2%. There is evidence of a positive association between the governance structure and the environmental management system (GSEM) as well as environmental performance (EP) and environmental disclosure levels (DISC). In addition, the level of environmental conflicts of interest a sector faces increased the need for environmental disclosure. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the latent variables, GSEM and EP, exert direct and indirect positive effects on DISC. In other words, companies with more structured environmental management systems have obtained better performance indicators, and consequently, are more likely to feel encouraged to disseminate environmental information and to reduce political costs than is the case with other companies.     

Environmental management and firm performance: a case study

This study has as its aim to help to clarify the relationship between environmental management and economic performance by integrating it into a wider framework that includes the relationship between environmental strategy and firm performance, the latter being understood as the combination of environmental performance, competitive advantage and economic performance. A case study of the COATO farming cooperative showed us that its environmental management, focused on prevention logic, has had a positive net effect on its environmental performance. Besides, the order in which these practices were adopted favoured the development of new organisational capabilities that have contributed to the appearance of advantages derived from the greater accumulated experience of employees in creating new projects that are designed to reduce residues and pollution. COATO has also obtained a competitive advantage in differentiation thanks to an improved brand image and to its increased credibility in business relationships. Finally, a positive correlation exists between the pioneering proactive strategy adopted by this cooperative and the improvement of its firm performance with respect to the other firms in its sector.     

The link between 'green' and economic success: environmental management as the crucial trigger between environmental and economic performance

The link between environmental and economic performance has been widely debated in the literature for the last ten to fifteen years. One view is that improved environmental performance mainly causes extra costs for the firm and thus reduces profitability. However, also the opposite has been argued for: improved environmental performance would induce cost savings and increase sales and thus improve economic performance. Theoretical and empirical research have provided arguments for both positions and have not been conclusive so far. This article discusses reasons for the different views and the differences in empirical research and presents a theoretical framework to explain the coexistence of the conflicting views. It is argued that not merely the level of environmental performance, but mainly the kind of environmental management with which a certain level is achieved, influences the economic outcome. The model presented provides implications for both empirical research and company management in practice. Research and business practice should focus less on general correlations and more on causal relationships of eco-efficiency, i.e. the effect of different environmental management approaches on economic performance.     

关于建立政府环境保护绩效评价制度的思考

政府绩效评估作为一项行之有效的政府管理工具,在提高政府的管理效能和公共服务能力方面具有重要的促进作用。政府绩效评估随着政府改革的推进而不断完善。在不同的阶段,随着政府改革的主题与目标的变化,评估的侧重点、目标和形式等也相应地发生变化。在我国,服务型政府作为一种新的政府治理模式已成为政府改革的主题和目标。服务型政府建设对行政管理体的改进、政府行政理念的拓展、政府角色的合理定位等,都为改善政府绩效评估提供了新的基础和目标导向。同时,也对完善政府绩效评估提出了新的要求。服务型政府的治理模式和治理理念,在我国环境保护方面也应当起到它应有的作用,建立起政府环境保护绩效评价制度。     

废弃产品回收处理企业环境绩效评价初探

近年来,废弃产品回收处理行业日益受到政府和社会各界的关注,而回收处理企业是实施回收处理活动的主体,相关法律、法规的出台对回收处理企业提出了更高的要求。本文在概括梳理相关法律、法规的基础上,初步建立了废弃产品回收处理企业环境绩效评价指标体系,为回收处理企业采用先进的技术工艺、降低环境负荷、加强职业健康监护和企业环境管理提供参考,以适应国家政策要求和行业发展的需要。     

Toward a Sectorwide Design for Environment Support System for the Rail Industry

Rail has an important role to play in the development toward a sustainable transportation system. In this perspective, the European Brite Euram Project RAVEL (Rail Vehicle Eco-Efficient Design) has developed a rail sectorwide Design for Environment system to be used and standardized throughout the full supply chain. At the core of the system, quantitative environmental performance indicators for rail vehicles and components are used to incorporate environmental performance target levels in the product requirements and to measure and communicate achieved environmental performance. The concept of eco-efficiency is used to integrate both environmental and economical considerations. The methodology further builds on a standardized material list, standardized data formats, and proactive design guidance. To date, first steps are already taken to integrate the RAVEL project results into sector initiatives toward industrywide acceptance and standardization.Published online Note: This version was published online in June 2005 with the cover date of August 2004.     

The impact of ISO 14001 on corporate environmental performance: a study of Swedish manufacturing firms

The debate concerning the environmental effectiveness of environmental management systems (EMS) based on ISO 14001 is still open and scholars have called for further studies that can explain the contrasting evidence in previous research. As a response, this study aims to contribute knowledge about the effects of ISO 14001-based EMS by presenting fact-based environmental data. The study focuses on changes in performance over a period of 12 years and includes both firms with an EMS (66 firms) and firms without one (50 firms). Consideration is given to the improvement efforts in the firms before EMS adoption making it possible to neutralize any selection effects where better environmental performance precedes ISO 14001 adoption. Analysis has been carried out using statistical methods for six different environmental areas. No statistically significant differences between certified and non-certified firms concerning the change in the rate of improvement could be found in any of the six areas. However, it can be suspected that EMS adoption has positive effects on energy use and waste production whereas the non-adopting firms seem to perform better concerning air emissions. These mixed results mirrors previous research, which is rather worrying considering the worldwide popularity of EMS based on ISO 14001 in industry.     

重点污染行业实施环境管理体系绩效评价指标体系构建及应用

本文针对重点污染行业特点,从能资源消耗、综合利用、环境污染和社会反响四个方面构建了重点污染行业实施环境管理体系绩效评价指标体系,并以化工行业为研究对象,评估了14家企业体系实施前与实施后的绩效。结果表明,实施环境管理体系,有利于提高企业环境效益。     

Environmental performance policy indicators for the public sector: the case of the defence sector

The development of environmental performance policy indicators for public services, and in particular for the defence sector, is an emerging issue. Despite a number of recent initiatives there has been little work done in this area, since the other sectors usually focused on are agriculture, transport, industry, tourism and energy. This type of tool can be an important component for environmental performance evaluation at policy level, when integrated in the general performance assessment system of public missions and activities. The main objective of this research was to develop environmental performance policy indicators for the public sector, specifically applied to the defence sector. Previous research included an assessment of the environmental profile, through the evaluation of how environmental management practices have been adopted in this sector and an assessment of environmental aspects and impacts. This paper builds upon that previous research, developing an indicator framework--SEPI--supported by the selection and construction of environmental performance indicators. Another aim is to discuss how the current environmental indicator framework can be integrated into overall performance management. The Portuguese defence sector is presented and the usefulness of this methodology demonstrated. Feasibility and relevancy criteria are applied to evaluate the set of indicators proposed, allowing indicators to be scored and indicators for the policy level to be obtained.     

雾霾污染、经营绩效与企业环境社会责任

本文采用我国沪深两市2010—2016年A股上市公司数据与哥伦比亚大学社会经济数据和应用中心发布的PM2.5浓度数据,基于固定效应模型研究了雾霾污染对企业环境社会责任履行情况的影响。实证分析结果表明:我国各地市的雾霾污染对企业环境社会责任具有正向影响,即本地雾霾污染越严重,企业承担环境社会责任就越多。进一步的分析发现:雾霾污染会削弱经营绩效对企业环境社会责任履行情况的正向影响,即雾霾污染越严重,经营绩效对企业环境社会责任的正向影响越弱。本文的研究结论不仅揭示了雾霾对企业环境社会责任的正向影响,也揭示了雾霾污染对经营绩效和企业环境责任之间关系的调节影响。该结论对于加强雾霾治理和推动企业良好履行环境社会责任具有积极的作用。