微波－混凝法处理滇池高藻原水的实验研究

实验采用微波－混凝法处理滇池高藻原水,考察了混凝剂聚合氯化铝（PAC）投加量、进水pH值、微波功率及辐照时间对除藻去浊效果的影响,并与单一混凝的处理效果进行了对比。结果表明：在PAC投加量为80mg／L、进水pH值为8—9、微波功率为600W、辐照时间为1．5min的条件下除藻去浊效果最佳,除藻率达94．4％,剩余浊度可从89NTU降到3NTU左右;微波－混凝法对滇池高藻原水的处理效果明显优于单一混凝,同时可降低混凝剂用量,具有良好的强化混凝效果。     

聚合氯化铝-高锰酸钾-羟基氧化铁复合强化混凝微污染原水

选用聚合氯化铝（PAC）与高锰酸钾、羟基氧化铁进行复配,强化混凝处理微污染原水。研究了复合混凝剂投加量、反应时间、进水pH、进水有机物浓度等对混凝效果的影响及絮体的沉淀性能。结果表明,PAC-KMnO4-β-FeOOH三元复合混凝剂具有显著的强化混凝效果,与相同条件下单投PAC及PAC-KMnO4二元复合混凝相比,TOC去除率分别提高了30%与20%。达到相同的浊度去除效果,三元复配混凝剂可缩短27%~50%的反应时间,减少65%~75%的沉淀时间。进水pH、有机物浓度在一定范围内变动时,PAC-KMnO4-β-FeOOH三元复合混凝剂对浊度与TOC的去除率均高于单投PAC的处理效果,三元复合混凝剂具有较强的抗水质变化冲击能力。     

聚合铝混凝过程中pH值的计算与调控

本文通过对混凝过程中典型酸碱平衡体系进行分析，提出了对无机离分子絮凝剂聚合铝（PACl）混凝过程中混凝剂投药量与pH值变化关系进行近似计算的方法，并引入了混凝过程水解度的概念。而后根据实验结果进行了进一步的修正。     

印染废水生化出水高锰酸钾强化混凝深度处理溶解性有机物的去除特性

采用高锰酸钾预氧化,强化某印染废水生化出水铁盐混凝深度处理溶解性有机物(DOM),考察了高锰酸钾强化混凝对印染废水生化出水中DOM的去除特性并为优化混凝深度处理工艺提供理论参考.在最优投加条件下,高锰酸钾强化混凝处理提高了DOM色度的去除效果,以美国染料生产协会色度值(ADMI7.6)表征时为84%,出水ADMI7.6值较单独混凝处理降低了43%.但以溶解性有机碳(DOC)表征时去除率基本保持不变,为55%.通过XAD-8/XAD-4吸附树脂分离技术和分子量分布分析发现,高锰酸钾强化混凝处理通过有效去除疏水性和弱疏水性DOM色度降低了出水的色度.同时,出水中亲水性和小分子DOM(MW<1 kDa)较单独混凝处理分别增加了34%和15%,导致了DOM去除率以DOC表征时无显著改善.采用三维荧光光谱技术定性分析表明,引起色度的可见类富里酸和类腐殖酸物质被进一步去除使出水色度降低,此时出水中增多的小分子亲水性DOM主要为类蛋白质和富里酸物质.因此,高锰酸钾强化混凝处理过程仍需与其它能去除亲水性、小分子量DOM(MW<1 kDa)的处理工艺结合,以提高总体去除效率.     

高锰酸盐复合药剂(PPC)安全强化低温低浊水处理

通过中试试验考察了高锰酸盐复合药剂(PPC)安全强化低温低浊水的处理效能,对其强化混凝,强化过滤效果与预氯化处理进行了对比．试验表明,PPC预处理技术在助凝、助滤、去除水体中有机污染物等方面都具有比预氯化更好的处理效果,该项技术对于低温低浊期的水处理具有很好的应用前景．     

好氧颗粒污泥研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥具有厌氧颗粒污泥与活性污泥不可比拟的优势,成为目前的研究热点,通过从好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理、混凝强化培养、连续培养及好氧颗粒污泥微生物检测与流体CFD模拟等方面进行综述,提出混凝强化与连续培养相结合是快速培养好氧颗粒污泥的发展方向,现阶段高能量测序与CFD技术是研究好氧颗粒污泥形成的重要有效手段.参32.     

分形理论及其在混凝研究中的应用

随着人们对分形理论研究的深入,其在混凝研究中的应用日趋广泛.分形理论的出现使人们更清楚地认识了混凝过程中出现的复杂现象及无规则形态,从而为今后对混凝过程的进一步研究提供了有力工具.该文不仅对分形理论的基本知识进行了简单地介绍,并且还对其在絮体形态学和混凝动力学方面的研究应用进行了阐述,同时列举了分形维数在混凝工艺中的具体应用实例,最后提出了目前存在的问题及自己的见解.图1,参21.     

高锰酸钾预氧化-混凝沉淀组合工艺处理微污染水研究

针对微污染水,就高锰酸钾预氧化技术与与饮用水常规混凝沉淀工艺组合联用开展了一些试验研究。结果表明：高锰酸钾的预氧化作用有助于PAC混凝沉淀工艺对原水中有机污染物的去除;KMnO4和聚合氯化铝（PAC）的投加方式对原水耗氧量的去除率有明显影响;KMnO4预氧化有一个最佳时间;高锰酸钾预氧化-混凝沉淀组合微污染水处理工艺,对原水pH值的波动有比较好的适应性。     

聚合铝的形态稳定性及其动电特性的研究

本文采用改进的Ａｌ－Ｆｅｒｒｏｎ快速测定法研究了混凝过程中铝盐与聚合铝水解形态的转化规律及稳定性，并对混凝反应过程中铝与聚合铝溶解－沉淀形态分布与理论溶解度进行了对比，同时采用流动电流技术直接测定了铝盐与聚合铝絮凝剂的荷电状况，最后对发生在混凝过程中铝与聚合铝最佳凝聚形态进行了讨论。     

高浓度HPAM油田污水模拟水样混凝处理方法的试验研究

本文针对聚合物采油污水的特点，通过对模拟水样的混凝试验研究，研制出一种高效的混凝药剂ＣＧＡ，并对其作用的优化条件和主要影响因素进行了研究。试验结果表明：混凝药剂ＣＧＡ在处理效果和药耗等方面均优于目前通常使用的混凝剂。     

Surface water treatment benefits from the presence of algae: Influence of algae on the coagulation behavior of polytitanium chloride

• Emerging titanium coagulation was high-efficient for algae-laden water treatment. • Polytitanium coagulation was capable for both algae and organic matter removal. • Surface water purification was improved by around 30% due to algae inclusion. • Algae functioned as flocculant aid to assist polytitanium coagulation. • Algae could enhance charge neutralization capability of polytitanium coagulant. Titanium-based coagulation has proved to be effective for algae-laden micro-polluted water purification processes. However, the influence of algae inclusion in surface water treatment by titanium coagulation is barely reported. This study reports the influence of both Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis wesenbergii in surface water during polytitanium coagulation. Jar tests were performed to evaluate coagulation performance using both algae-free (controlled) and algae-laden water samples, and floc properties were studied using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer for online monitoring. Results show that polytitanium coagulation can be highly effective in algae separation, removing up to 98% from surface water. Additionally, the presence of algae enhanced organic matter removal by up to 30% compared to controlled water containing only organic matter. Polytitanium coagulation achieved significant removal of fluorescent organic materials and organic matter with a wide range of molecular weight distribution (693–4945 Da) even in the presence of algae species in surface water. The presence of algae cells and/or algal organic matter is likely to function as an additional coagulant or flocculation aid, assisting polytitanium coagulation through adsorption and bridging effects. Although the dominant coagulation mechanisms with polytitanium coagulant were influenced by the coagulant dosage and initial solution pH, algae species in surface water could enhance the charge neutralization capability of the polytitanium coagulant. Algae-rich flocs were also more prone to breakage with strength factors approximately 10% lower than those of algae-free flocs. Loose structure of the flocs will require careful handling of the flocs during coagulation-sedimentation-filtration processes.     

黄浦江原水中各类有机物在铝盐混凝过程中的去除效果

通过XAD-8/XAD-4吸附树脂联用技术将黄浦江微污染原水中溶解性有机物分为疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质及亲水物质4类有机物,研究了铝盐混凝工艺对黄浦江水中4类有机物的去除效果.硫酸铝在最佳混凝条件下,即投加量为8 mg·l~(-1)(以Al计),pH=5.5时,水中的DOC和UV_(254)的去除率分别达到23%和32%.有机物的亲疏水性对混凝工艺有较大影响,混凝法倾向于优先去除水中疏水性有机物,而疏水性有机物的酸碱性对混凝工艺没有明显影响,酸性和非酸类疏水物质均能破混凝工艺所去除.疏水酸是水中最主要的三氯甲烷类消毒副产物的前体物质,混凝工艺对于三氯甲烷类消毒副产物有良好的控制作用,总体减少了 39%的生成量.而不同类的有机物之间,混凝工艺对消毒副产物控制效果不同,其中对疏水酸的控制三氯甲烷消毒副产物的效果最好,减少了63%的生成量,亲水物质的控制效果最差,三氯甲烷生成量仪减少了3%.疏水酸表现出比亲水物质更强的生物毒性,混凝工艺能明显降低原水的毒性.     

Effects of water quality on the coagulation performances of humic acids irradiated with UV light

The presence of humic acid in drinking water treatment has received significant attention in recent years because of its adverse effects on the removal of many pollutants in coagulation. In this paper, the effects of water quality including pH, turbidity, alkalinity, and hardness on the removal of humic acid were investigated in a UV light hybridized coagulation process. Our results suggested that UV light radiation could effectively improve the removal rate of humic acid in coagulation under both neutral and basic conditions, and the variations of the selected water quality parameters had little adverse effect on the function of UV light. After UV light radiation, the removal rate of the nitro-humic acid (NHA) increased from 20% to 60% in coagulation, and increased further to 75% and 85% for the raw waters with 10.0 NTU kaolin and 100 mg·L^-1 hardness, respectively. In addition to NHA, the removal rates of the humic acid extracted from peat coal (PHA) and the humic acid provided by Japan metals and chemicals company (JHA) in coagulation were also improved, both in the range of 80%–90% after undergoing UV light radiation. By changing the radiation location from prior to coagulation to the flocculation process, similar experimental results were obtained. The formation of positive charged sites after UV light radiation was considered to be the primary factor that led to an enhanced removal of the humic acid in coagulation.     

聚合铝基复合混凝剂残余铝及混凝性能的初步研究

以不同碱化度(B)的聚合氯化铝(PAC)和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵均聚物(PDMDAAC)制备聚合氯化铝-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵均聚物复合混凝剂(PAC-PDMDAAC)，试验了其处理模拟水的除浊效果及水体的残余铝量。结果表明：PAG-PDMDAAC较PAC具有更低的投加量，更好的除浊效果，处理后水体具有更低的残余铝量。B和PDMDAAC质量百分含量(P％)对PAC-PDMDAAC除浊效果及水体的残余铝量有不同程度的影响。     

Effects of humic acid on residual Al control in drinking water treatment plants with orthophosphate addition

This study aimed to investigate the effects of humic acid (HA) on residual Al control in drinking water facilities that used orthophosphate addition. The results showed that adding orthophosphate was an effective method for residual Al control for the raw water without HA. When orthophosphate was added at 1.0 min before the addition of poly aluminum chloride (PACl), the concentrations of soluble aluminum (Sol-Al) and total aluminum (Tot-Al) residue were 0.08 and 0.086 mg·L^-1, respectively; both were reduced by 46% compared with the control experiment. The presence of HA would notably increase the residual Al concentration. For the raw water with 5 mg·L^-1 of HA, the concentrations of Sol-Al and Tot-Al increased from 0.136 and 0.174 mg·L^-1 to 0.172 and 0.272 mg·L^-1, respectively. For water with a HA concentration above 5 mg·L^-1, orthophosphate was ineffective in the control of residual Al, though there were still parts of orthophosphate were removed in coagulation. The amounts of Al removal were positively correlated with the solids freshly formed in coagulation. Similar to the raw water without HA, the best Al control was obtained with orthophosphate salt added at 1.0 min before PACl. HA concentrations in the raw water, solution pH, and the orthophosphate dosage suitable for residual Al control by orthophosphate precipitation were also investigated.     

钛对聚合硫酸铁制备与性能的影响

研究了由FeSO4制备聚合硫酸铁过程中,钛对聚铁聚合态分布和稳定性的影响,并进一步考察了含钛聚合硫酸铁的絮凝性能.应用络合比色法对聚铁中不同水解形态聚铁的含量进行了分析测定,并通过沉淀实验考察了不同钛含量对聚铁稳定性的影响;随后,通过出水浊度、TOC、金属离子残余量和出水pH等指标测试,研究了钛对聚合硫酸铁混凝性能的影响.结果表明,较低的钛含量(<0.025)在一定程度上有利于中聚态聚铁的形成,提高了聚铁絮凝剂的混凝效率;反之,钛含量超过0.025时不仅聚铁的稳定性显著下降,而且处理后出水的钛残留增加,pH降低.     

Optimization and modeling of coagulation-flocculation to remove algae and organic matter from surface water by response surface methodology

Charge neutralization and sweep flocculation were the major mechanisms. Effect of process parameters was investigated. Optimal coagulation conditions were studied by response surface methodology. ANN models presented more robust and accurate prediction than RSM. Seasonal algal blooms of Lake Yangcheng highlight the necessity to develop an effective and optimal water treatment process to enhance the removal of algae and dissolved organic matter (DOM). In the present study, the coagulation performance for the removal of algae, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV₂₅₄) was investigated systematically by central composite design (CCD) using response surface methodology (RSM). The regression models were developed to illustrate the relationships between coagulation performance and experimental variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to test the significance of the response surface models. It can be concluded that the major mechanisms of coagulation to remove algae and DOM were charge neutralization and sweep flocculation at a pH range of 4.66–6.34. The optimal coagulation conditions with coagulant dosage of 7.57 mg Al/L, pH of 5.42 and initial algal cell density of 3.83 × 10⁶ cell/mL led to removal of 96.76%, 97.64%, 40.23% and 30.12% in term of cell density, turbidity, DOC and UV₂₅₄ absorbance, respectively, which were in good agreement with the validation experimental results. A comparison between the modeling results derived through both ANOVA and artificial neural networks (ANN) based on experimental data showed a high correlation coefficient, which indicated that the models were significant and fitted well with experimental results. The results proposed a valuable reference for the treatment of algae-laden surface water in practical application by the optimal coagulation-flocculation process.     

聚硅酸金属盐絮凝剂的制备和絮凝性能

本文对制备聚硅酸金属盐絮凝剂的条件及其絮凝除浊除色效果进行了实验研究。结果表明，在适当酸化ｐＨ条件下，进行硅酸与金属离子聚合反应，可获得具有较高分子量的ＰＳＭＳ。低浓度ＰＳＭＳ可以保持较长稳定时间，与传统铝、铁盐凝聚剂相比，ＰＳＭＳ可显著提高并改善絮凝除浊除腐植酸的效果，这种ＰＳＭＳ絮凝剂更适合于水厂现场制备投加。     

藻毒素在传统净水工艺中的去除特性

通过模拟试验及水厂实测数据，考察了传统制水工艺对微囊藻毒素的去除规律，结果表明：富营养化原水预氮化会导致藻细胞内的毒素释于水中，混凝沉淀通过去除藻类而去除细胞内藻毒素，但对细胞外的溶解性藻毒素无去除作用，过滤与氯消毒可去除部分细胞外藻毒素，对细胞内藻毒素的去除作用较弱，传统制水工艺不能保证出水藻毒素达标，必须采取预处理和深度处理措施。