京津冀地区臭氧污染特征与来源分析

2013—2014年京津冀地区13个城市O_3日最大8 h平均值第90百分位数平均为155~162μg/m3,京津冀地区已成为全国O_3污染最严重的地区之一,京津冀地区O_3污染程度有所加重。京津冀地区夏季O_3浓度高,冬季浓度低,O_3质量浓度较高的月份集中在5—9月,12月—次年1月浓度最低。在O_3污染较重的夏季,每日6:00~7:00,O_3质量浓度最低,15:00~16:00 O_3浓度最高。在空间分布上郊区点位的O_3质量浓度往往高于主城区点位。京津冀区域夏季O_3小时浓度和NO2浓度呈高度负相关关系,和其他污染物无明显的相关性。O_3质量浓度和气温呈显著的正相关关系,和大气相对湿度呈显著的负相关关系。京津冀区域O_3的主要来源为NOX和VOC等一次污染物在日光照射下发生光化学反应而产生,控制O_3前体物的源排放,尤其是控制好VOC的排放是控制O_3污染的有效途径。     

佛山市近地面臭氧污染特征及相关气象因子分析

利用2014年佛山市8个国控大气自动监测点位的O_3监测数据,分析了佛山市的O_3污染特征,结果表明,2014年O_3日最大8 h平均值的第90百分位数为167μg/m~3,O_3为首要污染物的超标天数为43d,占比46.7%;ρ(O_3)区域变化不大;ρ(O_3)月变化呈现"三峰型",全年高ρ(O_3)集中在6—10月份,其中7月份出现全年最高峰值;ρ(O_3)日变化呈单峰型分布,夜间浓度较低且变化平缓,14:00—16:00左右达到峰值,并存在一定的"周末效应",但并不明显;ρ(O_3)与气温呈显著正相关,与湿度、气压、雨量呈显著负相关,与风向、风速的相关性相对较弱;总体上看,高温、低湿、微风、偏南风、低压、无雨的天气条件下高ρ(O_3)更容易出现。     

海口市臭氧污染特征

基于2013—2015年海口市4个空气质量自动监测站点数据,结合气象资料,分析了海口市O_3的污染特征。结果表明:海口市O_3总体优良,优良天数比例为99.4%,污染天数均为轻度污染;在良和污染天数中,O_3作为首要污染物的天数占40%,超过其他5项污染物占比。海口市10月O_3浓度最高。O_3月均浓度与温度呈负相关关系,同时与风向有密切关系:5—8月气温较高,以南风为主,O_3浓度较低;1月北风频率较高,易受外来污染传输作用,O_3浓度相对较高。O_3超标日以东北风为主,日变化并未呈现单峰型特征,12:00—22:00时段O_3浓度在10%范围内小幅变化。台风外围型和北方冷高压底部型是造成海口市O_3超标的2类典型天气形势。     

郑州市近地面臭氧污染特征及气象因素分析

利用国控站点空气质量在线监测数据,识别郑州市2015年近地面臭氧(O_3)污染状况、特征及与颗粒物和氮氧化物水平关系,并以烟厂站为例分析郑州市O_3污染与气象要素的相关性。结果表明:郑州市O_3日最大8 h平均值具有明显季节变化,呈现出夏季春季秋季冬季的特征,夏季岗李水库站O_3月均质量浓度为155.5μg/m3,其余站点月均质量浓度为110~150μg/m3;夏季O_3每日最大8 h浓度具有显著"周末效应",其他季节较不明显;O_3小时浓度日变化呈单峰型分布,在15:00—16:00达到峰值,早晨07:00达到谷值;前体物NOx小时浓度日变化呈双峰型分布,与O_3具有显著负相关性;气象因素相关性分析结果表明,郑州市O_3污染日多出现于高温、低湿和微风等条件,这些气象因素有利于O_3生成和累积。     

银川市臭氧污染特征及其气象条件诊断分析

利用2017年银川市区O_3监测数据和同期气象资料,分析O_3污染时间变化特征,在对高浓度O_3污染发生时段典型气象特征诊断分析的基础上,初步总结银川市O_3污染气象要素预警指标和典型环流特征。结果表明:银川市近地面O_3浓度春夏季高、秋冬季低,其月浓度峰值一般出现在夏季6月或7月;O_3浓度白天高、夜间低,日O_3浓度峰值一般出现在14:00—18:00之间;当14:00地面紫外辐射30 W/m~2、气温高于28℃、相对湿度低于40%、风向为偏东或偏南风时发生高浓度O_3污染的概率较高;500 hPa大陆高压脊前西北气流型和地面热低压底部东南气流型是银川市发生O_3污染的典型环流特征。     

台州市区臭氧污染特征及来源解析

利用台州市区2013—2017年O_3监测数据分析其污染特征,并采用CMAQ模型研究各类污染源对O_3的贡献率。结果表明:台州市区O_3年均浓度稳定,月均浓度4—10月较高,日小时浓度呈单峰型,峰值出现在13:00左右;在温度较高、相对湿度50%～80%、风速1.0 m/s～3.0 m/s、风向为偏东时O_3浓度相对较高,易出现超标现象;本地排放源是O_3形成的主要来源,各季节贡献率略有差异,分别为春季(72.28%)、夏季(69.95%)、秋季(69.24%)、冬季(66.28%);工艺过程源、道路移动源和居民生活源是O_(3 )形成的3大来源,贡献率分别为26.32%、12.89%和9.91%。     

徐州市区臭氧浓度变化特征及与气象要素的关系

根据2016年徐州市区臭氧(O_3)自动监测数据以及气象观测数据,探讨了徐州市区O_3浓度的变化特征及其与气象要素的关系。结果表明:2016年徐州市区环境空气中O_3-8h浓度超过二级标准共有32天,超标日集中出现在4月~9月;O_3-8h浓度年均值为122μg/m~3,O_3-8h第90百分位浓度为153μg/m~3。O_3浓度呈现夏季﹥春季﹥秋季﹥冬季的季节性变化特征和"单峰型"的日变化特征。O_3浓度与温度呈正相关性,与湿度和气压呈负相关性;当气压﹤1010 hPa,气温﹥25℃,相对湿度﹤50%时,O_3-8h浓度容易出现超标的情况。     

盐城市臭氧污染特征及影响因素

对2015—2016年盐城市城区4个空气质量自动监测国控站点的O_3监测数据进行分析,探讨盐城市O_3污染水平、时空分布特征及其与前体物、气象因子之间的关系。结果表明,各站点O_3污染水平较为接近,2016年各站点O_3-8h第90百分位数超标天数较2015年分别下降了43.5%,50.0%,8.7%和43.6%;全年O_3逐月值大致呈双峰分布,高ρ(O_3)主要集中在4—10月;O_3日变化曲线呈明显的单峰分布,一般在05:00—07:00最低,13:00—15:00达到峰值;不同季节的O_3日变化情况有所差异,午后O_3峰值与O_3日变化幅度均在春季最大,冬季最低;NO、NO_2和CO的日变化曲线均呈现出早晚双峰分布,受早高峰影响,一般在07:00左右达到一日中的最大值;O_3与NO_x等前体物均显著负相关,高ρ(O_3)往往出现在高ρ(CO)/ρ(NO_2)时;总体上各站点的ρ(O_3)随风速的增大而增大。     

南京市臭氧污染现状及变化特征的研究

利用2016年南京市臭氧(O_3)及前体物监测数据,对南京市O_3污染现状、变化特征及其与前体物的关系进行分析。结果表明,2016年南京市O_3超标56 d,超标率15.3%,O_3日最大8 h滑动平均值的第90百分位数为184μg/m~3,超标0.15倍。O_3超标主要集中在4—9月份,日变化呈现"单峰"型特征,峰值出现在14:00,而上午8:00—10:00时段O_3浓度升幅最显著,小时浓度升幅超过20%。前体物VOCs和NO_2浓度变化与O_3呈反相关,且VOCs和NO_2浓度冬季最高,夏季最低,秋季和春季基本相当。     

河源夏季臭氧污染特征及其成因

2015年9月至2016年8月,在广东河源城区内采用在线连续观测,分析该地区近地面臭氧(O_3)及其前体物的变化规律和相关性,重点探讨了夏季O_3污染特征及成因。结果表明,河源市城区O_3总超标天数为10 d,主要集中在7—9月。O_3浓度变化呈现明显的春、冬季低,夏、秋季高的季节变化。O_3浓度日变化呈典型单峰特征,前体物主要呈双峰变化。O_3小时浓度和CO无明显的相关性,与NO2浓度呈现较高的负相关关系;气象及HYSPLIT-4模型计算综合分析结果表明,夏季污染时段河源高空、低空气团大部来自西南方向,夏季O_3污染主要来源于珠三角区域传输和本地源排放。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.