铅锌尾矿废弃地的化学性质研究

凡口铅锌尾矿废弃地的不同区位及不同深度的尾矿中铅锌含量存在着较大的差异，总锌为703－19657mg/kg、总铅10413－94988mg/kg。正常尾矿中，有效态锌含量达到151．6－841．7mg/kg，有效态铅含量很低（0．75－2．50mg/kg)，有机质、总氮、有效磷及速效钾等营养物质缺乏。当尾矿酸化后，pH降低，有效态Pb、Zn含量升高，有效锌达到175．8－2828．0mg/kg，有效铅含量最高为100．0mg/kg，而有机质、总氮和有效磷为零，使尾矿更加贫瘠。在尾矿库的边缘区位和尾矿表面的覆盖土壤区位，基质中营养物质含量增加，但是营养状况的改善又引起了有效态的Pb、Zn含量升高。     

锑矿区人发中铋的污染状况

采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法（HG-AFS）,对经过硝酸-高氯酸消解后的锡矿山矿区和贵阳市人体头发样品中重金属铋（Bi）含量进行分析。结果表明,锡矿山矿区和贵阳市人体头发中Bi的检出率分别为95.5%、22.7%,矿区居民人体头发中Bi含量显著高于作为对照的贵阳市居民人体头发中的Bi含量。锡矿山矿区男性和女性居民人发中Bi质量分数范围分别为0.0079～0.1842μg？g-1、0.0080～0.1403μg？g-1,平均值（中位数）分别为0.0480（0.0280）μg？g-1、0.0482（0.0397）μg？g-1,矿区较高的人发Bi含量主要集中在30～49岁的中年人群中。通过独立样本t检验发现,锡矿山矿区男性和女性发样中Bi含量差异不显著（p〉0.05）。研究结果说明锑矿开采和冶炼区域重金属Bi对人体健康的危害明显比非矿区严重。     

不同铅化合物对红壤中微生物生物量的毒性差异(英)

为了评估红壤中不同铅化合物对微生物生物量的毒性差异，进行了实验室培养试验铅化合物为氯化铅和醋酸铅，施加的6个不同浓度（w／10－6）为0（背景值），100，200，300，450和600在铅水平相同时，醋酸铅比氯化铅对土壤中微生物生物量碳（Cmic）和微生物生物量氮（Nmic）的降低更为明显土壤中微生物量C／N比和有机碳／微生物量碳比［m（Corg）／m（Cmic）］随着醋酸铅水平的增加而显著提高,而氯化铅在相同水平下，提高的幅度大大减少,这些结果表明，不同铅化合物的溶解度和不同相伴阴离子是决定铅化合物毒性的重要因素.     

总N—亚硝基化合物接触量与胃癌死亡率的生态学相关性

在胃癌高发区福建省长乐县和低发区山东省崂山县和随机选择近６０名３５－６４岁男性一，以份饭法收集２４ｈ膳食和１２ｈ尿液，测定总Ｎ－亚硝基人合物（ＴＮＯＣ）含量，计算膳食摄入量和尿中排出量人群日均膳食摄往我为７．０７４．３１μｍｏｌ，低发区为４．０７±３．６７μｍｏｌ，Ｐ〈０．００１；１２ｈ尿中排出量高发区为１１３±０．６１μｍｏｌ，低发区为０．３４±０．２７μｍｏｌ，Ｐ〈０．００１；尿中排出量与膳食     

煤矿型城市城区居民人发中汞的空间分布特征及影响因素分析

为了解淮南市不同城区居民人发中Hg分布特征和影响当地居民人体Hg富集的因素。在淮南市市区选择68名正常状态下的居民头发,用氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定人发中总汞含量。结果显示:淮南市市区居民人发中Hg的平均浓度为(0.390±0.173)μg·g~(-1),Hg浓度主要分布于0~0.5μg·g~(-1)较低浓度区间内,占总样品数的77.94%;市区内人发中Hg平均浓度呈现出谢家集(0.468±0.144μg·g~(-1))>潘集(0.384±0.199μg·g~(-1))>田家庵(0.377±0.176μg·g~(-1))>大通(0.373±0.116μg·g~(-1));不同性别上,当地男性头发中Hg的平均含量为(0.436±0.188)μg·g~(-1),显著高于女性的(0.343±0.146)μg·g~(-1)(P=0.021<0.05);不同年龄段内,40~60岁年龄段居民头发中Hg平均含量最高,达0.445μg·g~(-1);不同工作、生活环境上,淮南市居民头发中Hg平均含量呈现出矿区>过渡区>对照城区,其Hg平均含量分别达(0.466±0.174)、(0.380±0.167)、(0.304±0.151)μg·g~(-1),矿区居民人发中Hg含量分别高出过渡区与对照城区居民人发Hg含量达22.6%和53.3%。相比较美国国家环境保护局提出的人发中Hg的参考剂量1μg·g~(-1),淮南市城区居民人发中Hg含量较低。但是对比非矿业活动区,矿区居民人发中Hg含量显著高于对照城区居民(P=0.0098<0.01),过渡区居民人发中Hg含量与矿区和对照城区差异性均不明显。     

电镀厂污染土壤重金属形态及淋洗去除效果

以某电镀厂污染场地重污染区域土壤为研究对象,对土壤中重金属全量和各形态含量进行分析,并研究筛选高效土壤淋洗剂,比较其淋洗去除效果。结果表明,该土壤以铬和镍污染最为严重,土壤铬和镍含量分别达1 564.00和679.00 mg.kg-1,土壤铜、锌和铅含量分别为297.00、276.00和51.40 mg.kg-1,铜、铬、镍、锌和铅的有效态比例分别为41.77%、13.16%、28.08%、21.50%和31.18%。去离子水、盐酸、乙酸、草酸、柠檬酸和EDTA 6种淋洗剂中,去离子水对5种重金属提取量均较少;草酸对铜、铬、镍和锌去除效果较好,去除率分别为55.1%、24.8%、47.5%和29.3%;柠檬酸对铜、铬、镍和锌去除效果较好,去除率分别为26.3%、25.7%、33.0%和21.6%;EDTA对铜、镍、锌和铅去除效果较好,去除率分别为31.5%、28.9%、21.4%和30.6%。综合考虑淋洗剂的提取效果、水溶性以及操作难度和成本,建议采用柠檬酸作为淋洗剂,最佳液土比〔V（液）∶m（土）〕为10∶1,最佳淋洗时间为6 h。     

锌镀层退镀废液中锌酸治理回收技术

本研究以锌镀层退底废液中锌配备顺收为例探讨从盐酸体系中分离酸－金属的工艺特点，选取了高效又价廉的国产萃取剂（Ｎ－２３５）和反萃剂（生石灰），建立了新的回收处理工艺路线，中试结果证明此工艺在技术上和设备上是可行的。     

温度对中国荷斯坦奶牛血液某些生化指标的影响

以健康荷斯坦黑白花奶牛为试验对象，研究了不同环境温度（θ/℃5，10，15，20，25）对奶牛血清各项生化指标的影响。研究结果表明，肌酸激酶（CK）在血清中的活性随着温度的上升呈波动性下降趋势，特别是在25℃时显著低于其他温度组；乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）在血清中的活性随着温度渐升而呈下降趋势，特别是在15℃以后大幅度下降；γ－谷氨酰转肽酶（γ－GT）的活性从5℃至20℃呈逐渐升高的趋势，而在25℃又回降至5℃水平；天门立氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）在血清中的活性随温度渐升而渐进性升高，特别是在25℃时显著高于5℃时的水平；碱性磷酸酶（ALP）在血清中的活性也是随温度渐升而渐进性升高，但在25℃时下降明显；丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）在血清中的活性随温度上升而呈下降趋势，且下降幅度比较平稳；尿素氮（BUN）在血清中的含量随温度上升而渐进性升高，变化趋势平稳。血清白蛋白（TP）呈波动性变化。无明显规律性。本实验结果说明，北方高寒地区奶牛血清中的某些生化指标可随着环境温变的变化而变化。表2参7     

铅污染矿区中耐铅解磷菌对玉米的促生及根际铅的固化效应

矿产资源的开采、冶炼活动造成了一定的生态环境问题,土壤中可溶性重金属随着地表径流和地下渗透造成矿区和周边农田重金属污染。而矿区中土壤微生物对重金属具有一定耐性,研究微生物对植物根际微生态环境的改善作用具有重要意义。在矿区废弃地土壤中筛选耐铅（Pb）解磷菌的基础上,将含有菌株分泌物的上清液、菌液、发酵液（上清液+菌株）分别施用到玉米（Zea mays L.）根际土壤中,对比三者对玉米的促生效果及根际土壤铅的形态变化,探究解磷菌对玉米的促生机制及其对土壤铅的固化作用。所筛菌株被鉴定为巴氏克雷伯菌（Klebsiella pasteurii）,其通过分泌乙酸、乳酸、酒石酸和草酸对Ca3(PO4)2的溶磷率为26.5%,并能分泌生长素（IAA）。在玉米根际土壤中施用菌株的上清液、菌液和发酵液后,较对照组玉米株高、茎直径、地上与地下生物量均显著增加,其中施用发酵液组增幅最高,较对照组分别增加了128%,216%、266%、147%。同时,3个处理组中玉米地上生物量中铅含量分别降低68.6%、58.1%、70.1%,地下部铅含量分别降低119%、36.7%、39.5%。施用菌株上清液、菌液和发酵液后...     

公路两侧大气颗粒物中的重金属污染特征及其影响因素

选择昌九高速公路(赣粤高速公路南昌至九江段)、昌樟高速公路(赣粤高速公路南昌至樟树段)为研究对象,采集了公路两侧10μm相似文献   

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

南京市郊蔬菜地土壤中重金属含量的时空变化规律

测定了28份蔬菜地土壤样品中的铜、锌、铅、镉、汞的含量,从城市化的角度研究了南京市郊蔬菜地土壤重金属在“城区、郊区和农区”的水平空间变化和在层次间的纵向空间变化,并结合历史数据分析了蔬菜地土壤重金属的时间累积作用。结果表明,城市化影响重金属的水平空间变化,蔬菜地土壤重金属含量随着蔬菜地与城市距离的增加,在城区到郊区这一距离段呈下降趋势,在郊区到农区则基本不变;城市化影响重金属的纵向空间变化,蔬菜地各重金属元素表层减底层差值的均值,城区均为正值且绝对值较高,郊区和农区各值都在0浓度附近摆动且绝对值较小。由于受城市化的时间累积作用的影响,1999年土壤中重金属Pb和Zn含量显著高于1985年。     

Scalp hair metal analysis in the assessment of the occupational exposure of arc welders

Eleven metals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb) were estimated in hair samples of metal arc welders and a control group with the same socioeconomic background. Nitric acid–perchloric acid wet digestion procedure was adopted for the estimation of endogenous metal contents by ICP-AE technique. The study exhibited the following increasing order of the metal concentrations: Cd??1, dry weight, respectively. On average, the levels of Mn, Ni, Pb and Fe were found to be 1.5–2.4 times higher in the hair of welders compared with controls. Besides age and exposure which were strongly correlated, Cu–Mg, Mn–Mg, Ca–Co and Cd–Zn also showed significantly positive correlations. The identification of metal sources, done by cluster and principal component analyses, revealed four factors: age and exposure; Cu, Mg, Mn and Fe; Ca and Co; Cd, Zn, Ni and Pb. High levels of Fe were found to have a depleting impact on Co levels. The arc welders were feared to accumulate heavy metals in their bodies due to long-term endogenous exposure.     

Associations between soil lead concentrations and populations by race/ethnicity and income-to-poverty ratio in urban and rural areas

Lead (Pb) is a well-studied environmental contaminant that has many negative health effects, especially for children. Both racial/ethnic and income disparities have been documented with respect to exposure to Pb in soils. The objectives of this study were to assess whether soil Pb concentrations in rural and urban areas of South Carolina USA, previously identified as having clusters of intellectual disabilities (ID) in children, were positively associated with populations of minority and low-income individuals and children (≤6 years of age). Surface soils from two rural and two urban areas with identified clusters of ID were analyzed for Pb and concentrations were spatially interpolated using inverse distance weighted analysis. Population race/ethnicity and income-to-poverty ratio (ITPR) from United States Census 2000 block group data were aerially interpolated by block group within each area. Urban areas had significantly higher concentrations of Pb than rural areas. Significant positive associations between black, non-Hispanic Latino, individuals and children ≤6 years of age and mean estimated Pb concentrations were observed in both urban (r = 0.38, p = 0.0007) and rural (r = 0.53, p = 0.04) areas. Significant positive associations also were observed between individuals and children with an ITPR < 1.00 and Pb concentrations, though primarily in urban areas. Racial/ethnic minorities and low ITPR individuals, including children, may be at elevated risk for exposure to Pb in soils.     

Determination of total and bioaccessible metals in airborne particulate matter from an urban and a rural area at Sarajevo

Airborne particulate matter of up to 10 µm collected at an urban and a rural area at Sarajevo in 2013 and 2014 was acid digested for determination of total concentrations or extracted with synthetic gastric juice for the bioaccessible fractions of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn and determined by graphite furnace and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The total concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and V were higher at the urban site, while those of Cd, Ni, and Zn were virtually equal at both sites. The average bioaccessible fractions exhibited the following trend at both sites: Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb > Cr > V > Ni > Cd. Enrichment factors and daily intake of metals by inhalation were calculated.     

Heavy metals contamination of soils under oak ecosystems in the Sofia region

We studied the contamination of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in soils under oak ecosystems of urban (U), suburban (SU), and rural (R) regions in Sofia, Bulgaria. The urban sampling sites are located in the large forest parks of Sofia under oak ecosystems, while the others are located between the centre of the town and the surrounding mountains and are also from oak ecosystems. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in soils were measured for identifying the sources and degree of contamination, and calculating the concentration coefficients (Hc) and enrichment factors (EF). The result of applying principal component analysis (PCA), showed that Cd and Pb accounted for the anthropogenic pollution and could be inferred as its tracers, whereas Cu is located mainly in the parent material. The Zn concentration levels were controlled both by its original content in the parent material as well as by anthropogenic pollution. The results obtained for the city forest parks allow for their successful use for recreation purposes.     

Urban Geochemistry: A Multimedia and Multielement Survey of a Small Town in Northern Europe

The concentrations and distributions of chemical elements (Ag, Al, As, Au, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, W and Zn) were studied in till, humus and urban soil in Jakobstad, a small town (20,000 inhabitants) in W. Finland. The analyses were performed with ICP-MS after aqua regia leaching of till (n = 37), urban topsoil (n = 32) and subsoil (n = 32), and HNO3 leaching of humus (n = 37). The till and humus samples, collected at the same sites, were divided into urban and rural samples. The urban till was not significantly enriched in metals. In contrast, a majority of the elements occurred in higher concentrations in the urban than the rural humus samples. Statistical and spatial interpretations of the humus data revealed that traffic (Pb, V and Ni), metal industry (Pb, Zn, Bi, Sb and Cr), an abandoned shooting range (Pb and Sb) and other sources contribute to higher metal levels in the urban humus. The urban soil samples were collected at parks, yards, abandoned industrial sites, roadsides, etc. The topsoil samples were enriched in most elements, also by elements not enriched in the urban humus (e.g. Cd). At several sites, the concentrations far exceeded the limit concentrations for contaminated soils in Finland. A large variety of sources were identified or indicated.     

淮南市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

城市地表灰尘中重金属会对人体健康和生态环境产生危害,为研究城市中不同功能区地表灰尘重金属的含量和潜在生态危害水平,以典型煤炭资源型城市淮南市的地表灰尘为研究对象,采集工业区、商业区、交通区、文教区、居住区和公园绿地等6种功能用地共40个点位的地表灰尘。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-OES）和DMA-80直接测汞仪测定Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Co、V、Hg的含量,分析其在不同功能区地表灰尘中的分布特征、相关性及可能的来源;并应用潜在生态危害指数法对重金属在不同功能区的潜在生态危害进行评价。结果表明：1）淮南市地表灰尘中 Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Co、V、Hg的平均质量分数分别是202.59、74.63、62.74、110.69、0.57、35.82、12.18、50.95和0.105 mg·kg-1,其中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Hg的平均含量分别是淮南市土壤背景值的3.47、3.17、2.04、1.21、9.50、1.12、2.56倍,是中国土壤背景值的2.73、2.87、2.78、1.81、5.88、1.33、1.62倍。2）9种重金属中,Zn和V的含量在不同功能区分布相对均匀,其他重金属在不同功能区含量均表现出较明显的空间异质性。3）不同功能区中,Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni、Co、V、Hg的平均含量在工业区最高,Cr 和 Cd 的平均含量在交通区最高。4）不同重金属的相关性表明,Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni 等5种元素有同一来源,Co 和 V 有同一来源。5）单项潜在生态危害系数大小为 Cd〉Hg〉〉Pb〉Cu〉Ni〉Co〉Zn〉Cr〉V。不同功能区9种重金属复合生态危害均处于强生态危害水平（300≤RI〈600）,其中工业区和交通区潜在生态危害水平最高。     

公路路面径流重金属污染特征

对广州地区市内,城乡结合部和郊区的3条不同的公路路面雨水径流的降雨、径流流量同步监测以及径流瞬时样品中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr 6种重金属的测试表明,在路面重金属被雨水径流的冲洗过程中,基于浓度的初期冲洗现象明显,即在径流发生的初始阶段浓度最高,随着降雨和径流过程的进行,重金属浓度持续降低,在径流流量峰值部分,重金属的浓度达到最低值,随后随着流量的减小略有上升;路面雨水径流中的重金属彼此相关性强且都与径流中悬浮固体存在明显相关,绝大部分的重金属都以悬浮固体吸附或直接的颗粒态形式存在;公路路面雨水径流的重金属污染程度与公路周围的环境关系密切,市内道路的重金属次径流平均浓度最高,城乡结合部和郊区公路路面径流的次径流平均浓度相差不大,Pb是路面径流中主要的重金属污染元素。     

Assessing heavy-metal contamination and sources by GIS-based approach and multivariate analysis of urban–rural topsoils in Wuhan,central China

Nine potentially harmful heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Ni, and Zn) were measured in 477 topsoil samples collected from urban–rural areas in the city of Wuhan in order to identify their concentrations and possible sources, and characterize their spatial variability for risk assessment. Results showed that in most rural areas heavy-metal concentrations in soil were similar to their natural background values, but Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn concentrations were relatively higher in densely populated districts and around industrial facilities. Multivariate analyses (correlation matrix, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis) indicated that Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn were mainly derived from anthropogenic inputs, and Co, Cr, and Mn were controlled by natural source, whereas Ni appeared to be affected by both anthropogenic and natural sources. The result of risk assessment indicated that nearly 48% of the study area suffered from moderate to severe contamination.