河北省近岸海域环境质量评价及分析

利用2017年度河北省近岸海域相关监测数据,采用单一因子法对近岸海域环境质量进行了评价与分析。结果表明:2017年河北省近岸海域环境质量点位以二类水质类别为主,整体水质状况为一般。一类水质比例为0%;二类水质比例为76.9%;四类及劣四类水质比例为23.1%。近岸海域水质状况为一般,超标因子为无机氮,入海河流及直排入海污染源携带污染物对近岸海域水质影响明显,因此河北省近岸海域污染控制重点应在无机氮污染。     

山东省近岸海域水质现状及变化趋势研究

通过对2003-2007年山东省近岸海域水质监测数据的分析，总结其近岸海域的水质状况及污染特征，并采用秩相关系数法对山东省近岸海域水质状况时空变化趋势进行分析与评价。结果表明，山东省近岸海域水质以一、二类海水为主，黄海近岸海域水质略好于渤海。全省近岸海域污染以有机污染为主，主要污染因子为无机氮和化学需氧量。2003-2007年，山东省近岸海域水质变化趋势基本稳定，但主要污染物化学需氧量的含量呈上升趋势。     

改进的内梅罗污染指数法在集中式饮用水源地环境质量评价中的应用

以《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)为基础,选取溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、CODC r等20项指标作为评价指标,采用内梅罗污染指数法的改进方法对内江市5处饮用水源地进行综合评价,并将评价结果与单因子评价法进行比较。结果表明,内江市5处饮用水源地水质状况较好;内梅罗污染指数法的评价结论比单因子评价法的评价结论更科学、合理和全面的反映综合水质状况。     

《2004年中国环境状况公报》摘要

2004年度全国环境质量基本稳定。城市空气质量与上年相当，部分城市污染仍然严重。酸雨污染略呈加重趋势。地表水水质无明显变化，近岸海域海水水质与上年基本持平，东海和渤海污染严重。城市声环境质量较好，辐射环境质量基本维持在天然本底水暇耕地面积仍呈减少趋势。生态状况无明显改善。气候属偏好年份。     

中国动态

2010年全国环境质量状况公布 环保部日前公布2010年全国环境质量状况报告。2010年,全国环境质量与上年相比保持稳定。地表水总体为中度污染,近岸海域海水水质与上年相比有所下降,为轻度污染。环保重点城市空气质量与上年基本持平。全国酸雨污染依然较重。重点城市功能区声环境质量保持稳定,夜间噪声污染相对较重。典型农村地区地表水为中度污染,空气质量良好。     

大连市近岸海域水质时空特征及原因分析

“十三五”期间大连市近岸海域水质状况良好,主要污染指标无机氮浓度总体呈下降趋势,但个别海湾仍存在无机氮污染问题。在全面分析近岸海域水质及无机氮时空分布特征的基础上,从海域综合治理措施、入海河流水质及污染物入海通量、海湾地理特征等方面深入分析原因,并对持续改善海域环境质量提出了切实可行的防治措施。     

基于模糊数学的矿业城市地表水污染风险评价

根据模糊数学方法，建立了水污染风险模糊综合评价数学模型，以煤炭资源型城市阜新为研究对象，选取辽河流域阜新段1996～2005年枯水期和丰水期水质状况平均值进行水污染风险评价。旨在定量分析评价阜新地区地表水环境质量现状和存在的问题。结果表明：辽河阜新段水质在1996～2005年间波动较大，呈水质日益恶化的状态。水体主要污染物为有机物、氨氮和溶解性铁，总体来说各污染物变化规律各不相同，总磷、BOD5、溶解性铁呈递增趋势，其他污染物质都呈波动性变化。     

小流域水质评价方法对比研究

为分析小流域水质评价方法的准确度和适应度,以小安溪流域2017年和2018年的监测数据为基础,利用单因子评价法、综合指数评价法、内梅罗污染指数法和加拿大水质指数法进行水质评价,利用等标水质分析的思想对比了四种方法的评价准确度。评价结果显示:单因子评价法更适合评价水质分布较均匀的流域,内梅罗污染指数法要更为客观一些,加拿大水质指数法更适合较大的、评价指标较多的流域。综合指数评价法是最适合小流域水质评价的。其结果为小流域水质评价方法选择提供了借鉴。     

福建省人民政府关于《环境保护若干问题的决定》(摘登)

ResolutiononSomeEnvironmentalProblemsbyFujianProvinceGovernment（Abstract）一、明确目标，落实两项根本性措施总目标是：到本世纪末，力争全省环境污染和生态破坏加剧的势头得到基本控制；福州、厦门、沿海城市和旅游城市的环境质量应按功能分区分别达到国家规定的标准，其它城市和地区环境质量有明显改善；闽江水体大部分监测断面达到m类以上水质标准，木兰溪、九龙江、晋江和主要港湾水质有所改善；到2010年，基本改变生态环境恶化的状况，城乡环境质量有明显改善；主要河流水体基本变清，近海海域水质达到海洋功能区划规定的标…     

环境要闻

言论国家环保总局:“十五”我国环境形势依然严峻4月12日,国家环保总局召开新闻通气会,向媒体通报了“十五”环境质量状况及国家环境保护“十五”计划完成情况。据介绍,“十五”期间,我国环境质量总体状况趋于好转,但环境污染形势依然严峻。具体表现在如下方面:部分城市污染仍然很重;部分地区酸雨强度加大;海河、辽河、淮河、黄河以及松花江水系的部分支流污染严重;近岸海域海水水质呈逐年改善趋势,东海水质较差,部分海域富营养化严重,赤潮频发;城市区域噪声和交通噪声等效声级总体呈下降趋势;全国化学需氧量和二氧化硫排放总量呈增加趋势。…     

Shoreline erosion in a reef-beach system

Beach erosion on Cinnamon Bay in the U.S. Virgin Islands results from storm waves in the North Atlantic. The net trend of erosion, however, is due to local environmental degradation. Reef die-back, initiated during the period of high sedimentation associated with 18th and 19th century sugar cane cropping, has reduced the rate of generation of new coral sands. Sand losses to deep water during periods of storm waves are not replenished. Engineering measures designed to check erosion at Cinnamon Bay have had little effect in this environment of low wave energies, but sand deficiency. The appropriate environmental focus for management of reef-beach systems is reef health and thus, water quality.     

胶州湾综合监测与评价工作研究

为全面掌握环胶州湾区域生态环境状况,更好地服务于环胶州湾区域经济发展和生态环境保护,根据《近岸海域环境监测规范》(HJ 442-2008),青岛市环境监测中心站对环胶州湾区域进行了综合监测与评价,建立了环胶州湾区域陆海统筹监测评价体系,完善了胶州湾水质监测网络,摸清了环胶州湾区域直排海污染源状况及环胶州湾区域土地利用状况。针对综合监测与评价过程中存在的胶州湾污染源的排放状况掌握不全面、河流入海通量的测算不准确、环境质量的变化趋势预测不能实现的问题,提出了加强入海河流监测、实行陆源污染物总量控制管理、建立自动监测站等对策建议。     

Valuing algal bloom in the Black Sea Coast of Bulgaria: A choice experiments approach

Increased interest in water quality in coastal and marine areas stemming from the Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive has led to important questions in relation to policies that address nutrient loadings. This paper presents the results from a choice experiment study to assess the recreational damage associated with algal blooms caused by nutrients flows into Varna Bay, Bulgaria. Varna Bay is an important beach destination on the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria. Algal bloom events have been experienced frequently in the area. A choice experiment questionnaire was developed and applied in the Varna Bay area to assess the extent to which the quantity of algal blooms and the duration of the bloom affect recreational activities. The amount of bloom was found to be important, as respondents were on average willing to pay a one off tax of 18.97 Leva (€9.73) for a program that provides beaches free from algal blooms.     

Methods of Compliance Evaluation for Ocean Outfall Design and Analysis

Sewage discharge from an ocean outfall is subject to water quality standards, which are often stated in probabilistic terms. Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) has been used in the past to evaluate the ability of a designed outfall to meet water quality standards or compliance guidelines associated with sewage discharges. In this study, simpler and less computer-intensive probabilistic methods are considered. The probabilistic methods evaluated are the popular mean first-order second-moment (MFOSM) and the advance first-order second-moment (AFOSM) methods. Available data from the Spaniard's Bay Outfall located on the east coast of Newfoundland, Canada, were used as inputs for a case study. Both methods were compared with results given by MCS. It was found that AFOSM gave a good approximation of the failure probability for total coliform concentration at points remote from the outfall. However, MFOSM was found to be better when considering only the initial dilutions between the discharge point and the surface. Reasons for the different results may be the difference in complexity of the performance function in both cases. This study does not recommend the use of AFOSM for failure analysis in ocean outfall design and analysis because the analysis requires computational efforts similar to MCS. With the advancement of computer technology, simulation techniques, available software, and its flexibility in handling complex situations, MCS is still the best choice for failure analysis of ocean outfalls when data or estimates on the parameters involved are available or can be assumed.     

Deriving Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Standards

Achieving and maintaining the water quality conditions necessary to protect the aquatic living resources of the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries has required a foundation of quantifiable water quality criteria. Quantitative criteria serve as a critical basis for assessing the attainment of designated uses and measuring progress toward meeting water quality goals of the Chesapeake Bay Program partnership. In 1987, the Chesapeake Bay Program partnership committed to defining the water quality conditions necessary to protect aquatic living resources. Under section 303(c) of the Clean Water Act, States and authorized tribes have the primary responsibility for adopting water quality standards into law or regulation. The Chesapeake Bay Program partnership worked with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to develop and publish a guidance framework of ambient water quality criteria with designated uses and assessment procedures for dissolved oxygen, water clarity, and chlorophyll a for Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries in 2003. This article reviews the derivation of the water quality criteria, criteria assessment protocols, designated use boundaries, and their refinements published in six addendum documents since 2003 and successfully adopted into each jurisdiction's water quality standards used in developing the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load.     

Computing Atmospheric Nutrient Loads to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and Tidal Waters

Application of integrated Chesapeake Bay models of the airshed, watershed, and estuary support air and water nitrogen controls in the Chesapeake. The models include an airshed model of the Mid‐Atlantic region which tracks the estimated atmospheric deposition loads of nitrogen to the watershed, tidal Bay, and adjacent coastal ocean. The three integrated models allow tracking of the transport and fate of nitrogen air emissions, including deposition in the Chesapeake watershed, the subsequent uptake, transformation, and transport to Bay tidal waters, and their ultimate influence on Chesapeake water quality. This article describes the development of the airshed model, its application to scenarios supporting the Chesapeake Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), and key findings from the scenarios. Key findings are that the atmospheric deposition loads are among the largest input loads of nitrogen in the watershed, and that the indirect nitrogen deposition loads to the watershed, which are subsequently delivered to the Bay are larger than the direct loads of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to Chesapeake tidal waters. Atmospheric deposition loads of nitrogen deposited in coastal waters, which are exchanged with the Chesapeake, are also estimated. About half the atmospheric deposition loads of nitrogen originate from outside the Chesapeake watershed. For the first time in a TMDL, the loads of atmospheric nitrogen deposition are an explicit part of the TMDL load reductions.     

Scale Effects on Spatially Varying Relationships Between Urban Landscape Patterns and Water Quality

Scientific interpretation of the relationships between urban landscape patterns and water quality is important for sustainable urban planning and watershed environmental protection. This study applied the ordinary least squares regression model and the geographically weighted regression model to examine the spatially varying relationships between 12 explanatory variables (including three topographical factors, four land use parameters, and five landscape metrics) and 15 water quality indicators in watersheds of Yundang Lake, Maluan Bay, and Xinglin Bay with varying levels of urbanization in Xiamen City, China. A local and global investigation was carried out at the watershed-level, with 50 and 200 m riparian buffer scales. This study found that topographical features and landscape metrics are the dominant factors of water quality, while land uses are too weak to be considered as a strong influential factor on water quality. Such statistical results may be related with the characteristics of land use compositions in our study area. Water quality variations in the 50 m buffer were dominated by topographical variables. The impact of landscape metrics on water quality gradually strengthen with expanding buffer zones. The strongest relationships are obtained in entire watersheds, rather than in 50 and 200 m buffer zones. Spatially varying relationships and effective buffer zones were verified in this study. Spatially varying relationships between explanatory variables and water quality parameters are more diversified and complex in less urbanized areas than in highly urbanized areas. This study hypothesizes that all these varying relationships may be attributed to the heterogeneity of landscape patterns in different urban regions. Adjustment of landscape patterns in an entire watershed should be the key measure to successfully improving urban lake water quality.     

Identification of anthropogenic effects and seasonality on water quality in Daya Bay, South China Sea

Thirteen water quality parameters from 12 monitoring stations were collected to study the effects caused by climate and anthropogenic activities on water quality in 2003 in Daya Bay, South China Sea. The data matrix has been built according to the results, which were analyzed by fuzzy c-mean cluster (FCM) and cluster analysis (CA). This analysis has identified anthropogenic effects and seasonal characters of water quality. The dry and wet seasonality have been demonstrated with FCM and CA. The precipitation and the Southeast Asian monsoons, northeasterly from October to the next April and southwesterly from May to September have also an important influence on water quality in Daya Bay. In the spatial pattern, two groups have been classified with FCM and CA. Cluster I consisted of the sites S3, S8, S10 and S11 in the west and north coastal parts of Daya Bay. Cluster I is mainly related to anthropogenic activities such as fish-farming. Cluster II consisted of the rest of the stations in the center, east and south parts of Daya Bay. Cluster II is mainly related to seawater input from South China Sea. Thus, fuzzy c-mean cluster and cluster analysis can be an important tool for the successful characterization of regional-scale water quality.     

模糊综合评判在水质综合评价中的应用

本文应用模糊综合评判对某河段1988年水质现状综合评价,其结果符合实际状况.它既较好地描述了水环境要素连续、多变、复杂的模糊特征,又对污染程度有明析的认识,并客观、正确地刻划和表达了多要素共同作用的结果,故模糊综合评判用于水环境质量综合评价是一种有效和可行的方法。     

浙江乐清湾海岸带地区的经济发展

海湾处于陆地和海洋交汇部位,由于开发环境优越,在人类社会发展中占有非常突出的地位.浙江乐清湾海岸带地区在经济迅速发展的同时,也面临着诸如淡水资源缺乏、海洋经济发展层次和城镇化水平偏低等问题.针对这些问题,提出了相应的调控对策和建议.