不同驯化方式实现SBR中部分反硝化的对比研究

部分反硝化（NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N）是一种非常具有前景的硝酸盐废水处理方法,其可以结合厌氧氨氧化实现低碳源、低能耗脱氮.本文以葡萄糖为碳源,对比研究3种部分反硝化驯化方式：R1（SBR缺氧）、R2（SBR缺氧-好氧交替运行）、R3（SBR缺氧搅拌伴随低曝气）.经过120d驯化后,对三种反应器污泥进行沿程实验,探索3种反硝化规律.结果显示引入溶解氧驯化后的R2、R3污泥相比R1能够更好地实现部分反硝化,且R3最佳.采用高通量测序技术,对运行109d时R1,R2,R3进行微生物群落结构对比分析.结果显示在有溶解氧参与的R2,R3反应器中的优势菌属为Candidatus Saccharibacteria,相对丰度分别为45.44%和34.96%,这是该菌首次作为反硝化污泥优势菌属被报道.另外R1反应器中微生物多样性要远大于R2,R3,这也从侧面说明R2,R3的反硝化菌更专性.初始pH值对R3驯化污泥影响的批试实验表明,初始pH值对亚硝酸盐积累有明显影响,且初始pH值越高,亚硝酸盐积累越多.     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.     

反硝化-高效部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺处理老龄垃圾渗滤液

采用反硝化-沸石曝气生物滤池(ZBAF)部分亚硝化及氧氨氧化组合工艺处理老龄垃圾渗滤液,探究ZBAF部分亚硝化特性以及组合工艺的脱氮除碳性能.结果表明通过游离氨(FA)对亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的选择性抑制ZBAF可以实现老龄垃圾渗滤液稳定高效部分亚硝化,平均亚硝氮积累率(NAR)为93.8%亚硝氮产率(NPR)最高达1.659 kg·(m~(3·d)~(-1);在进水中投加葡萄糖700mg·L~(-1)后,当回流比为2.0 HRT为2.2 d时,由于反硝化与厌氧氨氧化的协同作用,组合工艺脱氮效果最佳,平均氨氮去除率(ARE)、总氮去除率(NRE)和总氮去除负荷(NRR)分别达97.2%、90.0%和0.585 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),平均COD去除率为45.3%其中厌氧氨氧化平均NRR_(ANA)为1.060 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)最高达1.268 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).利用高通量测序技术分析各装置中的微生物群落结构.结果显示,反硝化细菌(Paracoccus和Comamonnas)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)(Nitrosomonas)和厌氧氨氧化菌(Candidatus Kuenenia和Candidatus Anammoxoglobus)分别为反硝化、ZBAF和厌氧氨氧化装置中的优势菌这与组合工艺稳定的脱氮性能相吻合.     

不同曝气量对SBBR短程硝化微生物特性及氮转化的影响

在实验室规模的序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中研究了不同曝气量(7.2、12.0、15.6L·h-1,对应反应器中平均溶解氧浓度分别为0.5、0.8、1.2mg·L-1)下生物膜的生物特性变化及短程硝化过程规律.结果表明:减小曝气量使反应器内溶解氧浓度降低,将导致生物膜的总生物量下降,生物膜中氨氧化菌逐渐成为优势菌,无论数量还是生物活性均高于亚硝酸氧化菌,利于亚硝酸盐积累;在一个反应周期中,生物膜对溶解氧需求的分配是不同的,曝气初期溶解氧主要用于异氧菌对COD的降解,其后用于氨氮转化.根据上述规律,提出在短程硝化过程中采用"梯级递减式曝气"供氧新策略,即在反应初期保持一种较大的曝气量,提高反应器溶解氧浓度,促进COD快速降解,随后保持一种小曝气量使反应器中溶解氧维持较低的浓度,从而促进亚硝酸盐积累及优化供氧效率.     

ANAMMOX流化床反应器性能的研究

直接以氨为电子供体的反硝化反应是一种新的生物反应，可实现对两种氮素污染物的同时去除．探索了用流化床反应器开发这一反应，以处理厌氧消化污泥压滤液的可行性．试验发现，用该技术处理，无需供氧，也无需中和，并可有效地避免基质的抑制作用；平均氨和亚硝酸容积负荷率为４２８８３和４６４９１ｍｇ／（Ｌ·ｄ），平均氨和亚硝酸去除率为８８４９％和９９０４％；由于ＡＮＡＭＭＯＸ混培物产率较低，需要较长的ＳＲＴ（＞１００ｄ），有必要进一步研究ＡＮＡＭＭＯＸ混培物的生长条件，以保证ＡＮＡＭＭＯＸ反应器长期稳定运行．     

氨氮浓度对CANON工艺功能微生物丰度和群落结构的影响

为了研究CANON工艺在常温低氨氮基质条件下的宏观运行效能及微观生态系统,通过调节曝气量和水力停留时间(HRT)实现了CANON工艺在不同进水氨氮浓度下的稳定运行,并基于PCR-DGGE和荧光定量PCR方法,分析了氨氮浓度对反应器中氨氧化细菌(AOB)和厌氧氨氧化菌(ANAMMOX菌)群落结构及丰度的影响.结果表明,较高氨氮环境中总氮去除负荷在1.0 g·(L·d)-1以上,当氨氮浓度降至100 mg·L-1时,总氮去除负荷明显降低.进水氨氮浓度对AOB的群落结构有重要影响,而对ANAMMOX菌群落影响较小.AOB和ANAMMOX菌的丰度随氨氮浓度的降低而减少,而亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的丰度随氨氮浓度的降低而增加,这可能是导致系统脱氮效果下降的主要原因.因此,需要通过一定的调控手段,减少AOB和ANAMMOX菌的损失,抑制NOB的生长,以便维持系统在低氨氮条件下的脱氮性能.     

Experimental study of nitrite accumulation in predenitrification biological nitrogen removal process

The effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on nitrite accumulation was investigated in a pilot-scale pre-denitrification process at room temperature for 100 days. In the first 10 days, due to the instability of the system, the DO concentration fluctuated between 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L. In the next 14 days, the DO concentration was kept at 0.5 mg/L and nitrite accumulation occurred, with the average nitrite accumulation rate at 91%. From the 25th day, the DO concentration was increased to 2.0 mg/L to destroy the nitrite accumulation, but nitrite accumulation rate was still as high as 90%. From the 38th day the nitrite accumulation rate decreased to 15%–30% linearly. From the 50th day, DO concentration was decreased to 0.5 mg/L to resume nitrite accumulation. Until the 83rd day the nitrite accumulation rate began to increase to 80%. Dissolved oxygen was the main cause of nitrite accumulation, taking into account other factors such as pH, free ammonia concentration, temperature, and sludge retention time. Because of the different affinity for oxygen between nitrite oxidizing bacteria and ammonia oxidizing bacteria when DO concentration was kept at 0.5 mg/L, nitrite accumulation occurred. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(12): 2472–2476 [译自: 环境科学]     

厌氧氨氧化微生物颗粒化及其脱氮性能的研究

利用厌氧颗粒污泥作为种泥,启动SBR反应器,旨在培养厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥以及研究其脱氮性能.结果表明,水力停留时间(HRT)是富集厌氧氨氧化微生物的1个重要控制因素,以HRT为30 d,第58 d时,SBR反应器就出现厌氧氨氧化现象,与此同时,颗粒污泥由灰黑色变为棕褐色,粒径减小.到第90 d时,成功培养出厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₂-N同时被去除,最大去除速率分别达到14.6 g/(m³·d)和6.67 g/(m³·d).从第110　d开始,逐步降低HRT,以提高基质负荷促进厌氧氨氧化菌生长.到目前t＝156　d,HRT降到5　d,氨氮和亚硝酸氮的去除率分别达到60.6%和62.5%,亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率为1.12.污泥也由棕褐色变为红棕色,形成红棕色的具有高厌氧氨氧化活性颗粒污泥,总氮负荷达到34.3 g/(m³·d).     

微气泡曝气生物膜反应器处理低C/N比废水脱氮过程

微气泡曝气生物膜反应器是微气泡曝气技术与好氧生物处理相结合的新型处理工艺.本研究采用微气泡曝气生物膜反应器在低气水比下处理低C/N比废水,考察了生物脱氮过程和性能,并分析了脱氮功能菌群变化.结果表明,通过低气水比(小于1∶2)控制DO浓度并降低进水C/N比,可以实现生物脱氮过程从同步硝化-反硝化向同步短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化-反硝化(SNAD)过程转变,并可获得较高的低C/N比废水生物脱氮性能. DO浓度低于1. 0 mg·L-1、进水C/N比为1∶2. 8时,SNAD过程成为生物脱氮的主要途径,TN平均去除率可达到76. 3%,TN平均去除负荷为1. 42 kg·(m3·d)-1,厌氧氨氧化过程对TN去除的贡献率为86. 0%.随着进水C/N比降低,生物膜中亚硝化菌群和厌氧氨氧化菌群的相对丰度逐渐增加,而硝化菌群和反硝化菌群的相对丰度逐渐降低.生物脱氮功能菌群变化与脱氮过程转变为SNAD过程相一致.     

高溶解氧条件下不同曝气量对短程硝化性能及微生物特征的影响

短程硝化过程是短程生物脱氮工艺中的限速步骤,在保证稳定亚硝化率的前提下,提高曝气量能够提高好氧氨氧化菌的活性,进而提高氨氧化速率.本文在序批式反应器中,通过改变曝气量,在高溶解氧条件下,考察不同曝气量对短程硝化的性能及微生物的影响.结果表明,随着曝气量的增大,氨氧化速率不断升高.单位体积曝气量为0.8、1.7、3.3、5.0 L·min^-1·L^-1时,氨氧化率维持在50%左右,亚硝酸盐氮积累率稳定在99%以上,平均氨氧化速率分别为0.88、0.96、1.29和1.32 mg·L^-1·min^-1.高通量测序分析表明,不同曝气量条件下,反应器中好氧氨氧化菌的优势菌属均为Nitrosomonas,而亚硝酸盐氧化菌都被有效抑制,Nitrospira丰度很低.此外,检出Acidovorax、Denitratisoma、Hyphomicrobium、Ignavibacterium等多种反硝化细菌,这些反硝化菌能够与好氧氨氧化菌共同作用,使系统发生少量内源同步硝化反硝化.综合考虑曝气能耗和反应速率,曝气量为3.3 L·min^-1·L^-1时,可实现控制短程硝化工艺的低耗高效运行.     

一体式短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺启动过程的亚硝酸盐调控

以两类中试反应器（SBR,116.6 m³,活性污泥法和SBBR,64.8 m³,泥膜法）为对象,接种猪场废水处理厂的活性污泥,通过控制DO、曝气方式为主和外加NaNO₂为辅的亚硝酸盐调控策略,考察不同反应器在启动一体式短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化（combined partial nitritation and ANAMMOX,CPNA）工艺过程中NO₂^--N浓度对ANAMMOX菌的影响.结果表明,在相同运行条件下,泥膜共生的SBBR更适于短程硝化的快速启动.尽管受到NO₂^--N抑制（100~129 mg ·L^-1,共计7 d）,但SBR在第39 d成功启动了ANAMMOX工艺,其TNRR和TNRE分别为0.069 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1和23.3%,而长达17 d的NO₂^--N抑制（129~286 mg ·L^-1）则对SBBR中ANAMMOX菌活性造成了难以恢复的影响.外加NaNO₂后,SBR在第77 d成功启动了CPNA工艺,TNRR和TNRE分别从第51 d的0.070 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1和16.0%迅速提高至第77 d的0.336 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1和52.2%,ANAMMOX菌的活性也由最初的0.012 kg ·（kg ·d）^-1快速升高至第77 d的0.307 kg ·（kg ·d）^-1;SBR中AOB和ANAMMOX菌的基因拷贝数浓度由最初的8.06×10⁶ copies ·mL^-1和4.42×10⁴ copies ·mL^-1分别增长至第77 d的1.02×10⁹ copies ·mL^-1和1.77×10⁷ copies ·mL^-1,表明以调控DO和曝气方式为主,辅以外加NaNO₂的亚硝酸盐调控策略可有效实现反应器中AOB和ANAMMOX菌的快速增长.合理的NO₂^--N调控是CPNA工艺快速启动的关键因素.     

垃圾渗滤液配水对UASB-ANAMMOX反应器进行二次启动的研究

通过温度和进水控制对UASB-ANAMMOX反应器内的ANAMMOX菌的反应活性进行充分抑制后,采用垃圾渗滤液配水来进行二次启动.结果表明,二次启动的时间相对较快,在第21 d的 NH^＋₄-N的去除率就可以达到96 .17%,NO^-_２-Ｎ的去除率达到86 .77%;由于反硝化的协同作用降低使得COD的去除率有下降的趋势,平均去除量只有60 mg/Ｌ; 反应启动过程中的平均三氮比即去除的NH^＋₄-N∶去除的NO^-_２-Ｎ∶生成的NO^-_３-Ｎ=1∶0 .75∶0 .26; 反应成功进行二次启动后的平均三氮比即去除的NH^＋₄-N∶去除的NO^-_２-Ｎ∶生成的NO^-_３-Ｎ=1∶0 .95∶0 .26,三氮比中的亚硝氮去除比率较大幅度上升.     

用生物膜缺氧修复受污染的城市河道水

采用一种类似氧化沟的反应器,其中利用蜂窝陶瓷为载体形成生物膜替代活性污泥,对城市受污染的河道水体进行缺氧生物修复.修复过程中控制溶解氧含量在0.5 mg/L以下,使生物反应在缺氧状态下运行.在此过程中,水中的氨氮去除率为40%～60%,总氮的去除率达到40%～45%,即氨氮和总氮得到同步去除,且没有亚硝酸盐积累.提取生物膜置于摇瓶内进行厌氧培养发现,氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮也得到同步去除,这表明在低碳氮比的微污染地表水的生物修复过程中同时有硝化-反硝化和厌氧氨氧化现象.通过分子生物学分析,证实在生物膜群落里存在具有厌氧氨氧化能力的微生物.这一结果有可能为富营养化水体的修复提供一种经济、实用的技术途径.     

曝气压力对MABR中同步硝化反硝化脱氮的影响

以模拟生活污水为研究对象,探讨膜曝气生物反应器(MABR)推流运行时不同曝气压力下不同点位分布的溶解氧值特征;利用MABR可形成好氧/缺氧/厌氧的环境特性,针对曝气压力对MABR同步硝化反硝化脱氮效果的影响进行研究,借助微生物鉴定手段对MABR的群落结构进行分析。研究结果表明:相同曝气压力下的DO值,轴向上波动较大,径向上以曝气膜为中心向外部逐渐降低;随着曝气压力的增加,不同点位分布的DO值均提高,同步硝化反硝化效率先升高后降低。当曝气压力为0.04MPa时出水的同步硝化反硝化脱氮效果最佳为74.67%。在此曝气压力下,微生物群落鉴定证明生物膜内出现了好氧-兼氧的分层现象,生物膜内由好氧菌、兼氧菌共同完成硝化、反硝化过程,主体液料由厌氧菌作为优势菌群进行反硝化作用,并且根据未检测出厌氧氨氧菌的鉴定结果排除发生厌氧氨氧化的干扰。     

Community analysis of ammonia oxidizer in the oxygen-limited nitritation stage of OLAND system by DGGE of PCR amplified 16S rDNA fragments and FISH

IntroductionSustainablewastewatertreatmentsystemsarebeingdevelopedthatminimizeenergyconsumption ,CO2 emission ,andsludgeproduction .However,thesesystemstypicallyyieldeffluentsrichinammonium nitrogen(NH 4 N)andpoorinbiodegradableorganiccarbon ,therebymaki…     

几种生物脱氮新工艺的比较

目前已经发现了2种微生物脱氮新途径:一是根据好氧氨氧化菌具有反硝化能力,从而在一定条件下反硝化脱氮;二是在功能微生物的作用下,亚硝酸盐与氨离子一起厌氧氨氧化,并且发现了厌氧氨氧化菌与好氧氨氧化菌或甲烷菌能协同耦合在一种有利的微生态环境中.基于以上新途径提出了几种生物脱氮新工艺,包括了:SHARON、ANAMMOX、SHARON-ANAMMOX、CANON、OLAND、NOX工艺、需氧反氨化工艺(Aerobic deammonification)、甲烷化与厌氧氨氧化耦合工艺.     

Influence of influent on anaerobic ammonium oxidation in an Expanded Granular Sludge Bed-Biological Aerated Filter integrated system

Shortcut nitrification-denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX), and methanogenesis have been successfully coupled in an Expanded Granular Sludge Bed-Biological Aerated Filter (EGSB-BAF) integrated system. As fed different synthetic wastewater with chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 300–1200 mg·L⁻¹ and NH₄⁺-N of 30–120 mg·L⁻¹ at the outer recycle ratio of 200%, the influence of influent on ANAMMOX in the integrated system was investigated in this paper. The experimental results showed that higher COD concentration caused an increase in denitrification and methanogenesis but a decrease in ANAMMOX; however, when an influent with the low concentration of COD was used, the opposite changes could be observed. Higher influent NH₄⁺-N concentration favored ANAMMOX when the COD concentration of influent was fixed. Therefore, low COD =NH₄⁺-N ratio would decrease competition for nitrite between ANAMMOX and denitrification, which was favorable for reducing the negative effect of organic COD on ANAMMOX. The good performance of the integrated system indicated that the bacterial community of denitrification, ANAMMOX, and methanogenesis could be dynamically maintained in the sludge of EGSB reactor for a certain range of influent.     

Control factors of partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) technology has potential technical superiority and economical efficiency for the nitrogen removal from landfill leachate, which contains high-strength ammonium nitrogen (NH4 -N) and refractory organics. To complete the ANAMMOX process, a preceding partial nitritation step to produce the appropriate ratio of nitrite/ammonium is a key stage. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal conditions to acquire constant partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment, and a bench scale fixed bed bio-film reactor was used in this study to investigate the effects of the running factors on the partial nitritation. The results showed that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and the ammonium volumetric loading rate (Nv) had effects on the partial nitritation. In the controlling conditions with a temperature of 30±1℃, Nv of 0.2-1.0 kg NH4 -N/(m3d), and DO concentration of 0.8-2.3 mg/L, the steady partial nitritation was achieved as follows: more than 94% partial nitritation efficiency (nitrite as the main product), 60%-74% NH4 -N removal efficiency, and NO2--N/NH4 -N ratio (concentration ratio) of 1.0-1.4 in the effluent. The impact of temperature was related to iVv at certain DO concentration, and the temperature range of 25-30癈 was suitable for treating high strength ammonium leachate. Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria could be acclimated to higher FA (free ammonium) in the range of 122-224 mg/L. According to the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis result of the bio-film in the reactor, there were 25 kinds of 16S rRNA gene fragments, which indicated that abundant microbial communities existed in the bio-film, although high concentrations of ammonium and FA may inhibit the growth of the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and other microorganisms in the reactor.     

进水亚硝氮限制下Anammox去除氨氮研究

利用UASB反应器分别在降低进水亚硝氮/氨氮比（R）和停供亚硝氮条件下研究了Anammox体系运行特性.发现随着进水亚硝氮减少,亚硝氮与氨氮去除摩尔比减小,发生氨氮超量去除现象,即使进水无亚硝氮时也可去除氨氮.当R为1：2时,氨氮超量去除量达最大,均值为57.2mg/L;长期停供亚硝氮条件下氨氮能够稳定去除,平均去除量为45.6mg/L.停供亚硝氮后Anammox体系中微生物群落多样性增加,AnAOB、氨氧化菌和反硝化菌相对丰度均增加.其中AnAOB相对丰度从9.44%增长到13.26%;氨氧化菌相对丰度从3.29%增长到7.3%;反硝化菌相对丰度由0.54%增加到3.14%.研究表明,溶解氧是氨氮超量去除量的限制性因素,氨氮超量去除的途径包括：好氧氨氧化、厌氧氨氧化与部分内碳源反硝化.在微量溶解氧作用下,主要是氨氧化菌与厌氧氨氧化菌协同实现了氮的去除.     

基于短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化的低碳源城市污水深度脱氮特性

短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化是一种新型生物脱氮技术,应用于城市污水深度脱氮有望大幅降低外碳源投加量.本研究接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,考察了短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化的深度脱氮性能与污泥特性.结果表明,接种厌氧氨氧化污泥可迅速启动短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化系统,在进水COD/TN为2.19±0.08时,出水TN浓度为(4.82±1.84)mg·L~(-1),实现了低碳源污水深度脱氮.系统粒径大于0.20 mm的污泥占86.16%,污泥实现了颗粒化,有助于厌氧氨氧化菌在系统内的有效持留.将短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化深度脱氮应用于城市污水处理厂二沉池出水深度脱氮,可降低外碳源投加量,同时可降低污水处理厂硝化池耗氧量.