BACF处理高氨氮进水的硝化与反硝化作用

采用生物活性炭滤池(BACF)深度处理高NH₄⁺-N微污染水源水.结果表明,BACF对NH₄⁺-N的去除率与进水NH₄⁺-N浓度有关,当进水NH₄⁺-N<1.0mg/L时,去除率达95%以上;当进水NH₄⁺-N较高(1.5～4.9mg/L范围)、进水DO≤10mg/L时,去除率随进水浓度的增加而下降,最低降到30%左右.限制生物活性炭滤池硝化作用的主要因素是进水的DO,由于硝化菌与异养菌的共同竞争,在滤床0.4m深度内DO被消耗殆尽,出水DO基本为0(小于0.2mg/L),滤床被自然分成好氧区与缺氧区,在好氧区发生硝化与有机物的降解反应,在缺氧区则发生反硝化反应,由于碳源受限,反硝化反应进行得不彻底,造成滤池出水NO₂^--N升高.在缺氧区内除存在反硝化菌外,还存在好氧的硝化菌与异养菌.     

炭膜曝气生物膜反应器硝化作用及其微生物群落结构分析

采用炭膜曝气生物膜反应器处理无机含氮废水,通过改变进水氨氮浓度和水力停留时间,研究了反应器硝化性能、氧利用情况以及氨氮去除负荷,并对生物膜表面特性和硝化菌优势菌种进行分析.结果表明, 在膜内气压0.017 MPa,进水NH⁺₄-N 50 mg/L,HRT为8 h条件下,NH⁺₄-N去除率达到96%,出水NO^-₂-N平均为17 mg/L,一定程度上实现了短程硝化,炭膜所供给氧气被生物膜全部消耗;系统比表面氨氮最大去除速率为9.7 g/(m²·d),炭膜表面有限的生物量制约了去除速率的进一步提高; 荧光原位杂交技术分析揭示生物膜内亚硝化单胞菌（Nitrosomonas）和亚硝化螺菌（Nitrosospira）为亚硝化细菌优势菌种,分别占细菌总菌数的19%和21%,硝化螺菌（Nitrospira）为硝化细菌优势菌种,占总菌数的20%,未检测到硝化杆菌（Nitrobacter）的存在.     

同步脱氮好氧颗粒污泥的特性及其反应过程

厌氧颗粒污泥经过驯化后,成为具有同步硝化与反硝化(SND)功能的好氧颗粒污泥.实验在2L反应器中进行,温度,pH值,溶解氧分别控制在25℃,pH7～8,3～4mg/L.在实验条件下,SND好氧颗粒污泥COD去除率90%,氨氮去除率100%,出水检测不出NO₂^--N和NO₃^--N.反应器中SND颗粒污泥粒径在2.0～2.7mm的占全部颗粒污泥的50%,SVI为15～30mL/gTSS;污泥所能承受的最大压力为23.236N;SND好氧颗粒污泥中挥发性固体为9.92mg/mL,占总固体的2/3.采用SND好氧颗粒污泥进行脱氮研究,反应6h后氨氮去除率达100%,废水中检测不到NO₂^--N,仅残留2mg/L的NO₃^--N.     

有机碳源条件下厌氧氨氧化ASBR反应器中的主要反应

采用5个已稳定运行在厌氧氨氧化状态的ASBR反应器,通过COD、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、pH等指标的监测和好氧硝化菌、异养反硝化菌的测定,研究了不同有机碳源条件下反应器中发生的主要反应.结果表明,反应器中存在好氧硝化菌、异养反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌.在COD、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮等存在条件下,可发生好氧硝化、厌氧氨氧化和异养反硝化反应,先是好氧硝化反应、厌氧氨氧化反应和异养反硝化反应共存,其后依次是异养反硝化反应和厌氧氨氧化反应占主导地位.当C/NO₂^--N在1.7～1.9范围内时,C/NH₄⁺-N为1.7的1号反应器具有最佳的厌氧氨氧化效果,反应结束时其COD去除率、NH₄⁺-N去除率、NO₂^--N去除率分别为100%、81.7%和74.4%.     

环流曝气塔中生物脱氮过程的研究

利用环流曝气塔进行同时硝化/反硝化(sND)脱氮实验.实验中,分别采用不同降解性能的碳源以及采用不同的碳源投加方式,研究反应器内的脱氮过程,监测处理过程中NO_x^--N浓度和溶解氧DO的变化.实验显示,在COD 800mg/L+800mg/L的分批加料方式下,NH₄⁺-N的降解得到加强,出水中NH₄⁺-N浓度低于3mg/L;利用较难降解物质作为碳源时,利于反应器内低溶解氧条件的出现,促进了反硝化的进行,实验在采用醇类碳源时脱氮效果好于葡萄糖的情况.     

两级UASB-SBR处理高氨氮垃圾渗滤液的快速启动及稳定运行

在严格控制试验条件的基础上,首次采用缺氧/厌氧UASB-SBR生化系统处理高氨氮垃圾渗滤液结果表明,经过5个阶 段(116 d)的连续运行,获得了稳定的工艺性能在进水COD为1 237.2～12 596.8 mg/L条件下,出水COD稳定在108.4～528.26 mg/L;在进水NH₄⁺-N为155.8～1 298.0mg/L的条件下,出水NH₄⁺-N稳定在0.12～4.1 mg/L,实现了有机物及氨氮的深度去除.SBR采用硝化出水回流的运行方式,对原水既有一定的稀释作用,又可使富含NO_x-N的硝化液借助原水中丰富的有机碳 源在缺氧UASB内进行反硝化,实现生物脱氮及降解有机物的双重目的缺氧UASB1、厌氧UASB2和SBR反应器的OLR_max(以COD计)分别为13、2.09、2.14 kg/(m³·d)UASB1、UASB2和SBR的OLR与相应的OLR_rem 均呈现较好的线性关系.SBR的NLR(以氮计)与NLR_rem也呈现较好线性相关此外,3个反应器的OLR与去除率(η)呈二次相关另外,SBR实现了氨氮的真正去除.整个试验过程中,SBR反应器在室温下运行,硝化阶段溶解氧低于1.0 mg/L,进水温度从20.7℃逐渐降低至10.3℃,SBR的硝化率和反硝化率始终维持在98.5％和97.7％以上,实现了深度脱氮     

以FA与FNA为控制因子的短程硝化启动与维持

为了实现污泥消化液旁侧脱氮,降低主处理区进水氮负荷,试验采用A/O工艺研究消化污泥脱水液短程硝化启动与维持,在常温、长SRT、较高DO条件下,逐步提高进水ALR(以N计)从0.23 kg/(m³·d)到0.78　kg/(m³·d),强化FA对NOB的抑制作用,成功启动了短程硝化.针对废水碱度不足的水质特征,利用FA与FNA的联合抑制使短程硝化得到稳定维持,在稳定运行的30　d内NO^-₂-N积累率一直保持在90%以上.在此期间反应器平均DO浓度一直保持在2 mg/L以上,即使平均DO浓度提高到4.8 mg/L左右,也未出现NO^-₂-N积累率降低,说明利用上述手段维持的短程硝化具有抵抗高DO冲击能力.通过降低进水ALR,导致反应器后段FNA浓度增加,强化了FNA的抑制作用,虽然FA的抑制作用降低,短程硝化仍然连续运行达2个月,当反应器后段FNA的抑制作用撤除后,短程硝化在3　d后被彻底破坏,充分证明了FNA对NOB抑制作用及其对维持本系统短程硝化所起的重要作用.     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化协同反硝化处理生活污水脱氮除碳

采用SBR-ASBR组合工艺处理实际生活污水,SBR中考察缺氧/好氧时间比及温度对部分亚硝化（partial nitritation,PN）的作用,ASBR中研究COD/NO₂^--N（C/N）对厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX）协同反硝化脱氮除碳的影响.①控制温度为25℃,在缺氧/好氧时间比为30 min：30 min,单周期交替3次时,NO₂^--N积累率（NiAR）于第22 d为98.06%,比亚硝态氮产生速率（SNiPR,以N/VSS计）为0.28g·（g·d）^-1,同步硝化反硝化去除的TN和COD分别为12.29 mg·L^-1和110.36mg·L^-1.②在缺氧/好氧时间比为30 min：30 min下,温度为15℃时,丝状菌大量繁殖,污泥活性和沉降性变差;温度为30℃时,NH₄⁺-N转化为NO₂^--N比例为86.83%,造成出水NH₄⁺-N浓度过低,不能为厌氧氨氧化提供合适基质浓度;温度为25℃时,出水NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N浓度分别为31.58 mg·L^-1和35.04mg·L^-1,匹配厌氧氨氧化基质比.③组合工艺脱氮性能良好,出水TN、NH₄⁺-N和COD浓度分别稳定在13.13、4.83和69.96mg·L^-1,去除率分别为83.10%、93.64%和75.11%.调节ASBR进水C/N为2.5、2.0和1.5时,C/N为2.0时厌氧氨氧化协同反硝化脱氮除碳性能最佳,出水NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N、NO₃^--N和COD分别为0.09、0.25、1.04和32.73mg·L^-1.     

水库沉积物贫营养型好氧反硝化菌(Pseudomonas sp.)分离及其对微污染水体脱氮效率分析

为探究深水水库沉积物微生物功能特征及利用价值,于2019年在实验室对小湾水库表层沉积物微生物进行了驯化分离,并分析了其中一株细菌的脱氮效率.结果表明,分离出的细菌XW731经鉴定属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）,是一种贫营养型好氧反硝化菌;在分别以NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N为唯一氮源时,该菌对NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N去除率分别为33.6%、68.5%和9.1%;以NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N为氮源时,对NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为66.4%、89.6%,同步硝化反硝化能力更强.将该菌投加到两种城市微污染水体后测试表明,该菌对城市河道水体的NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为38.3%和42.4%,对城市降雨水体的NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为22.2%和7.7%.     

简捷硝化-反硝化过程处理焦化废水的研究

简捷硝化-反硝化过程处理焦化废水具有去除负荷高、出水浓度低、可节省反硝化碳源等优点.试验表明,当系统进水COD、NH₃-N和TN浓度分别为1204.8、274.3和443mg/L,系统总水力停留时间为26.2h时,系统出水COD、NH₃-N、NO₂^--N、NO₃^--N和TN浓度分别为36.3、12.1、9.25、2.46和44.4mg/L.试验结果还证明本文所采用的系统确实处于简捷硝化-反硝化状态.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...