原油在土壤中迁移及降解的研究

为了解原油在土壤中淋滤及降解的规律，剖析了大庆老油田开发区贮油池土壤含油状况，进行了自然植被不同类型土壤的浇油、室内原油淋滤模拟及栽培试验。结果表明：贮油池土壤原油淋滤深度绝大部分集中在0～30cm，以下原油明显减少（除沙化土壤外）；盐碱土集中在0～10cm；草甸黑钙土集中在0～50cm；柱内油水混合渗透试验，80％集中在0～20cm；原油覆盖土壤表面时清水淋渗较弱，在0～20cm内残留94％；加原油的土壤降解试验，平均降解59．92％，范围为53．94％～62．25％，盆栽试验平均降解61．99％，范围为55.12％～70．68％。     

勿色杆菌和假单胞菌对原油降解特征对比

为对比勿色杆属菌种(Achromobater sp)SLTHX114株和黄色假单胞菌(Pseudomonas flavescens)SLTHX214株对原油降解特征的差异性,在40℃恒温有氧实验室条件下,使用两株原油降解菌对塔里木油田原油进行了生物降解模拟实验,分析了生物降解气组分、生物降解原油的族组分及生物标志化合物变化特征。实验结果表明,革兰氏阴性SLTHX214株对原油降解能力强于革兰氏阳性SLTHX114株,SLTHX114株对原油中的饱和烃具有明显的降解作用,而SLTHX214株更倾向于降解原油中的芳烃。对土壤石油污染修复和菌种选择具有一定的指示意义。     

油污土壤微生物生态研究

利用微生物降解土壤中的油等有机污染物的就地生物治理技术受土壤及环境的诸多条件影响,在使用该技术之前,首先要进行油污土壤微生物生态研究,弄清影响微生物处理效果的各种因素。通过对胜利油田油污土壤微生物研究得知：胜利油田油污土壤的ｐＨ值、含水量等指标利于微生物降解原油。土壤优势菌种多为原油降解菌,并且与含油量呈正相关。油污土壤中氮、磷等营养物质含量不足时,向其添加一定数量的营养物质和降解菌,能够提高微生物处理地面溢油的处理效率。     

用于处理含油泥砂的菌种性能实验研究

对从孤东油田原油污染的土壤中筛选出三株可以降解原油的细菌进行的实验结果表明,所筛选的细菌能够很好地利用油泥砂中的原油作为碳源而进行生长代谢,从而达到降解原油的目的。同时,细菌还可利用油泥砂中的原油在生长代谢过程中产生生物降解表面活性剂,将原油从泥砂表面剥离下来,并使其乳化、溶解在溶液中。在油泥砂处理初期加入化学表面活性剂,可以促进细菌的生长,缩短处理时间,对最终处理效果没有根本影响。     

微生物对石油污染物的降解作用

针对油井附近落地油污染地表土壤的问题,利用热蒸发色谱技术,对油污土壤中加入微生物对原油的降解特征进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,在油污土壤中加入微生物,对落地油有明显的降解作用,可以减轻石油生产过程中油污对土壤的破坏和对环境的污染。随着微生物降解作用的不断进行,土壤中污油的相对降解速度逐渐加快,相对降解率逐渐增加。生物处理法的过程较简单,处理费用低,处理效果好,一般不会产生二次污染。     

原油污染对水中四氯化碳在土壤中吸附作用的影响

通过对水中四氯化碳在原油开采区土壤中吸附作用的研究,初步探讨了四氯化碳在不同程度受到原油污染的土壤中迁移的影响。结果表明:与未受到污染的土壤中四氯化碳吸附系数值相比,低原油含量污染土壤中四氯化碳吸附系数值较小,高原油含量污染土壤中四氯化碳吸附系数值较大,土壤中四氯化碳吸附系数值与土壤中原油含量呈线性相关关系。实验范围内,低含量的原油污染增加了四氯化碳在土壤中的迁移能力,而高含量的原油污染减弱了其在土壤中的迁移能力。     

土壤中石油烃微生物降解动力学

以长安大学渭水校区未被污染的粉质壤土为研究对象,通过土壤灭菌、添加由石油污染土壤红三叶草(Trifolium Repens Linn)根际修复区分离筛选得到的4株以原油作为惟一碳源和能源的高效石油烃降解菌(动性杆菌、藤黄微球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌和短小芽孢杆菌),调控反应温度与石油烃初始浓度,研究在土壤中添加优势石油烃降解菌后石油烃降解动力学及其影响因子。结果表明:优势石油烃降解菌对土壤中石油烃降解起主导作用,在40d内,在2 000mg/kg石油烃浓度下添加石油烃降解菌其石油烃降解率是灭菌条件下的2倍左右,土壤中石油烃降解菌降解量为36~271mg/kg,非灭菌处理半衰期时间短于灭菌处理;在设定的实验温度范围内,石油烃降解速率随着温度增加逐渐加快,在(38±1)℃时残留量最小为1 662mg/kg,半衰期最短;土壤中的石油烃在浓度为2 000mg/kg时降解最快,随着初始浓度的增加,石油烃降解速率呈递减趋势,半衰期逐渐增长。     

Fenton氧化对微生物群落结构和功能基因的影响

通过使用H_2O_2和Na_2CO_3·1.5H_2O_2所形成的两种类Fenton试剂对原油污染的土壤进行氧化修复,在比较两种试剂氧化效果的基础上,采用16s rDNA技术对氧化后土壤中土著微生物的群落结构和功能基因的影响进行了比较。结果表明:Na_2CO_3·1.5H_2O_2所形成的类Fenton试剂对原油的降解效果较好,原油降解率达到50.48%;两种试剂氧化后土壤中的优势菌种均发生变化,由原来的放线菌门(Actinobacteria)变为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),同时氧化后土壤中的总功能基因含量下降,由原来的58 093 193个分别下降到36 282 211个和32 355 524个,而各种通路基因在总基因的占比变化不大。     

石油降解菌的分离筛选及混合菌群的构建与优化

以河南濮阳油田超重质原油为研究对象,从污染井场土壤中分离并筛选出几株高效降解细菌、酵母菌和霉菌。由于不同类型微生物对碳源的利用目标和方式有所不同,而将3类不同类型菌种进行排列组合进行降解实验,最终优选出一组石油降解优势菌群。该文还利用正交优化法对降解菌的最佳添加量进行计算,结果显示,最佳接种量为X25：1．5％,Z3：1％,X18：1％,Z28：2％。利用该优化结果进行降解实验,石油的降解率在一定程度上提高了。在对濮阳、南阳和延长油田不同原油进行为期8d的降解实验中,显示了较高的降解效率,降解率分别为56．93％、65．66％、82．69％。实验证明,该降解菌群能不仅能有效够降解超重油,而且对重质原油和轻质原油表现出更好的降解能力。因此,该研究为石油污染物的降解提供了有效的菌种资源。     

用生物法治理大庆油田地表油污土壤

多年来采油作业中常发生各种漏油事件,导致油井周围土壤污染严重,如何在发展生产的同时有效地保护环境是目前迫切需要解决的一个重要课题。大庆油田将微生物处理和植物处理等生物方法用于土壤原油污染的治理。微生物处理法利用存在能够降解污染物的有效微生物等条件,处理原油污染物。植物处理法利用植物的生长发育将土壤中的石油污染物吸收、转化,达到净化土壤的目的。大庆油田比较适宜采用生物处理技术进行地表土壤石油污染的治理。利用生物技术进行油污土壤治理具有广阔的应用前景。     

Effect of bioremediation on the growth of Okro (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Abelmoshus esculetus</Emphasis>) in the Niger Delta soils

This paper communicates the effect of bioremediation on the performance of Okro plant (Abelmoshus esculentus) in a typical Niger Delta soil that has received 5% crude oil pollution level. Biodegrading bacteria such as Pseudomonas fluorescen, Acinetobacteria iwofii, Bacillus subtilus, Arthrobacter globiformis that was isolated from previously polluted soils was introduced into the samples. The treatment combinations are as follows (A) = control without crude oil; B = soil + crude oil, (C) = soil + crude oil + microbes, (D) = soil + crude oil + microbes, (E) = soil + crude oil + microbes + fertilizer (F) soil + microbes and (G) = soil + fertilizer. The treatment (E) gave the highest number of leaves, % crop emergence, plant biomass, microbial population and degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon compared to any of the treatments that had received crude oil. This suggested that fertilizer application does not only stimulate microbial growth but it provides the plant with more available nutrients required for plant growth.     

油污土壤呼吸作用强度的测定

通过土壤呼吸作用强度可以考察油污染物被微生物降解的情况,因此进行了土壤呼吸作用强度测定方法的研究。方法原理是用ＮａＯＨ溶液吸收土壤呼吸释放出的ＣＯ２,然后再用酸滴定剩余的ＮａＯＨ,从而计算出ＣＯ２释放量。测定结果说明添加菌和营养物的油污土壤呼吸作用强、释放的ＣＯ２量大、油降解量大。     

The Potential Use of Chicken-Drop Micro-Organisms for Oil Spill Remediation

An examination of chicken-drop micro-organisms for oil spill remediation is presented in this work. The chicken droppings contained aerobic heterotrophs (1.2×10⁸ CFU g^–1), total fungi (3.4×10⁴ CFU g^–1) and crude oil (transniger pipeline crude, TNP) degrading bacteria (1.5×10⁶ CFU g^–1). The crude oil degraders were identified as species of Micrococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Proteus, Klebsiella, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Penicillium. Pseudomonas aeruginosa CDB-06 and species of Bacillus CDB-08 and Penicillium CDF-10 degraded the crude oil at exceedingly high rates. Pseuedomonas aeruginosa CDB-06 degraded 65.5 percent of the crude oil after 16 days, while Bacillus sp. CDB-08, and Penicillium sp. CDF-10 degraded 65.3 percent, and 53.3 percent, respectively of the crude oil over the same period. The chicken droppings also had a pH 7.3, 18.5 percent moisture content, 2.3 percent total nitrogen, and 0.5 percent available phosphorus. Addition of oil polluted soil (10 percent (v/w) pollution level) with chicken droppings enhanced degradation of the crude oil in the soil. 68.2 percent of the crude oil was degraded in the soil amended with chicken droppings, whereas only 50.7 percent of the crude oil was degraded in the unamended soil after 16 days. The amendment raised the acidic reaction (pH 5.7) of the oil-polluted soil to alkaline (pH 7.2) within 16 days. Chicken droppings could, therefore, be used in an integrated oil pollution abatement program.     

含油污泥的生物降解处理新方法

含油污泥处理已成为国内外石油化工行业研究的热点。研究发现含油污泥中含杂原子的分子大都集中在胶质、沥青质组分中,氢键引起胶质和沥青质的聚集,在沥青质中虽然像OH和NH这样的氢键基团浓度很低,但对沥青质的影响却很大;Ni、V会导致原油中有机物分子间及分子内以多种方式缔合,形成各个层次的超分子结构。研究表明:维生素C可诱导含有氮、五氧化二磷、氧化钾等的生物复合肥"协同"磷酸二氢铵、硝酸钾、硝酸铵形成原油降解剂,能将土壤中近85%的原油分解,使被污染土壤达到环境可接受的条件,为含油污泥的处理提供了技术支持。     

胜利油田的油泥沙现状及处理工艺探讨

采油生产中的油泥（沙）是胜利油田的重要污染源,对含油泥（沙）处理国际上主要采用加碱、注热水、离心分离的方法将油、沙分离。含油泥（沙）的处理在国内尚无成熟工艺。目前,主要应采用以下方法：原油浓度低的油泥（沙）和油污土壤,主要采用微生物降解的方法进行处理;对原油浓度高的油泥（沙）和油污土壤主要采用物理化学的方法进行处理。可以预测,开展油泥（沙）处理及回收利用可获得巨大的经济效益和环境效益。     

Stimulated Biodegradation of Crude Oil in Soil Amended with Periwinkle Shells

The potential of periwinkle shell (PS) in enhancing the microbial break down of crude oil spilled in soil were studied. The results revealed that the counts of crude oil degrading bacteria in oil-polluted soil fortified with PS were higher than the counts in unfortified soil. The rates and total extent of crude oil biodegradation in the soil were stimulated by the amendment. About 43.4 percent of crude oil was degraded in unfortified soil after 16 days as compared to 70.1 percent oil biodegradation, which occurred in PS fortified soil during the same period. These values were significantly (P>0.05) different from each other. Amendment of the soil with PS also raised the pH of the soil from acidic to alkaline range. The crude oil degrading microorganisms identified in PS amended soil were of the genus Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Acinetobacter, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor and Rhizopus. Similarly, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Mucor, Aspergillus and Penicillium were identified as crude oil degrading microorganisms in unamended soil. The bacteria formed either stable or unstable emulsions, suggesting that the organisms produce surface-active agents (biosurfactants) during the biodegradation process. The results of this study indicate that PS can be used in reclaiming oil-polluted soil.