南京城郊不同土地利用类型农业土壤多环芳烃污染特征及风险评价

以南京市城郊不同土地利用类型的农业土壤(水田、菜地和林地)为研究对象,测定了16种PAHs的含量.结果表明,苊烯(Acy)在所有土壤样本中均未被检出,南京城郊农业土壤15种ω(PAHs)的范围在24.49～925.54μg·kg^-1之间,平均值为259.88μg·kg^-1.PAHs含量由高到低依次为：林地>水田>菜地,总体上以高环PAHs(HMW)含量为主.不同土壤理化性质对PAHs的影响表明：土壤有机碳(TOC)和黏粒(clay)含量与PAHs存在一定的相关性,pH和全氮(TN)与PAHs无明显相关性.毒性当量法和CSI指数法表明,南京城郊农业土壤中PAHs生态风险较小,但是林地中应当给予一定的重视.增量终身癌症风险(ILCR)进行健康风险评价表明,儿童健康的威胁风险略大于成人,林地的总的致癌风险(CR)明显高于菜地和水田,仍处于可接受的范围内.对成人进行了蒙特卡洛模拟表明,确定性健康风险的风险分析低估了PAHs的健康风险.敏感性分析结果表明,对CR总方差影响最大的输入参数是暴露频率EF(占50.7%).     

乌鲁木齐市郊农田土壤及农作物中多环芳烃的污染特征及风险评价

为了解土壤和农作物中PAHs的赋存情况,探究不同农作物对PAHs的富集能力和农作物不同部位中PAHs的分布特征,以乌鲁木齐周边农田种植的农作物和土壤为例,于2021年7月在乌鲁木齐市郊农田聚集区进行样品采集,共采集农作物样品100份,农作物种类达21种,表层土壤样品45份.结果表明,土壤和农作物中16种PAHs均被检出.农田土壤中ω(总PAHs)范围为19.06～1 870.86μg·kg^-1,平均值为127.40μg·kg^-1,7种致癌性PAHs占16种PAHs的42.85%～79.20%,其中BaP为土壤中主要污染物.经过特征比值法发现,土壤中PAHs的主要来源为生物质、煤等的燃烧.农作物中ω(总PAHs)范围为1.86～974.05μg·kg^-1,平均值为303.30μg·kg^-1.不同作物对PAHs的富集能力不同,在采集到的21种农作物中,南瓜体内的ω(PAHs)累计值最高(431.75μg·kg^-1).叶菜类作物中,叶片部位的PAHs含量高于根部和果实部位;果菜类作物...     

不同土地利用类型的土壤中多环芳烃的纵向迁移特征

为研究城镇化过程中不同土地利用类型土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的纵向迁移特征,在快速进行城镇化建设的沈阳东部地区选择了3种不同土地利用类型(城市用地、耕地及林地)的5个土壤剖面(0～1 m),分析了土壤剖面层中PAHs的残留特征,讨论了影响PAHs纵向分布和迁移的因素以及土壤PAHs的来源.结果表明,5个采样点土壤表层ΣPAHs的含量为:城市1号点513. 19～12 689. 04μg·kg~(-1)、旱田点36. 18～7 196. 10μg·kg~(-1)、水田点70. 92～747. 53μg·kg~(-1)、城市2号点19. 39～636. 47μg·kg~(-1)和林地点4. 79～349. 24μg·kg~(-1). PAHs在城市用地和林地中主要被截留在0～30 cm浅层土壤中,在耕地可以迁移至较深的土壤层;高环数PAHs在浅层土壤层中所占比例较大,深层土壤低环数占比较高;土壤有机质与PAHs分布呈显著正相关,PAHs的理化属性对其迁移能力有一定影响;源解析表明,研究区域的PAHs主要来源于工业活动和交通等燃烧,部分低环数PAHs来自于石油产品输入.     

沈抚新城不同土地利用类型多环芳烃含量、来源及人体健康风险评价

研究了处于城镇化进程中沈抚新城表层土壤多环芳烃的污染水平.从沈抚新城采集了54个土壤表层样品,包括4种不同土地利用类型(城镇用地、农村用地、林地、耕地),分析了不同土地利用类型中多环芳烃的含量,利用特征比值法与主成分分析对其进行来源分析,利用Ba P毒性当量含量及终生癌症风险增量模型(ILCR)对不同土地利用类型表层土壤内PAHs进行风险评价.城镇用地、耕地、农村用地、林地这4种土地利用类型ΣPAHs的含量分别为184~18 276、230~14 102、151~3 205、303~2 980μg·kg-1.不同土地利用类型土壤中PAHs来源相似,主要以煤燃烧源与交通源为主;风险评价表明沈抚地区存在潜在的健康风险,尤其是城镇用地风险水平最高,且最易通过皮肤接触途径暴露于土壤PAHs中.     

低山丘陵区土壤硒、镉空间分异对土地利用景观特征的响应

为明确低山丘陵区土地利用景观特征和景观格局对土壤硒(Se)、镉(Cd)含量空间分异的影响.以重庆市江津区为研究区,采集和测定了247件表层土壤样品,将研究区划分为3519个1 km×1 km网格单元,再基于30 m土地利用数据测算了每个网格单元土地利用景观特征指数和景观格局指数,并运用冗余分析(RDA)和双变量空间自相关(Moran’s I),定量探讨了景观格局对表土Se、Cd含量分异的影响.结果表明：(1)江津区表土Se(0.36 mg·kg^-1,算术均值,下同)、Cd(0.27 mg·kg^-1)含量高于渝西地区土壤背景值,但表土Cd含量略低于全国农用地风险筛选值.(2)林地表土Se含量(0.43 mg·kg^-1)显著高于耕地(0.34 mg·kg^-1),而水田(0.29 mg·kg^-1)、旱地(0.27 mg·kg^-1)土壤Cd含量高于林地(0.25 mg·kg^-1).(3)受成土母质影响,空间上林地景观聚集度与土壤Se含量呈负相...     

典型化工废渣污染土壤中汞的空间分布规律研究

为阐明氯碱厂废渣堆积遗留场地中汞的空间分布规律,在某典型场地设置313个表层（0.5 m）、79个深层（0.5～13.5 m）土壤采样点位及6个地下水采样点位,分析所有土壤样品的总汞浓度、表层土壤的理化性质及地下水总汞浓度.结果显示：（1）该场地土壤汞污染严重,313个表层土壤样点汞检出浓度为0.002～579.14 mg·kg^-1,平均为8.43 mg·kg^-1,高于《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》中的风险管控值(6 mg·kg^-1).反距离权重法（IDW）及自然邻域法（NNI）对该场地的汞水平浓度分布的插值更为准确.（2）79个深层点位土壤垂向检测结果显示,土壤上层区域（0.5、1.5、2.5 m）汞污染浓度更高,3个深度层的汞浓度平均值分别为7.3、5.5、3.1 mg·kg^-1,2.5 m以下7个深度层的汞浓度平均值仅为（1.02±0.15）mg·kg^-1;汞垂向富集因子为0.4～32,大多数（66%）采样点位汞的富集因子（EF）随着土壤深度增加显著下...     

山西野生连翘生长地土壤PAHs污染特征及风险评价

山西是我国道地药材连翘的主产地之一,为探明连翘生长区土壤的安全性,在连翘成熟期从山西东南部野生连翘生长区采集了70个表层(0～25 cm)土壤样品,采用化学提取和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析方法,探讨了样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量与组成特征;利用比值法确定了PAHs的来源,并通过计算污染土壤PAHs的苯并[a]芘(Ba P)等效毒性当量评估了其潜在风险．结果表明,样点土壤PAHs总量(Σ16PAHs)的平均值为1.85μg·g^-1,3环PAHs的占比最高(平均值为76.7%),其中,3环的菲(Phe)和蒽(Ant)的样点检出率为100%;该生长区PAHs主要来源于空气传输与沉降的煤、生物质燃烧和车辆排放的污染物;所有样点土壤Σ16PAHs均达到了Maliszewska-Kordybach提出的农用土壤污染水平(Σ16PAHs含量>0.2μg·g^-1),41.4%的样点达到了重度污染水平(Σ16PAHs含量>1.0μg·g^-1),其中,10.0%的样点土壤Ba P的含量大于我国农用土壤筛选值...     

钢铁工业区下风向土壤中多环芳烃污染特征及源解析

为了解钢铁工业区对土壤环境的影响以及土壤的污染状况,采集上海典型钢铁工业区下风向的14个表层土壤样品,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）检测了样品中16种优控PAHs（多环芳烃）的含量水平,分析了钢铁工业区下风向土壤中PAHs的组成分布特征,并利用比值法和主成分分析法对土壤中的PAHs进行溯源.结果表明,钢铁工业区下风向土壤中∑₁₆ PAHs（16种优控PAHs的含量）范围为167.0~2 355.0 μg/kg,∑₇PAHs（7种具有致癌作用的PAHs的含量）在∑₁₆ PAHs中平均比例为50.4%,近距离样区（< 1 km）表层土壤中∑₁₆ PAHs平均值最高,为1 057.7 μg/kg,远距离样区（5~10 km）污染相对较轻,平均值为381.4 μg/kg;宝3、宝6和宝9采样点于钢铁工业区烧结工艺的下风向,导致宝3采样点∑₁₆ PAHs最高,为2 355.0 μg/kg,宝3、宝6和宝9采样点土壤中PAHs含量依次降低;表层（0~20 cm）土壤中PAHs单体含量最高的为荧蒽,致癌性最强的苯并[a]芘含量范围为10.0~194.0 μg/kg,环数组成以4环为主,平均比例为46.3%,其次是5~6环,二者平均比例为39.9%,随着距离工业区越远,4环的组成比例越高,5~6环比例降低;比值法和主成分分析法结果显示土壤中PAHs主要来源于石油、煤的燃烧和机动车尾气的排放.研究显示,钢铁工业对多环芳烃贡献较大,下风向土壤中总多环芳烃的含量和高环多环芳烃比例都呈现明显的随距离递减特征,石油、煤的燃烧和机动车尾气的排放是其多环芳烃的最主要来源.      

浑蒲灌区土壤中多环芳烃的分布及生态响应

因污水灌溉、大气沉降和油井的直接输入可能导致浑蒲灌区土壤中的w(PAHs)升高. 沿灌渠走向选取了8个采样点和1个对照点,分析了不同深度的土壤中w(PAHs)和表层土壤中微生物PLFAs(磷脂脂肪酸)的组成. Spearman分析表明,除了芴和蒽,其他PAHs、2~6环PAHs和总PAHs的质量分数均与土壤深度呈显著负相关. 油井附近的旱田土壤中w(PAHs)较高〔Ⅰ-2U采样点为(645.77±204.21)μg/kg,Ⅰ-6U采样点为(660.39±208.83)μg/kg〕;浑蒲灌区土壤中的PAHs以低环数的菲〔(61.92±13.72) μg/kg〕、蒽〔(39.11±10.68) μg/kg〕和芴〔(31.12±8.14) μg/kg〕为主;由于淋洗作用,水田土壤中w(PAHs)明显低于旱田. 相比对照点,浑蒲灌区土壤中微生物量降低,但微生物多样性增加. 通过对PLFAs的主成分和聚类分析,受油井影响的水田(Ⅰ-1P、Ⅰ-5P采样点)与旱田(Ⅰ-2U和Ⅰ-6U采样点)聚在一起,与对照点距离较远,说明油井附近水田和旱田的微生物结构与对照点存在显著差异,二者同时受到了油田的影响,相应的生态功能也会受到同样的影响. 尽管水田土壤中w(PAHs)明显低于旱田,但其土壤微生物结构也明显受到了石油污染的影响,而且水田地下水健康风险增加,因此建议关注水田风险,并为水田和旱田制订不同的PAHs土壤基准值.      

基于BP神经网络预测北京市加油站周边土壤多环芳烃含量

随着我国城市化进程的迅速发展,城市中加油站数量越来越多,加油站油品的成分含量复杂多样,在石油逸散过程中会生成一系列污染物.加油站产生的多环芳烃(PAHs)会污染其附近土壤,同时对人体健康产生影响.收集了北京市117个加油站附近的土壤样品(0～20 cm),分析了7种PAHs的含量,基于BP神经网络模型,预测了2025年和2030年北京市加油站土壤PAHs含量.结果表明,7种ω(PAHs)范围在0.01～3.53 mg·kg^-1之间,与《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 36600-2018)中土壤污染风险筛选值比较,PAHs含量低于该指标,同时上述7种PAHs的毒性当量(TEQ)均低于世界卫生组织(WHO)的标准值(1 mg·kg^-1),表明它们对人体健康有较低风险.预测结果显示,快速发展的城市化与土壤PAHs含量的增加具有正相关的关系,至2030年,北京市加油站土壤PAHs的含量将持续增长.2025年和2030年北京市加油站土壤中ω(PAHs)的范围分别为0.085～4.077 mg·kg^-1和...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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